2Revolutionaries Before the

RevolutionA. Theses

B. Dynamics of Social Revolution

C. Revolutionaries: Social Profile

D. Parties and Movements

1. Moderate-liberal

2. Social Democratic

3. Socialist-revolutionary (neo-populist)

E. “All-Nation Liberation Movement”

A. Theses

1. Social revolution: emergence, reshaping of spontaneous movements

2. Formation of parties, movements

3. Reconstitution of activists

4. Revision of revolutionary ideas, tactics

5. Formation of “all-nation liberation movement

B. Dynamics of Social Revolution

1. Popular engagement

2. Elite engagement

3. Intelligentsia: signs of shift

Miasoedov, “The Zemstvo Dining” (1872)

Repin, “Volga Barge-Haulers” (1870)

Repin, “Peasants Returning in Winter” (1880)

Zemstvo Doctor (1900)

Public Library of Sobriety Society (St. Petersburg, 1901)

D. Parties and Movements

• 1895: critical problems– no popular base– no organized parties– no ideology, strategy

• Emergence of 3 Main Movements– moderate/liberal– social democratic– socialist-revolutionary

C. Revolutionaries: Social Profile

1. Social Origin

2. Education

3. Occupation

4. Gender

Table 1Revolutionaries: Social Origins

Estate 1884-1890 1901-3

Nobility 31 11

Clergy 6 2

Merchants 12 4

Townspeople 28 44

Peasants 19 37

Other 4 2

Table 2Revolutionaries: Education

Education 1884-1890 1901-3

University 34 12

Secondary 33 13

Elementary 12 33

Literate 13 30

Illiterate 7 12

Table 3Revolutionaries: Occupation

Occupation 1884-1890 1901-3

Student 26 10

White-collar 12 11

Civil servant 6 2

Private sector 11 7

Agriculture 7 10

Worker 16 47

Trade 4

Other 20 9

Table 4Number Arrested Per Annum

Period Annual Average of Revolutionaries Arrested

1884-90 615

1901-3 2598

D. Parties and Movements1. Moderate-Liberal

a. Social Baseb. Zemstvo Movementc. Union of Liberation

Dmitrii Shipov (zemstvo leader)

S. Muromtsev, Moderate liberal

Pavel Miliukov (left liberal)

Petr Struve, Liberal Leader

D. Parties and Movements2. Social Democratic

a. Russian Marxism: Emergence and Dilemmas

b. Surge in Late 1890s

c. Crisis, 1900-03

d. Schism: Bolsheviks and Mensheviks

Plekhanov

St. Petersburg Union for the Liberation of Labor (1896)

Ulianov Family, 1879

Lenin in High School (1886)

Lenin (1900)

Nadezhda Krupskaia (1896)

Martov

Trotsky

Stalin (1903)

D. Parties and Movements3. Socialist Revolutionary

a. Classical populism

b. Crisis

c. Rejuventation and Revisionism

d. PSR: propaganda and terror

Viktor Chernov, SR

Grigorii Gershuni, SR

E. All-Nation Liberation Movement

• 1. All classes, all nationalities

• 2. Claim to lead: classes, parties

• 3. Emergence of parties: organizations, theories, activists, presumed base