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CHAPTER 20WAR AND

REVOLUTION

1912–1920

CREATED EQUAL

JONES WOOD MAY BORSTELMANN RUIZ

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“Let the capitalists do their own fighting and furnish their own corpses, and there will never be another war on the face of the earth.”

Eugene Debs, Socialist, 1914

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TIMELINE1908 Austro-Hungarian Empire annexes Bosnia-Herzogovina1911 Madero overthrows Diaz in Mexico1912 Socialist Party member elected to U.S. House of Representatives1913 In Mexico Madero assassinated; Huerta 1914 Huerta forced out of office in Mexico; Pancho Villa leads revolt against Carranza

NAACP has membership of 6,000 in 50 branches in the U.S.June: Austrian Archduke Ferdinand and wife shot and killed in Sarajevo

1915 Wilson sends troops to Haiti and the Dominican RepublicBritish liner the Lusitania sunk by German U-boat

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TIMELINE continued1917 U.S. buys Danish West Indies

Germany announces unlimited submarine warfare in the AtlanticRevolution in RussiaApril: U.S. Congress votes to enter the warJune: Espionage Act passed by CongressJune: First U.S. soldiers arrive in France

1918 January: President Wilson’s 14 Points address (League of Nations)March: German offensive along the Somme RiverMay: Sedition ActJuly: Allied counteroffensive beginsOctober: Germans propose armistice based on the 14 Points

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TIMELINE continued1919 The Nineteenth Amendment ratified giving women the vote

The Treaty of Versailles

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WAR AND REVOLUTION Overview

A World in UpheavalThe Great War and American NeutralityThe United States Goes to WarThe Struggle to Win Peace

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A WORLD IN UPHEAVAL The Apex of European ConquestConfronting Revolutions AbroadConflicts Over Hierarchies At Home

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The Apex of European ConquestCentral Powers: Germany, Austria, and ItalyTriple Entente or Allies: France, Russia, and

BritainAustro-Hungary expands by annexing

Bosnia-HerzogovinaGoals of both to dominate the Balkans and

control the Mediterranean Sea

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Confronting Revolutions AbroadHaiti and the Dominican RepublicMexico

DiazMaderoHuertaCarranzaVillaGeneral Pershing

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Conflicts Over Hierarchies At HomeAfrican AmericansAfrican Americans

Jim Thorpe and the 1912 Olympic Games in SwedenMadison Grant, The Passing of the Great RaceD.W. Griffith inspires rebirth of Ku Klux Klan with Birth of a

Nation

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Conflicts Over Hierarchies at Home Women

WomenJeannette Rankin, Congresswoman from MontanaCarrie Chapman Catt and the American Women

SuffrageAlice Paul and the militant National Women’s PartySheppard-Towner ActSocialist Margaret Sanger and birth control

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Conflict Over Hierarchies at Home Workers

Workers60% of wealth belongs to 2% of populationSocialist Party and the Industrial Workers of the WorldStrikes and Violence

Rockefeller’s Colorado Fuel and Iron Company

The Department of Labor William B. Wilson

U.S. Committee on Industrial Relations Frank Walsh

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THE GREAT WAR AND AMERICAN NEUTRALITY

“The One Great Nation at Peace”Reform Priorities at HomeThe Great MigrationLimits to American Neutrality

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“The One Great Nation at Peace”

Neutrality is profitable: farm and factories trade abroad, banks loan money to the Entente, and the U.S. is no longer a debtor nation.

The new-style warfare: machine guns, poison gas, trench warfare.

Neutrality makes political sense: new, diverse European immigrants doing battle in their old homelands? European hatreds dangerous to the balance of the diverse American communities

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Reform Priorities at HomeThe Progressive Movement

The Federal Reserve Act Federal Reserve BoardUnderwood-Simmons TariffClayton Antitrust ActSherman Antitrust ActKeating-Owens Act

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The Great MigrationAt least 500,000 African

Americans moved from the South to northern cities

Mexican and Mexican Americans in jobs across the Southwest and Midwest

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Limits to American Neutrality

The British pullEconomic ties to the AlliesTheodore Roosevelt leads in preparing nation

for war. “. . .the only way to yank the hyphen out of America.”

Opposition to war from Progressives;Debs: “Let the capitalists do their own fighting and

furnish their own corpses, and there will never be another war. . .”

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THE UNITED STATES GOES TO WAR

The Logic of BelligerencyMobilizing the Home FrontEnsuring UnityThe War in Europe

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The Logic of BelligerencyNeutral nation’s right to trade with belligerents

dealt blow by German U-boats and civilian deaths Sinking of the Lusitania, Arabic, SussexMexico and GermanyApril 6, 1917: Congress votes to enter the “war to

end all wars”

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Mobilizing the Home FrontThe War Industries BoardThe Shipping BoardFood AdministrationFuel AdministrationRailroad AdministrationWar Trade BoardWar Labor Board

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Ensuring UnityCreel Committee

George Creel sells the war to the public with pamphlets, leaflets, anti-German posters, and movies

Espionage Act: $10,000 fine and 20 years for obstructing the draft or encouraging disloyalty

Sedition Act: Extends Espionage Act to “disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language” toward government, Constitution, flag or military

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The War in EuropeAmerican Expeditionary Force

Gen. John J. PershingJuly 4th 1917: Americans parade in Paris260,00 African Americans serve in WWI. Assigned

menial jobs, barred from MarinesOctober: Allies stop Germans 40 miles from ParisAllies’ Meuse-Argonne counterattack on July

18th, 1918 Russian Revolution

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Casualties of the Great War, 1914-1918

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THE STRUGGLE TO WIN PEACE

Peacemaking and the Versailles TreatyWaging Counterrevolution AbroadThe Red and Black Scares at Home

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Peacemaking and the Versailles Treaty

The “Big Three”: Woodrow Wilson of AmericaDavid Lloyd George of Great BritainGeorges Clemenceau of France

The Negotiations Germany loses the Saar Valley “The Polish Corridor” divides Germany Germany army and navy reduced Reparations of $33 billion “War Guilt” clause

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Waging Counterrevolution AbroadThe Russian Bolshevik Revolution

Trotsky and Lenin

Treaty of Brest-LitovskRussian and German peace agreement

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The Red and Black Scares at HomeLabor strikes

1 out of 5 workers on strike in 1919AFL in Pittsburgh and the United Mine WorkersBoston police force

The “Red Scare”Pinkertons and the Baldwin-Felts“Palmer raids”

The “Black Scare”Increased lynchings; William Brown in OmahaGreenwood in Tulsa and Rosewood in Florida

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Europe After World War I