2006.01.25 0 Survey compressed - UMass Lowellagee/teaching/91.546-0601/20060125_Survey.pdf · 1977 Jack Bresenham develops efficient algorithm to scan convert circles. 1977 Steve

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Survey of Computer Graphics

Dr. Alexander G. Gee

page 2Institute for Visualization and Perception Research University of Massachusetts Lowell

Computer Art

IBM PowerPC 970MP Chip

Computer Images

Tiling Textures

3D Object Image

Synthetic 3D Scene

Simulation of Caustics

Simulated Dynamic Lighting Conditions

Display Screen Test

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IBM PowerPC 970MP Chip


Computer Image

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Tiling Textures


3D Object

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Synthetic 3D Scene


Simulation of Caustics

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Simulated Dynamic Lighting Conditions


Display Screen Test

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Graphs and Charts

Digital Image of Paris

Assortment of Statistical Graphics

3D Cone Data View

3D Data Landscape

2004 Election Map

Interactive Graphics


Digital Image of Paris

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Assortment of Statistical Graphics


3D Cone Data View

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3D Data Landscape


2004 Election Map

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Interactive Graphics


Scientific Displays

Digital Image of the Earth from Space

NASA Mars Stitched Imagery

Simulation of Airplane Drag

Simulated Air Flow from a Harrier

Image from the Visible Human Project

View of a Molecule

Simulated Image of a Virus

Simulating Volcanic Ash Dispersal

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Digital Image of the Earth from Space


NASA Mars Stitched Imagery

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Simulation of Airplane Drag


Simulated Air Flow from a Harrier Jet

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Image from the Visible Human Project


View of a Molecule

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Simulated Image of a Virus


Simulating Volcanic Ash Dispersal

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Computer-Aided Design

Exterior Architectural Rendering

Simulated Architectural Interior

VRML Architectural Representation

Modern Interior Rendering

Architectural Aerial Fly-Over

Mechanical Component Design

Automobile Component Commercial

Mechanical Engine Simulation


Exterior Architectural Rendering

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Simulated Architectural Interior


VRML Architectural Representation

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Modern Interior Rendering


Architectural Aerial Fly-Over

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Mechanical Component Design


Automobile Component Commercial

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Mechanical Engine Simulation


Data Visualization

Geographic Information Display

Treemap Hierarchical Visualization

Geospatial 3D Visualization

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Geographic Information Display


Treemap Hierarchical Visualization

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Geospatial 3D Visualization


Entertainment

Geri’s Game Video

Character from Geri’s Game by Pixar

Synthetic Natural Environment

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Geri’s Game Video


Character from Geri’s Game by Pixar

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Synthetic Natural Environment


Image Processing

Geometric Transformations – Rotation

Color Adjustments

Charcoal Image Editing Effect

Apple iSight Photobooth Effects

Image Registration

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Geometric Transformations - Rotation


Color Adjustments

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Charcoal Image Editing Effect



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Image Registration

A. Foundation planB. Initial floor planC. Detailed floor planD. Electrical plan

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Graphical User Interfaces

Microsoft Windows Desktop

Apple.com Cinema Displays Web Page

Apple Aperture Color Adjustment Interface

Microsoft Vista Virtual Folders

Visible Human Explorer


Microsoft Windows Desktop

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Apple.com Cinema Displays Web Page


Apple Aperture Color Adjustment Interface

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Microsoft Vista Virtual Folders


Visible Human Explorer

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Historical View of Computer Graphics

1950’s

1960’s

1970’s

1980’s

1990’s

2000’s


Computer Graphics 1950’s

1950 Ben Laposky created the first graphic images, an Oscilloscope, generated by an electronic (analog) machine. The image was produced by manipulating electronic beams and recording them onto high-speed film.

1951 UNIVAC-I, the first general purpose commercial computer, crude hardcopy devices, and line printer pictures.

1951 MIT Whirlwind computer, the first to display real time video andcapable of displaying real time text and graphic on a large oscilloscope screen.

1959 Introduction of the first computer drawing system, the DAC-1 (Design Augmented by Computers), created by General Motors and IBM, which allowed users to input a 3-D description of an automobile and rotate and view it from different angles.

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1960 Computer Graphics term coined by William Fetter, Boeing.1961 First computer animated film, Simulation of a Two-Gyro Gravity-

Gradient Attitude Control System, by Ed-ward Zajak, a scientist at Bell Telephone Laboratory (BTL), animated on an IBM 7090 mainframe computer.

1961 First video game, Spacewar, developed by Steve Russell at MIT and was written for the DEC PDP-1.

1963 Sketchpad, by Ivan Sutherland, MIT, first extensive interactive drawing program featuring pop-up menus, constraint-based drawing, hierarchical modeling, and utilization of lightpen for interaction. He formulated the ideas of using primitives, lines, polygons, arcs, etc. and constraints on them. He developed the dragging, rubber banding, and transforming algorithms; and introduced data structures for storing objects. Sutherland is considered the “Father of Computer Graphics.”

1963 First mouse by Douglas Englebart.1963 First computer model of a human figure, by William Fetter, Boeing, for

use in the study of cockpit design.



1965 First computer animation language (BEFLIX), by Ken Knowlton, Bell Labs.

1965 Jack Bresenham develops efficient algorithm to scan convert lines. 1965 First computer-generated art show, Stuttgart, Germany.1966 Ivan Sutherland creates first head-mounted display (HMD), called

“Sword of Damocles,” and displayed two separate wireframe images, one for each eye.

1966 Ralph Baer, a supervising engineer at Sanders Associates, develops first home video game, Odyssey, which allowed users to move points around a screen.

1967 Scan-line hidden surface removal algorithm developed by C. Wylie, G.W. Romney, D.C. Evans, and A. Erdahl.

1968 Ray tracing invented by Arthur Appel.1969 First frame buffer built (3 bits), at Bell Labs.1969 Area subdivision hidden surface removal algorithm developed by

John Warnock.

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1971 Intensity interpolated shading developed by Henri Gouraud.1971 Goldstein and Nagel perform first ray tracing using Boolean set

operations, the basis of Constructive Solid Geometry.1971 Introduction of the first desktop microcomputer designed for personal

use was the Altair 8800 from Micro Instrumentation Telemetry Systems (MITS).

1972 Nolan Kay Bushnell at Atari develops the video arcade game, Pong.1972 First 8-bit frame buffer (with color map) built by Richard Shoup, Xerox

PARC. Evans and Sutherland started marketing frame buffers in 1973-74, with first ones sold to NYIT.

1972 Depth-sorting hidden surface removal algorithm developed by M.G. Newell, R.G. Newell, and T.L. Sancha.

1972 Alto Computer by Xerox Corporation.1973 Westworld, by John Whitney, Jr., and Gary Demos at Information

International, Inc. (III; aka “Triple I”), debuts first significant entertainment film which employed computer animation to portray an android’s point of view.



1973 Association of Computing Machinery’s (ACM) Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH) held its first conference.

1974 Edwin Catmull pioneers texture mapping on curved surfaces.1974 Sutherland and Hodgman develop a polygon clipping algorithm.1974 Jim Blinn defines curved surfaces and a refinement of texture

mapping.1974 Phong Bui-Tuong develops specular illumination model and normal

interpolation shading.1975 Martin Newell constructs the famous computer graphics teapot using

Bezier patches.1975 Benoit Mandelbrot defines fractals and the fractional dimension.1976 Jim Blinn introduces environmental mapping.1976 Apple unveils the Apple I computer1977 Frank Crow develops solutions to the aliasing problem.1977 Jack Bresenham develops efficient algorithm to scan convert circles.1977 Steve Wozniak introduces the Apple II, the first personal computer to

utilize color graphics.

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1977 Star Wars, from Lucasfilms, vector and wireframe 3-D computer graphics. Larry Cuba, in what was then called the Circle Graphics Habitat (now the Electronic Visualization Laboratory, or EVL) at the University of Illinois at Chicago Circle, created a 3D wireframe view of the trench of the Death Star that was used to train rebel pilots. This film also featured a rare example of analog 3D computer graphics--a very brief, false color image of the Deathstar emerging from behind a planet--created using the Scanimate system.

1978 Jim Blinn introduces bump mapping.1978 Cyrus and Beck develop parametric line clipping algorithm.1979 First synthesis of rendering transparent surfaces, by Kay and

Greenberg.1979 Ridley Scott's Alien was released and made limited, but effective use

of 3D computer graphics, again in the form of vector or wireframe graphics. Systems Simulation Ltd. of London created a computer monitor sequence showing a terrain fly-over, rendering computer-generated mountains as wireframe images, with hidden line removal.



1980 Turner Whitted creates a general ray tracing paradigm which incorporates reflection, refrac-tion, antialiasing, and shadows.

1981 Looker, by John Whitney, Jr., and Gary Demos at Information International, Inc. (Triple I), if the first feature film to used shaded 3-D graphics.

1982 TRON created by Steven Lisberger and released by Disney films, is the first movie to feature extensive use of 3-D computer graphics, and contained 15 minutes and 235 scenes of computer generated images. Companies involved were MAGI, Triple I, Digital Effects, and Robert Abel and Associates; the polyhedron character, “Bit,” is probably the first computer animated “character”.

1982 Morphing, by Tom Brighman, the first film sequence that displays a female character deforming into the shape of a lynx.

1982 John Walkner and Dan Drake start Autodesk Inc. and develop AutoCAD, computer graphics software for working with 3-D architectural and mechanical drawings.

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1982 Octrees introduced as a mechanism for geometric modeling by Meager.

1982 Silicon Graphics is founded by James Clark.1982 Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, from Paramount Pictures, includes a

one minute sequence simulating the birth of a planet, called the“Genesis Effect” that was created by Pixar and represents the first use of a particle system.

1983 James Blinn wins first SIGGRAPH Computer Graphics Achievement Award.

1983 Particle systems introduced by William Reeves.1983 Xerox Star introducted by Xerox Palo Alto Research Center.1983 DataGlove, by Jaron Lanier, a virtual reality film featuring a glove

installed with switches and sensors to detect hand motion.1984 Radiosity introduced by Cindy Goral, Kenneth Torrance, Donald

Greenberg, and Bennett Battaile, researchers at Cornell.1984 Liang and Barsky develop efficient clipping algorithm for rectilinear

clipping regions.



1984 The Last Starfighter, by Universal Pictures, featured the first photorealistic computer graphic images in a feature film. Using a Cray X-MP supercomputer, Digital Productions generated images using computer graphics that were integrated with live action asrealistic scene elements, rather than computer related imagery; here computer graphics were used to replace traditional modes and miniatures animation sequences.

1984 2010, from MGM Pictures, includes the first combination of computational fluid dynamics and computer graphics in Larry Yaegerand Craig Upson’s (working at Digital Productions) simulation of the planet Jupiter.

1984 Apple Computer releases the first Macintosh computer, the first personal computer to use a graphical interface.

1985 The Nintendo home game system first introduced.1985 Young Sherlock Holmes, from Paramount Pictures, included arguably

the first computer animated character by Pixar by applying traditional rendering and texture-mapping techniques to bring a stained-glass window to life.

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1986 Pixar is bought from Lucasfilm by Steve Jobs.1986 Crystal Graphics introduced TOPAS, one of the first high-quality 3-D

animation programs for personal computers.1986 Forensic Technologies Inc. introduced forensic animation, computer

graphics geared to technical accuracy rather than visual aesthetics to help jurors visualize court cases.

1987 IBM introduces VGA, Video Graphics Array.1989 The Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA) is formed and

defines SVGA, Super VGA.1988 Pat Hanrahan of Pixar introduced Renderman, a standard for

describing 3-D scenes. An integral part of Renderman is the use of programmable code to describe surfaces, often called procedural textures or spatial textures.

1989 Tin Toy, from Pixar, wins Academy Award for best animated short film.



1990 Microsoft shipped Windows 3.0, following the graphical user interface (GUI) similar to that defined for Apple’s Macintosh.

1990 AutoDesk ships their first 3-D computer animation software, 3D Studio, created by Gary Yost.

1991 Terminator 2 (T2) was released by xxx and set a new standard for computer graphics special effects by morphing between images between a real actor and photorealistic computer animated graphics.

1991 Beauty and the Beast, by Disney and Pixar, used Renderman for generating high-quality computer effects throughout the ballroom interior scene.

1992 Silicon Graphics, Inc. introduces the OpenGL specification.1993 Jurassic Park, by Steven Spielberg, successfully employs computer

graphics in mainstream movies. Eric Armstrong, an animator at ILM (The Industrial Light and Magic division of Lucasfilm), demonstrated the ability to render the animation of multiple dinosaurs running, not feasibly possible using the traditional stop-motion characters along with Phil Tippett’s go-motion blurring technique.

1993 Mosaic from the University of Illinois develops first graphic web browser.

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1995 Toy Story, from Buena Vista Pictures, is the first full-length, computer-generated, feature film.

1995 Playstation released by Sony that included the first hardware-accelerated 3-D graphics chip, besides the CPU.

1996 Nintendo 64 released by Nintendo in collaboration with Silicon Graphics, Inc.

1996 Quake release by ID Software featuring breakthrough 3-D graphics.1997 Titanic from 20th Century Fox and Paramount Pictures included an

impressive number of photorealistic photo shots, including moving water, the sky, the ship, and crowds of animated people.

1997 3DFX releases their Voodoo 3D graphics accelerator that represented the turning point for hardware accelerated 3-D graphics.

1999 Star Wars I from xxx contained digital manipulation to over 90% of the film and included a complete computer animated main character, Jar Jar Binks.

1999 NVidia releases the first consumer-level GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) in their GeForce 256, which was also the first 3-D gaming card to feature a hardware transform and lightning engine.



2001 Gamecube released by Nintendo.2001 Microsoft releases their Xbox.2001 The Spirits Within from xxx attempted to create realistic humans

within a completely computer generated picture.2001 Monsters Inc from Pixar featured a variety of creatures including ones

covered in realistic looking fur.2003 The anticipated release of NVidia’s GeForce FX was not what

everyone was hoping for.2003 The Return of the King from xxx, the last of the Lord of the Rings

movies, demonstrated the seamless blend between real and computer animated footage.

2004 Doom3 from ID Software included dynamic lighting and shadows.2004 Half Life 2 from xxx set a new standard for computer game

developers through their extremely lifelike characters and featured a sophisticated physics simulation engine by Havoc.

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2004 NVidia releases graphics cards with full PixelShader 3.0 support and massively parallel architectures.

2004 Both NVidia and ATI offer 3-D graphics chips for mobile phones and PDAs.

2006 Xbox 360 released by Microsoft.2006 The anticipated release of Nintendo’s PlayStation 3 that will feature

the Cell processor, a single CPU constructed of nine cores.


Basic Graphics System

Input devices

Output device

Image formed

Documents

2006.01.25 0 Survey compressed - UMass Lowellagee/teaching/91.546-0601/20060125_Survey.pdf · 1977 Jack Bresenham develops efficient algorithm to scan convert circles. 1977 Steve