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140611D_BrownRangeCoverAssessment_final.docxD09812A06

Klohn Crippen Berger Ltd. Level 4 - 673 Murray St West Perth WA 6005 Australia +61.8.9486.5400 t +61.8.9486.5499 f www.klohn.com

June11,2014

NorthernMineralsLimitedLevel1,675MurrayStreetWestPerth,WesternAustralia6005LisaChandlerSeniorEnvironmentalAdvisorDearDr.Chandler:BrownsRangeProjectSupplementarytechnicalinputforAPIupdateTSFCoverAssessment

1 INTRODUCTIONKlohnCrippenBergerLtd(KCB)wascommissionedbyNorthernMineralsLimited(NTU)toundertaketechnicalstudiesfortheBrownsRangeProject.ThesestudiesaretosupportsubmissionofanupdatetotheAssessmentonProponentInformation(API)totheOfficeoftheEnvironmentalProtectionAuthority(OEPA).

Thisletterreportprovidesareviewofthetailingsstoragefacility(TSF)coverdesign,conceptsandperformancemeasures.Aspartoftheinvestigation,Vadose/Wmodellingwasusedtodeterminethefluxofwaterthroughthecovermaterialstocharacterisethebehaviourofeachproposedcoverconfiguration.

2 SCOPEOFSERVICEKCBhaveconductedapreliminaryTSFcoversystemassessmentbasedonthefollowinggeneralguidelines:

assessstoreandreleasecoversystemoptions,basedonanagreedrainfallcriteria;and,

assesstheperformanceofacoverwhenacapillarybreaklayerisincludedinthecoversystemdesign.

KCBhaveundertakenthecoverassessmentbasedonthefollowing:

1. ThreeconceptualTSFcoverprofilesweredevelopedbasedonthegeneralguidelinesprovidedabove.TheseprofileswerediscussedwithNTUpersonnelpriortocommencementoftheanalyticalassessment.Aspartofthesediscussions,thehydraulicparametersofthelayersforeachcoversystemwereagreeduponandwereadoptedforsubsequentanalyticalassessment.

NorthernMineralsLimitedBrownsRangeProject

SupplementarytechnicalinputforAPIupdate

140611D_BrownRangeCoverAssessment_final.docx Page2D09812A06 June2014

2. AnalyticalassessmentofeachofthecoverprofileswasconductedusingVadose/W1D(twodimensionalunsaturatedzonemodellingplatform)toassesstheinfiltrationfluxandwaterretentioncapabilitiesoftheselectedcoversystems.Assessmentofoxygeningressthroughthecoversystemswasnotundertakenaspartofthisassessment.

3. Sensitivityanalyseswereconductedtoevaluatetheeffectofdifferentcoverlayerinputs(i.e.hydraulicparameters,layerconfigurations).

2.1 CoverMaterials

2.1.1 GeneralThereisinformationcurrentlyavailableonthepropertiesofthetailingsandpotentialcovermaterials(locallysourced).Fourdocumentshavebeenproducedthatrelatetothepropertiesofthecovermaterials,andwerederivedfromworkpreviouslyundertakenattheProjectsite.Thesecomprise:

Golder(2014)PreliminaryGeotechnicalInvestigationReportStage1:BrownsRangeProject.

Golder(2013)TailingsGeotechnicalandRheologicalLaboratoryTesting.

OutbackEcology(MWHAustralia)(2014a)AnalogueSlopes:SoilandVegetationAssessment.

OutbackEcology(MWHAustralia)(2014b)BaselineSoilsandLandformAssessment.

Basedontheinformationprovidedintheaforementionedreports,therearefourmaterialsthatwillbeincorporatedintothecoverdesignforthisassessment:

Topsoil/growthmediumthismaterialhasbeencharacterisedasastandardsandyloam(MWH,2014a)andrepresentthesandyplainsacrosstheProjectsite.

TailingstheclienthasadvisedthatthetailingshaveaKsatof~1.00E07to1.00E08.BasedonthisinformationthecompactedtailingsmaterialwasbelievedtohaveaKsatof~1.00E09(Golder,2014).

Storagelayermaterialthismaterialrepresentsthesandyclayloamfromthesandovergravelplains(~30160cmdepth)andgenerallydrainsrapidly.

Capillarybreakthismaterialrepresentsthesandyloamfromthecolluviumgravellysoilsandcontainsaportionofcoarsefragments.

Claywasconsideredasapotentialcovermaterial;however,thereisashortageofthematerialonsiteandwasthereforeremovedasaviablecoverlayeroption.Asasubstituteforclay,oneofthescenarios(Scenario2)considerscompactedoramendedtailingsasalowpermeabilitylayer.

Basedonthepreviousinvestigations,theassumedmaterialpropertiesforeachofthecovermaterialsarepresentedinTable21.ThehydraulicconductivityfunctionandvolumetricwatercontentcurvesforeachofthesematerialsareshowninFigure21andFigure22,respectively.




Table21 MaterialCharacteristicSummary

Material TextureCoarse

fragments(%)

Ksat(m/s)

Ksat(m/day) Drainageclass

Totalvolumetric

watercontent(%)

Topsoil SandyLoam 4 1.03E05 8.88E01 Moderate 42

StorageLayer SandyClayLoam 35 6.89E05 5.95E+00 Rapid 45

CapillaryBreak SandyLoam 68 4.28E05 3.70E+00 Moderaterapid 50

Tailings(1) Clay/Clayeysilt 1.00E08 8.64E04 Tailings(2) Clay/Clayeysilt 1.00E07 8.64E03 Compactedtailings Clay/Clayeysilt 1.00E09 8.64E05

*Therearenowaterholdingcapacitymeasurementsavailableforthetailingsmaterial;therefore,anominalvalueof45%wasappliedwhichisconsistentwiththeclay/tailingsmaterial.

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

XCo

nductiv

ity(m

/days)

MatricSuction(kPa)

Hydraulicproperties

TopsoilStorageCapillarybreak1CapillaryBreak2




Figure21Hydraulicconductivityfunctionsforeachoftheselectedcovermaterials

Figure22Waterretentioncurvesforeachoftheselectedcovermaterials

2.2 ClimateandVegetation

2.2.1 MeteorologicalInputsClimaticdatawascompiledfromtheAustralianGovernmentsBureauofMeteorology(BOM,2013)fortheHallsCreekairportclimateStation(ID002012)(approximately150kmnorthwest).

Dailydatafrom2004and2012wasusedfortemperature,relativehumidity(RH),precipitation,windspeedandsolarradiation(AppendixI).Theseyearswereusedastheyrepresenttheaverageovertheentiredataset.Themostextremerainfallevent,overthemonitoringhistory(70years),wasmeasuredtobe202.2mmwithina24hourperiod(January,1959);therefore,thisvaluewasincorporatedintosomeofthemodelrainfallscenariostorepresentanextremeevent.

00.00010.00020.00030.00040.00050.00060.00070.00080.00090.001

0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

XCo

nductiv

ity(m

/days)

MatricSuction(kPa)

Hydraulicproperties

TailingsCompactedtailings

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

1 10 100 1000

VolW

aterCon

tent(m

3/m3)

MatricSuction(kPa)

WaterRetentionCurves

TopsoilStorageCapillarybreakTailingsCompactedtailings




2.2.2 VegetationVadose/Wallowsthemodellingofevapotranspirationifavegetatedsurfaceisapplied.Estimatesfordesertplantspeciesandgrowingstageswasusedasinputtothemodelforfactorssuchastheleafareaindex,permanentwiltingpointandrootdepth.DetailedfunctionsusedintheanalysesareprovidedinAppendixII.TherewasnodataavailableonendemicplantspeciesintheareaproposedplantedontheTSFcover.

2.3 FinalCoverConfigurationsThefinaldumpconfigurationhasbeendevelopedbasedonthephilosophythatthefinalcovershouldacttominimiserainfallinfiltrationintotheunderlyingtailingsandmitigatecapillaryriseofsaltsfromthetailingstothesurface.Onedimensionalmodellingwasundertakentoevaluatewaterinfiltrationthroughthecovertothetailings.TheimpermeablelayeratthebaseofthetailingshasbeenincludedinthemodelsbecausetheTSFwillbelinedwithalowpermeabilityliner;therefore,itisassumedthattherewillbenosignificantlossesthroughthebaseoftheTSF.Theassociated1DconfigurationforthecoverscenariosispresentedinFigure23.ThethreefinalcoverconfigurationsandjustificationoftheirselectionissummarisedinTable22.

Figure23CoverTypes(configurations).Fromleft:Type1,Type2andType3.

Topsoil/growthmedium(15cm)

StorageLayer

Tailings(~20m)

geomembrane


StorageLayer

CompactedTailings

Tailings(~20m)

geomembrane


StorageLayer

CapillaryBreak

Tailings(~20m)

geomembrane




Table22Covertypesandjustificationformaterialtypesandconfiguration

Covertype CoverMaterials Justification/Functionality

BaseCase None Providesanindicationoffluxassociatedwithuncovered/exposedtailings.

Type1 Topsoil;storagelayer

Simplifiedcovertostorerainfallinthewetseasonandallowevaporationinthedryseason.Thestoragematerialshouldbethickenoughtostorea202mm,in24hours,extremerainfalleventandcoarseenoughtomitigatecapillaryrisefromthetailings.

Type2Topsoil;storagelayer;compactedoramended

tailings

Covertostorerainfallinthewetseasonandallowevaporationinthedryseason.Thestoragematerialshouldbethickenoughtostorea202mm,in24hours,extremerainfalleventandcoarseenoughtomitigatecapillaryrisefromthetailings.Thetailingsonthesurfaceistobecompacted(viatraffic)orotherwiseamendedtolowerthehydraulicconductivityandreduceinfiltration.

Type3 Topsoil;storagelayer;capillarybreak

Covertostorerainfallinthewetseasonandallowevaporationinthedryseason.Thestoragematerialshouldbethickenoughtostorea202mm,in24hours,extremerainfalleventandcoarseenoughtopreventcapillaryrisefromthetailings.Inclusionofacoarselayertoactasacapillarybreakbetweenthetailingsandstoragelayer.

2.4 ModelApproachTheVadose/W(2012)modellingplatformwasusedtoconductthevadosezoneandsoilcovermodelling.Theobjectiveofthemodellingistoassessthedifferenceinfluxreachingthetailingsfordifferentcovertypes(Type1,Type2andType3).Thematerialtypes,materialpropertiesandthicknessofsomeofthelayerswerevariedforsensitivityanalysis.Forsomeofthescenariosthestoragelayerwasdecreasedinthicknessfrom1mto0.5mand10cm.Also,acompacted(oramended)tailingslayerandcapillarybreakwereincludedinsomeofthemodels.FortheType1configuration,thevegetationwasalsoremovedfromthecoversurfacetoassesstheeffectsofvegetativecover.

Fourteenmodelscenariosweresimulatedtoevaluatethefollowingconfigurations(topdown):

Scenario1aBasecase(nocover).

Scenario2aType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m).

Scenario3aType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(0.5m).

Scenario4aType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(10cm).

Scenario5aType2:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);compactedtailingslayer.

Scenario6aType3:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);capillarybreak(0.5m)

Scenario7aType3:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);capillarybreak(1m)




Inadditiontothesensitivityscenariosanddifferentcoverconfigurations,anextremerainfalleventwasappliedtoeachofthecovertypes.Thisrainfalleventisbasedonthehighesttotalrainfallexperiencedwithina24hourperiodoverthe70yearsofdatacollection(i.e.202.2mm;January,1959).Theadditionalmodelsincludingtheextremeeventinclude(topdown):

Scenario8aBasecase(nocover).Extremeeventapplied.

Scenario9aType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m).Extremeeventapplied.

Scenario10aType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(0.5m).Extremeeventapplied.

Scenario11aType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(10cm).Extremeeventapplied.

Scenario12aType2:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);compactedtailingslayer(0.5m).Extremeeventapplied.

Scenario13aType3:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);capillarybreak(0.5m).Extremeeventapplied.

Scenario14aType3:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);capillarybreak(1m).Extremeeventapplied.

Additionalsimulationswereconductedbasedonatailingssaturatedhydraulicconductivityof1.00E07m/s(Golder,2014).Thiswasundertakentoassessthesensitivityofthesimulatedfluxasaresultoftailingshydraulicconductivity.Similarly,modelscenario14bwasresimulatedwithacapillarybreakhydraulicconductivityof1.00E03m/s(i.e.scenario15).

Allothermodelassumptionswerethesameforeachscenario,including:

Modelduration:startJuly,2025,andallowedtorunfor6years(resultsforyears46reported);

Initialwatertable(~1mbelowthetopofthetailings);and,

Climateandvegetationcharacteristics(AppendixII).

Theinitialwaterpressuresareobtainedfromthestartingwaterlevel(i.e.~1mbelowtopoftailings),andtheporewaterpressuresvaryhydrostaticallybelowandabovethislevel.Surfacewaterisallowedtopondonboundaries;waterisstoredonthesurface(nodes)andallowedtoevaporateorinfiltrateduringlatertimesteps.

3 RESULTS

3.1 InfiltrationandevaporationatsurfaceResultsofthemodellingindicatethatsurfaceinfiltration(Figure31andFigure32)andsurfaceevaporation(Figure33andFigure34)arethesameforeachofthemodelswiththesameclimateandvegetationdata.However,thereisaslightdifferenceininfiltrationandevaporationbetweenmodelsusingaveragerainfalldataandtheextremerainfallevent.




Figure31Infiltration: Averagerainfall,years46(Note:positivevaluesrepresentinfiltrationofwaterintothecover)

Figure32Infiltration: Extremerainfall,years46(Note:positivevaluesrepresentinfiltrationofwaterintothecover)

4321012345

1470 1570 1670 1770 1870 1970 2070 2170

Infiltration(m

m/m

2)

Time(days)

Infiltration:Averagerainfall

4

3

2

1

0

1

2

3

1470 1570 1670 1770 1870 1970 2070 2170

Infiltration(m

m/m

2)

Time(days)

Infiltration:Extremeevent




Figure33Evaporation: Year4to6,extremerainfallevent(Note:negativevaluesrepresentremovalofwaterviaevaporation)

Figure34Evaporation: Year4to6,extremerainfallevent(Note:negativevaluesrepresentremovalofwaterviaevaporation)

3.2 WaterBalanceAsummaryofthewaterbalanceisshownforanexample(Scenario2a)inFigure35.Thegraphsaregeneratedateverytimestep.Thewaterbalanceindicates:

Approximately1.38m3ofrainaccumulatedduringthesimulation(years46);

Approximately1.44m3ofwaterwasremovedfromthedomainduetoevaporation;

Approximately0.001m3ofwaterwasremovedfromthedomainduetoplanttranspiration;and,

20

15

10

5

0

51470 1670 1870 2070

Evap

oration(m

m/m

2)

Time(days)

Evaporation(Averagerainfall)

20

15

10

5

0

51470 1670 1870 2070

Evap

oration(m

m/m

2)

Time(days)

Evaporation(Extremerainfallevent)




Astoragechangeofapproximately0.06m3ofwateroccurredwithinthedomain(lossduetoevaporation).

Figure35ExampleWaterbalancedataforScenario2a.

3.3 FluxThemovementofwater(liquidflux;cm3/day)wasestimateatthebaseofeachlayerwithinthecoverandwithinthetailings(~0.5mfromthetopofthetailings).TheresultsforeachmodelsimulationaredisplayedinAppendixIIIforyear4to6.Positivefluxvaluesindicateanupwardmovementofwater,whileanegativefluxvaluerepresentsadownwardmovementofwater.Anexampleisgivenbelowforscenario2a(Figure36).Theexampleshowsthatthemajorityofwaterinthesystemisevaporatingwithonlyasmallquantityofwaterinfiltrating(Figure31andFigure33).Thetopsoillayershowsthefluxofwaterdownwardintotheprofileduringthewetseason(negativeflux;infiltration)andgenerallyafluxofwaterupwardsinthedryseason(i.e.positiveflux);however,thevolumeofwatermovementinthetopsoilisgenerallyverylow.Thestoragelayerhasaslightupwardfluxofwaterthroughoutmostoftheyear,excludingafewinstancesinthewetseasonwhenprecipitationisdominant.Thesefewrainfalleventsresultsinveryslight

2.00

1.50

1.00

0.50

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

1460 1660 1860 2060

m3

Time(days)

WaterBalance

Cum.Storage

WaterBalanceCum.PrecipitationCum.Runoff

Cum.SurfaceEvaporationCum.PlantTranspiration

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0.00

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

1460 1660 1860 2060

m3

Time(days)

Cum.Storage

WaterBalance

Cum.Runoff

Cum.PlantTranspiration




infiltrationofwaterintotheunderlyinglayers.Excludingtherainfalleventsinthewetseason,thereisageneralupwardfluxofwaterfromthetailingsintothestoragelayer,withaveryslightmovementofwaterintothetopsoil.

0.0003

0.0002

0.0001

0.0000

0.0001

0.0002

0.0003

0.0004

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

Liqu

idFlux(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Baseoftopsoil

0.00010

0.00005

0.00000

0.00005

0.00010

0.00015

0.00020

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

Liqu

idFlux(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Baseofstorage

Infiltrationtotailings




Figure36Example: LiquidfluxforScenario2a(Type1with1mstoragelayer);tailingsKsat=1.00E08m/s.

Theapproximatenetfluxofwaterfromthecover(directlyabovethetailings)tothetailings,andalsointothetailings(~0.5m)ispresentedinTable31foreachscenariowithatailingsKsat=1.00E08m/s;thisprovidesabroadsummaryofallthescenarioresults.ThecorrespondingresultsforthescenarioswithatailingsKsat=1.00E07m/sareprovidedinTable32.Theseresultsshowthatthereisaverysmall/negligiblefluxofwaterintothetailings,duetothecombinationofthelowconductivitytailingsmaterial,andthedryseasonclimatewhichisfavorabletoevaporationoverinfiltration.

TheapproximatenetfluxofwateratthebaseofeachcovermaterialforeachcovertypeissummarisedinTable33,Table34,andTable35forcoverType1,Type2andType3,respectively.Thegeneralresultsforeachscenarioissummarisedwithinthetables.

0.000020.000010.000000.000010.000020.000030.000040.000050.000060.000070.00008

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

Liqu

idFlux(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Tailings




Table31NettotalWaterFluxintothetailingsforyear56

ScenarioTailingssaturatedhydraulicconductivity;Ksat=1.00E08m/s NetLiquidFluxattopoftailings(cm3)(year56) NetLiquidFluxwithintailings(cm3)(year56)

Scenario1aBasecase(nocover). 0.129 0.211

Scenario2aType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m). 0.021 0.012

Scenario3aType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(0.5m). 0.001 0.013

Scenario4aType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(10cm). 0.003 0.054

Scenario5aType2:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);compactedtailingslayer. 0.021 0.009

Scenario6aType3:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);capillarybreak(0.5m) 0.019 0.008

Scenario7aType3:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);capillarybreak(1m) 0.023 0.009

Scenario8aBasecase(nocover).Extremeeventapplied. 0.031 0.198

Scenario9aType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m).Extremeeventapplied. 0.015 0.006

Scenario10aType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(0.5m).Extremeeventapplied. 0.001 0.019

Scenario11aType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(10cm).Extremeeventapplied. 0.001 0.044

Scenario12aType2:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);compactedtailingslayer(0.5m).Extremeeventapplied. 0.020 0.008

Scenario13aType3:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);capillarybreak(0.5m).Extremeeventapplied. 0.013 0.004

Scenario14aType3:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);capillarybreak(1m).Extremeeventapplied. 0.016 0.005

Table32NettotalWaterFluxintothetailingsforyear56:revisedtailingshydraulicconductivity

ScenarioTailingssaturatedhydraulicconductivity;Ksat=1.00E07m/s NetLiquidFluxattopoftailings(cm3)(year56) NetLiquidFluxwithintailings(cm3)(year56)

Scenario1bBasecase(nocover). 0.231 0.293

Scenario2bType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m). 0.021 0.012

Scenario3bType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(0.5m). 0.001 0.019

Scenario4bType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(10cm). 0.027 0.406

Scenario5bType2:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);compactedtailingslayer. 0.021 0.009

Scenario6bType3:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);capillarybreak(0.5m) 0.019 0.008

Scenario7bType3:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);capillarybreak(1m) 0.023 0.010

Scenario8bBasecase(nocover).Extremeeventapplied. 0.303 0.223

Scenario9bType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m).Extremeeventapplied. 0.015 0.007

Scenario10bType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(0.5m).Extremeeventapplied. 0.001 0.014

Scenario11bType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(10cm).Extremeeventapplied. 0.037 0.422

Scenario12bType2:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);compactedtailingslayer(0.5m).Extremeeventapplied. 0.020 0.009

Scenario13bType3:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);capillarybreak(0.5m).Extremeeventapplied. 0.013 0.005Scenario14bType3:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);capillarybreak(1m).Extremeeventapplied. 0.016 0.005Scenario15Type3:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);capillarybreak(1m).Extremeeventapplied. 0.024 0.010




Table33CoverType1fluxresultssummaryforeachcoverlayer

TailingsKsat(m/s) ScenariosType1

Net,positiveandnegativeLiquidFluxatbaseoflayer(cm3)(year56)

SummaryTopsoilflux Storageflux Tailingsflux

Net NetUpwardsNet

Downwards NetNet

UpwardsNet

Downwards NetNet

UpwardsNet

Downwards

1.00E08

Scenario2aType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m). 0.05 0.062 0.011 0.051 0.052 0.00006 0.026 0.026 0 Evaporationdominatesinfiltration.Thereisanetupwardfluxofwaterfromthestoragelayerintothetopsoilandfromthetailingsintothestoragelayerforallsensitivities.Decreasingthethicknessofthestoragelayerto10cmresultsinminorinfiltrationofwatertothetailingsandanetdownwardmovementofwaterthroughthestoragelayer.Thereisalargernetupwardmovementofwaterforthethicker1mstoragelayer,butalowerupwardmovementofwaterfromthetailings.

Scenario3aType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(0.5m). 0.049 0.056 0.006 0.001 0.001 0 0.046 0.046 0Scenario4aType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(10cm). 0.06 0.061 0.003 0.004 0.001 0.005 0.14 0.14 0.001Scenario9aType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m).Extremeeventapplied. 0.033 0.046 0.012 0.035 0.035 0 0.014 0.014 0Scenario10aType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(0.5m).Extremeeventapplied. 0.032 0.039 0.007 0.002 0.002 0 0.032 0.032 0

Scenario11aType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(10cm).Extremeeventapplied. 0.039 0.043 0.003 0.002 0.001 0.003 0.11 0.11 0.001

1.00E07

Scenario2bType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m). 0.021 0.028 0.007 0.021 0.021 0.00012 0.01 0.012 0.00005 TheresultsarethesameasfortailingswithaKsat=1.00E08m/s;however,generallythefluxvaluesineachdirectionareslightlylarger.Thereisalsoanegativefluxvalueforthestoragelayerinscenario10brepresentinginfiltrationtothetailings.

Scenario3bType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(0.5m). 0.020 0.024 0.004 0.001 0.001 0 0.02 0.019 0.0000002Scenario4bType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(10cm). 0.042 0.042 0.00006 0.027 0.001 0.028 0.41 0.406 0Scenario9bType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m).Extremeeventapplied. 0.014 0.021 0.007 0.015 0.015 0 0.01 0.007 0Scenario10bType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(0.5m).Extremeeventapplied. 0.014 0.017 0.004 0.001 0.001 0 0.01 0.014 0

Scenario11bType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(10cm).Extremeeventapplied. 0.030 0.030 0.00001 0.037 0.005 0.042 0.42 0.422 0


TailingsKsat(m/s)

ScenariosType2

NetLiquidFluxatbaseoflayer(cm3)(year56)

SummaryTopsoilflux Storageflux Compactedtailingsflux Tailingsflux

Net NetUpwardsNet

Downwards NetNet

UpwardsNet

Downwards NetNet

UpwardsNet

Downwards NetNet

UpwardsNet

Downwards

1.00E08

Scenario5aType2:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);compactedtailingslayer(0.5m).

0.021 0.028 0.007 0.023 0.023 0 0.021 0.021 0 0.009 0.009 0Evaporationdominatesinfiltration.Thereisanetupwardfluxofwaterfromthestoragelayerintothetopsoilandfromthetailingstothestoragelayerforallsensitivities.Thereisnonetmovementofwaterdownthroughthestoragelayer,compactedtailingsortailings.Thereisaslightdownwardmovementofwaterfromthetopsoiltothestoragelayer.


0.021 0.028 0.007 0.022 0.022 0 0.020 0.020 0 0.008 0.008 0

1.00E07

Scenario5bType2:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);compactedtailingslayer(0.5m).

0.021 0.028 0.007 0.023 0.023 0 0.021 0.021 0 0.009 0.009 0TheresultsarethesameasfortailingswithaKsat=1.00E08m/s.

Scenario12bType2:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);compactedtailingslayer(0.5m).Extremeeventapplied.

0.021 0.028 0.007 0.022 0.022 0 0.020 0.020 0 0.009 0.009 0





TailingsKsat(m/s) ScenariosType3

NetLiquidFluxatbaseoflayer(cm3)(year56)

SummaryTopsoilFlux StorageFlux CapillaryBreakFlux TailingsFlux

Net NetUpwardsNet

Downwards NetNet

UpwardsNet

Downwards NetNet

UpwardsNet

Downwards NetNet

UpwardsNet

Downwards

1.00E08

Scenario6aType3:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);capillarybreak(0.5m) 0.021 0.028 0.007 0.022 0.022 0 0.019 0.019 0 0.008 0.008 0

Evaporationdominatesinfiltration.Thereisanetupwardfluxofwaterfromthestoragelayerintothetopsoil,fromthecapillarybreakintothestoragelayerandfromthetailingsintothecapillarybreakforallsensitivities.Thereisonlyaslightfluxofwaterdownwardsthroughthetopsoilintothestoragelayer.

Scenario7aType3:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);capillarybreak(1m) 0.024 0.028 0.003 0.029 0.029 0 0.023 0.023 0 0.009 0.009 0

Scenario13aType3:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);capillarybreak(0.5m).Extremeeventapplied. 0.014 0.021 0.007 0.016 0.016 0 0.013 0.013 0 0.004 0.004 0

Scenario14aType3:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);capillarybreak(1m).Extremeeventapplied. 0.017 0.021 0.004 0.022 0.022 0 0.016 0.016 0 0.005 0.005 0

1.00E07

Scenario6aType3:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);capillarybreak(0.5m) 0.021 0.028 0.007 0.022 0.022 0.00001 0.019 0.019 0.000001 0.008 0.008 0.00001

TheresultsareclosetoidenticaltothetailingswithaKsat=1.00E08m/s.Scenario15includesacapillarybreakwithaKsat=1.00E03m/s,whichshowstobeineffectiveatpreventingcapillaryriseofwaterintothestoragelayer.

Scenario7aType3:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);capillarybreak(1m) 0.024 0.028 0.003 0.029 0.029 0 0.023 0.023 0 0.010 0.010 0

Scenario13aType3:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);capillarybreak(0.5m).Extremeeventapplied. 0.024 0.021 0.007 0.029 0.016 0 0.024 0.013 0 0.005 0.005 0

Scenario14aType3:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);capillarybreak(1m).Extremeeventapplied. 0.017 0.021 0.004 0.022 0.022 0 0.016 0.016 0 0.005 0.005 0

Scenario15Type3:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);capillarybreak(1m). 0.024 0.028 0.003 0.029 0.029 0 0.024 0.024 0 0.010 0.010 0




4 CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATIONSThefollowingconclusions/interpretationscanbedrawnfromtheVadose/Wmodellingresults:

Thesystemisdominatedbyevaporationoverinfiltrationforallthescenarios,reflectingthedryseasonclimate.Asaresult,onlysmallquantitiesofwaterenterthesystem(coverdomain).

Thereisageneralnetupwardmovementofwaterfromthetailingsthroughthecoverprofileforallthecovertypesandscenarios(sensitivities).

Althoughthereisanetupwardmovementofwaterfromthestoragelayertothetopsoilforallcovertypes,therearealsoinstancesofdownwardmovementofwaterfromthetopsoiltothestoragelayerforallsensitivities,althoughamuchsmallerflux.

Thedownwardfluxofwaterfromthetopsoilisretainedinthestoragelayerforthemajorityofsimulations.ThisexcludescoverType1witha10cmstoragelayerforthesesimulationsthenetfluxofwaterisnegativerepresentingadownwardmovementofwaterintothetailings.

Thefluxofwaterintothetailingslayerisverylowornegligibleforallthecovertypesandscenarios.ForthescenarioswhereInfiltrationtothetailingsoccurs,thisonlyoccursintermittentlyinthewetseason.

Thecombinationofthelowconductivitytailingsmaterial,anddryseasonclimate,limitstheoverallcoverinfiltration.

Increasingthethicknessofthestoragelayerresultsinalowernetfluxofwateroutofthetailingsandthroughthetopsoillayers,butgenerallyahigherupwardfluxofwaterthroughthestoragelayer.

Basedonthecovertypesmodelled,thereislittlebenefitincompactingorotheramendingthetailingsduetothealreadylowpermeabilityofthetailings.Thetailingspermeabilityultimatelyactsasthelimitingfactorforthedownwardfluxintothetailings.

Includingacapillarybreakinthecoverslightlyreducestheupwardmovementofwaterfromthetailings;howeverthecapillarybreakdoesnotentirelypreventtheupwardmovementofwater.Basedontheseresults(assumingthecapillarybreakpropertiesusedinthismodelling),thereislittlebenefitinincludingacapillarybreakinthecover,unlessacapillarybreakconfigurationisidentified(i.e.thickness,hydraulicparameter)thatcouldmitigatetheupwardfluxfromthetailings.

Verylimitedwaterlossesfromthecoverwereobservedviatranspirationthroughplantuptakeforeachofthesimulatedvegetatedcoveroptions.

Ingeneral,theType1andType2coveroptions(notincludingscenarioswiththe10cmthickstoragelayer)providethemosteffectiveprofilesformitigatingdownwardfluxintothetailings.ThecapillarybreakincorporatedintotheType3coveroptionwasineffectiveatmitigatingcapillaryrisefromthetailingsusingthemodelparametersadoptedduringthisstudy.Themajorityofscenariosfromallthreecoveroptionssimulatedanetupwardfluxthroughthecoverprofile.However,theresultsfromtheVadose/Wmodellingdidnotconfirmiftheupwardfluxfromthestorageortopsoillayer(Type1and2)hadoriginated




fromthetailingsorisaresultofpreviousrainfallinfiltration.Furthercharacterisationoftheupwardfluxisrequiredtoconfirmpotentialcapillaryriseoftailingscontactwatertotherootzone/groundsurface.Additionalsimulationsfocusingonthecapillarybreakconfigurationsshouldalsobeundertakentoidentifyacoveroptiontomitigatetheupwardfluxfromthetailings

5 CLOSINGThisreportisaninstrumentofserviceofKlohnCrippenBergerLtd.ThedraftletterreporthasbeenpreparedfortheexclusiveuseofNorthernMineralsLimitesforthespecificapplicationtotheBrownsRangeProject.ThereportscontentsmaynotberelieduponbyanyotherpartywithouttheexpresswrittenpermissionofKlohnCrippenBerger.Inthisreport,KlohnCrippenBergerhasendeavoredtocomplywithgenerallyacceptedprofessionalpracticecommontothelocalarea.KlohnCrippenBergermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied.

Yourstruly,

KLOHNCRIPPENBERGERLTD.

MattLanders ChrisStrachottaGeochemist Associate&ManagerWesternAustraliaAustralasianOperations AustralasianOperations

REFERENCES

BOM(2013)AustralianGovernmentsBureauofMeteorology..http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/data/index.shtml.

Golder(2014)PreliminaryGeotechnicalInvestigationReportStage1:BrownsRangeProject.

Golder(2013)TailingsGeotechnicalandRheologicalLaboratoryTesting.

OutbackEcology(MWHAustralia)(2014a)AnalogueSlopes:SoilandVegetationAssessment.

OutbackEcology(MWHAustralia)(2014b)BaselineSoilsandLandformAssessment.



Appendix.docx Page2D09812A06 June2014

APPENDIXIClimateConditionsforVadoseModelling




0

10

20

30

40

50

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Tempe

rature(C)

Days

Temperature(Max.)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Tempe

rature(C)

Days

Temperature(min.)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Precipetation(m

m)

Days

Precipitation




0

50

100

150

200

250

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Precipita

tion(m

m)

Days

Precipitation:Extremeevent

202mm

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Humidity

(%)

Days

Max.RelativeHumidity

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Humidity

(%)

Days

Min.RelativeHumidity




0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

WindSpeed(km)

Days

Wind




APPENDIXIIVadoseModelling:VegetationInfluence




TheinfluenceofvegetationoninfiltrationandevapotranspirationisavariablethatcanbeappliedtothesurfaceoftheVadose/Wprofiletorepresentrevegetatedconditions.Thisinvolvesthreeseparatefunctionstorepresenttheleafareaindex,thepermanentwiltingpoint,andtherootdepthandstructure.

THELEAFAREAINDEX

Theleafareaindexisameasureoftheonesidedgreenleafareaperunitgroundsurfaceareainbroadleafcanopies.Theplannedplantspeciesatclosurearenotcurrentlyknown;thereforethefollowingspecieswereusedasanalogues:

Pennisetumclandestinum(Kikuyugrass);

Trifoliumrepens(WhiteClover);and,

Calopogoniummucunoides(wildgroundnut).Thesespeciesareexpectedtoestablishfullywithinonetotwoyearsofplanting.

TheleafareaindexfunctionwasdevelopedtomimicarelativelyquickestablishmentofvegetationontheNOEFcovermaterialwithfullcoverageaftertwoyearsofgrowth(FigureIV.01).

FigureIV.01 LeafAreaIndexFunctionUsedforHVJVClosurePlantSpecies

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

L.A.I.

Time(days)




ThePermanentWiltingPoint

Thepermanentwiltingpoint,orplantmoisturelimitingfactorisdescribedbythefunctioninFigureIV.02.Thisvariableaccountsforthediebackofvegetationfromexceedinglydryperiodswherethematricsuctionreachespointswhereplantgrowthwillbelimited.ThestandardVadose/Wcreatedcurveforapermanentwiltingpointat1500kPaisusedinthiscase.Itisunlikelythatmaterialpropertiesinthegrowthmediumlayerofmaterialwillreachthispointundertheclimateconditionspresentonsite.

FigureIV.02 PlantLimitingFunctionDevelopedbyVadose/WforPWPat1500kPa

RootingDepth

Theexpectedrootingdepthoftheprimaryrevegetationlegumesarewithinthe50cmtoplayerofsoilappliedtotheerosionresistantsurfacecover.Theexpectedrootingdepthisbetween10cmand40cmforthespeciesmentionedabove.Secondaryspeciesareexpectedtomaintainarelativelyshallowrootingdepthandexpandlaterallytomakethemostuseofsurfaceavailablenutrients.Itwouldnotbeuncommonhoweverforthesespeciestoreachrootingdepthsbetween50cmand200cm.AgeneralrootingdepthfortheVadose/Wmodellingwaskeptbetween20cmand50cmfortheshallowrootingspeciesandupto200cmforthedeeperrootingspecies.

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1500 1000 500 0

Limiting

Factor

MatricSuction(kPa)




APPENDIXIIIVadoseModellingResults




Scenario2aType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m).

0.010

0.008

0.006

0.004

0.002

0.000

0.002

1600 1800 2000 2200

liquidflu

x(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

scenario2a

GroundSurface

Baseoftopsoil

Baseofstorage

tailings

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

1600 1800 2000 2200

liquidflu

x(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Baseoftopsoil




0.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000

1600 1800 2000 2200

liquidflu

x(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

BaseofStorage

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

1600 1800 2000 2200

liquidflu

x(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Tailings




Scenario3aType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(0.5m).

0.010

0.008

0.006

0.004

0.002

0.000

0.002

1600 1800 2000 2200

liquidflu

x(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Scenario3a

GroundSurface

Baseoftopsoil

Baseofstorage

tailings

0.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000

1600 1800 2000 2200

liquidflu

x(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Baseoftopsoil




0.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.0000.000

1600 1800 2000 2200

liquidflu

x(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Baseofstorage

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

0.000

1600 1800 2000 2200

liquidflu

x(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Tailings




Scenario4aType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(10cm).

0.010

0.008

0.006

0.004

0.002

0.000

0.002

0.004

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

liquidflu

x(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

scenario3a

GroundSurface

Baseoftopsoil

Baseofstorage

tailings

0.0001

0.0001

0.0000

0.0001

0.0001

0.0002

0.0002

0.0003

0.0003

1600 1800 2000 2200

liquidflu

x(cm3/days)

Time(days)

Baseoftopsoil




0.000080.000070.000060.000050.000040.000030.000020.000010.000000.000010.000020.00003

1600 1800 2000 2200

liquidflu

x(cm3/days)

Time(days)

Baseofstorage

0.00040.00020.00000.00020.00040.00060.00080.00100.00120.00140.0016

1600 1800 2000 2200

liquidflu

x(cm3/days)

Time(days)

tailings




Scenario5aType2:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);compactedtailingslayer(0.5m).

1.00E02

8.00E03

6.00E03

4.00E03

2.00E03

0.00E+00

2.00E03

1600 1800 2000 2200

liquidflu

x(m

3/da

ys)

Time(days)

scenario5a

GroundSurface

Baseoftopsoil

Baseofstorage

Baseofcompacttailings

tailings

3.00E04

2.00E04

1.00E04

0.00E+00

1.00E04

2.00E04

3.00E04

4.00E04

1600 1800 2000 2200

liquidflu

x(m

3/da

ys)

Time(days)

baseoftopsoil




0.00E+00

2.00E05

4.00E05

6.00E05

8.00E05

1.00E04

1.20E04

1600 1800 2000 2200

liquidflu

x(m

3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Baseofstorage

5.55E05

5.60E05

5.65E05

5.70E05

5.75E05

5.80E05

5.85E05

5.90E05

5.95E05

1600 1800 2000 2200

liquidflu

x(m

3/da

ys)

Time(days)





0.00E+00

5.00E06

1.00E05

1.50E05

2.00E05

2.50E05

3.00E05

1600 1800 2000 2200

liquidflu

x(m

3/da

ys)

Time(days)

tailings




Scenario6aType3:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);capillarybreak(0.5m)

0.01

0.008

0.006

0.004

0.002

0

0.002

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

liquidflu

x(m

3/da

ys)

Time(days)

scenario6a

GroundSurfaceLine

Baseoftopsoil

Baseofstorage

Baseofcapillarybreak

tailings

3.00E04

2.00E04

1.00E04

0.00E+00

1.00E04

2.00E04

3.00E04

4.00E04

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

liquidflu

x(m

3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Baseoftopsoil




0.000020

0.000020.000040.000060.000080.00010.000120.000140.000160.00018

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

liquidflu

x(m

3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Baseofstorage

0

0.00002

0.00004

0.00006

0.00008

0.0001

0.00012

0.00014

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

liquidflu

x(m

3/da

ys)

Time(days)





0.00E+005.00E061.00E051.50E052.00E052.50E053.00E053.50E054.00E054.50E055.00E05

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

liquidflu

x(m

3/da

ys)

Time(days)

tailings




Scenario7aType3:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);capillarybreak(1m)

0.012

0.01

0.008

0.006

0.004

0.002

0

0.002

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

liquidflu

x(m

3/da

ys)

Time(days)

scenario7a

GroundSurfaceLine

Baseoftopsoil

Baseofstorage


tailings

3.00E04

2.00E04

1.00E04

0.00E+00

1.00E04

2.00E04

3.00E04

4.00E04

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

liquidflu

x(m

3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Baseoftopsoil




0

0.00002

0.00004

0.00006

0.00008

0.0001

0.00012

0.00014

0.00016

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

liquidflu

x(m

3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Baseofstorage

0.00E+00

2.00E05

4.00E05

6.00E05

8.00E05

1.00E04

1.20E04

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

liquidflu

x(m

3/da

ys)

Time(days)





0.00E+00

5.00E06

1.00E05

1.50E05

2.00E05

2.50E05

3.00E05

3.50E05

4.00E05

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

liquidflu

x(m

3/da

ys)

Time(days)

tailings




Scenario9aType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m).Extremeeventapplied.

0.0080.0070.0060.0050.0040.0030.0020.0010.0000.0010.002

1600 1800 2000 2200

liquidflu

x(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

scenario9a

GroundSurface

Baseoftopsoil

Baseofstorage

tailings

0.00030

0.00020

0.00010

0.00000

0.00010

0.00020

0.00030

0.00040

1600 1800 2000 2200

liquidflu

x(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Baseoftopsoil




0.000020

0.000000

0.000020

0.000040

0.000060

0.000080

0.000100

0.000120

1600 1800 2000 2200

liquidflu

x(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Baseofstorage

0.00000

0.00001

0.00001

0.00002

0.00002

0.00003

0.00003

0.00004

0.00004

1600 1800 2000 2200

liquidflu

x(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

tailings




Scenario10aType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(0.5m).Extremeeventapplied.

8.00E037.00E036.00E035.00E034.00E033.00E032.00E031.00E030.00E+001.00E032.00E03

1600 1800 2000 2200

Liqu

irdflux

(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

scenario10a

GroundSurface

Baseoftopsoil

Baseofstorage

tailings

2.00E041.50E041.00E045.00E050.00E+005.00E051.00E041.50E042.00E042.50E043.00E04

1600 1800 2000 2200

liquidflu

x(cm3/days)

Time(days)

Baseoftopsoil




0.000000

0.000001

0.000002

0.000003

0.000004

0.000005

0.000006

1600 1800 2000 2200

liquidflu

x(cm3/days)

Time(days)

Baseofstorage

0.000000.000010.000020.000030.000040.000050.000060.000070.000080.000090.00010

1600 1800 2000 2200

liquidflu

x(cm3/days)

Time(days)

tailings




Scenario11aType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(10cm).Extremeeventapplied.

0.0080.0070.0060.0050.0040.0030.0020.0010.0000.0010.002

1600 1800 2000 2200

liquidflu

x(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

scenario11a

GroundSurface

Baseoftopsoil

Baseofstorage

tailings

0.00005

0.00000

0.00005

0.00010

0.00015

0.00020

0.00025

1600 1800 2000 2200

liquidflu

x(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Baseoftopsoil




0.000030.000030.000020.000020.000010.000010.000000.000010.000010.00002

1600 1800 2000 2200

liquidflu

x(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Baseofstorage

0.00020

0.00000

0.00020

0.00040

0.00060

0.00080

0.00100

0.00120

0.00140

1600 1800 2000 2200

liquidflu

x(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

tailings





0.0120.01

0.0080.0060.0040.002

00.0020.0040.006

1600 1800 2000 2200

Liqu

idFlux(cm3/day)

Time(days)

Scenario12a

GroundSurface

Baseoftopsoil

Baseofstorage


tailings

0.0005

0.0003

0.0001

0.0001

0.0003

0.0005

1600 1800 2000 2200

Liqu

idFlux(cm3/day)

Time(days)

Baseoftopsoil




0.00E+00

2.00E05

4.00E05

6.00E05

8.00E05

1.00E04

1.20E04

1600 1800 2000 2200

Liqu

idFlux(cm3/day)

Time(days)

Baseofstorage

5.00E055.10E055.20E055.30E055.40E055.50E055.60E055.70E055.80E055.90E056.00E05

1600 1800 2000 2200

Liqu

idFlux(cm3/day)

Time(days)





0.00E+00

5.00E06

1.00E05

1.50E05

2.00E05

2.50E05

1600 1800 2000 2200

Liqu

idFlux(cm3/day)

Time(days)

tailings




Scenario13aType3:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);capillarybreak(0.5m).Extremeeventapplied.

0.0080.0070.0060.0050.0040.0030.0020.001

00.0010.002

1600 1800 2000 2200

liquidflu

x(m

3/da

ys)

Time(days)

scenario13a

GroundSurfaceLine

Baseoftopsoil

Baseofstorage


tailings

0.0003

0.0002

0.0001

0

0.0001

0.0002

0.0003

0.0004

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

liquidflu

x(m

3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Baseoftopsoil




0

0.00002

0.00004

0.00006

0.00008

0.0001

0.00012

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

liquidflu

x(m

3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Baseofstorage

0.00E+001.00E052.00E053.00E054.00E055.00E056.00E057.00E058.00E059.00E05

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

liquidflu

x(m

3/da

ys)

Time(days)





0.00E+00

5.00E06

1.00E05

1.50E05

2.00E05

2.50E05

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

liquidflu

x(m

3/da

ys)

Time(days)

tailings




Scenario14aType3:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);capillarybreak(1m).Extremeeventapplied.

0.0140.0120.01

0.0080.0060.0040.002

00.002

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

liquidflu

x(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

scenario14a

GroundSurfaceLine

Baseoftopsoil

Baseofstorage


tailings

4.00E04

3.00E04

2.00E04

1.00E04

0.00E+00

1.00E04

2.00E04

3.00E04

4.00E04

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

liquidflu

x(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Baseoftopsoil




0.00E+00

2.00E05

4.00E05

6.00E05

8.00E05

1.00E04

1.20E04

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

liquidflu

x(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Baseofstorage

0.00E+00

1.00E05

2.00E05

3.00E05

4.00E05

5.00E05

6.00E05

7.00E05

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

liquidflu

x(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)





0.00E+002.00E064.00E066.00E068.00E061.00E051.20E051.40E051.60E051.80E052.00E05

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

liquidflu

x(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

tailings




Scenario2bType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m).

0.01

0.008

0.006

0.004

0.002

0

0.002

1575 1625 1675 1725 1775

Liqu

idFlux(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Scenario2b

GroundSurfaceLine

Baseoftopsoil

Baseofstorage

Tailings

3.00E04

2.00E04

1.00E04

0.00E+00

1.00E04

2.00E04

3.00E04

4.00E04

1575 1625 1675 1725 1775

Liqu

idFlux(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Baseoftopsoil




0.0001

0.00005

0

0.00005

0.0001

0.00015

0.0002

1575 1775 1975 2175

Liqu

idFlux(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Baseofstorage

2.00E051.00E050.00E+001.00E052.00E053.00E054.00E055.00E056.00E057.00E058.00E05

1575 1775 1975 2175

Liqu

idFlux(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Tailings




Scenario3bType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(0.5m).

0.01

0.008

0.006

0.004

0.002

0

0.002

1575 1625 1675 1725 1775

Liqu

idFlux(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Scenario3b

GroundSurfaceLine

Baseoftopsoil

Baseofstorage

Tailings

1.50E041.00E045.00E050.00E+005.00E051.00E041.50E042.00E042.50E043.00E043.50E04

1575 1625 1675 1725 1775

Liqu

idFlux(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Baseoftopsoil




0.00E+005.00E071.00E061.50E062.00E062.50E063.00E063.50E064.00E064.50E065.00E06

1575 1625 1675 1725 1775

Liqu

idFlux(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Baseofstorage

0.000020

0.000020.000040.000060.000080.00010.000120.000140.000160.00018

1575 1625 1675 1725 1775

Liqu

idFlux(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Tailings




Scenario4bType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(10cm).

0.012

0.01

0.008

0.006

0.004

0.002

0

0.002

0.004

1575 1625 1675 1725 1775

Liqu

idFlux(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Scenario4b

GroundSurfaceLine

Baseoftopsoil

Baseofstorage

Tailings

0.000050

0.000050.00010.000150.00020.000250.00030.000350.00040.00045

1575 1625 1675 1725 1775

Liqu

idFlux(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Baseoftopsoil




4.00E04

3.00E04

2.00E04

1.00E04

0.00E+00

1.00E04

2.00E04

1575 1625 1675 1725 1775

Liqu

idFlux(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Baseofstorage

0

0.0005

0.001

0.0015

0.002

0.0025

1575 1625 1675 1725 1775

Liqu

idFlux(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Tailings




Scenario5bType2:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);compactedtailingslayer(0.5m).

1.00E02

8.00E03

6.00E03

4.00E03

2.00E03

0.00E+00

2.00E03

1575 1625 1675 1725 1775

Liqu

idFlux(cm

3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Scenario5bGroundSurfaceLine

Baseoftopsoil

Baseofstorage

Baseofcompactedtailings

Tailings

3.00E04

2.00E04

1.00E04

0.00E+00

1.00E04

2.00E04

3.00E04

4.00E04

1575 1625 1675 1725 1775

Liqu

idFlux(cm

3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Baseoftopsoil




0.00E+00

2.00E05

4.00E05

6.00E05

8.00E05

1.00E04

1.20E04

1575 1625 1675 1725 1775

Liqu

idFlux(cm

3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Baseofstorage

5.55E055.60E055.65E055.70E055.75E055.80E055.85E055.90E055.95E056.00E05

1575 1625 1675 1725 1775

Liqu

idFlux(cm

3/da

ys)

Time(days)





0.00E+00

5.00E06

1.00E05

1.50E05

2.00E05

2.50E05

3.00E05

1575 1625 1675 1725 1775

Liqu

idFlux(cm

3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Tailings




Scenario6bType3:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);capillarybreak(0.5m)

0.01

0.008

0.006

0.004

0.002

0

0.002

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

Liqu

idFlux(cm3./days)

Time(days)

Scenario6b

GroundSurfaceLine

Baseoftopsoil

Baseofstorage


Tailings

3.00E04

2.00E04

1.00E04

0.00E+00

1.00E04

2.00E04

3.00E04

4.00E04

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

Liqu

idFlux(cm3./days)

Time(days)

Baseoftopsoil




0.00002

0

0.00002

0.00004

0.00006

0.00008

0.0001

0.00012

0.00014

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

Liqu

idFlux(cm3./days)

Time(days)


0.00002

0

0.00002

0.00004

0.00006

0.00008

0.0001

0.00012

0.00014

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

Liqu

idFlux(cm3./days)

Time(days)






1.00E05

0.00E+00

1.00E05

2.00E05

3.00E05

4.00E05

5.00E05

6.00E05

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

Liqu

idFlux(cm3./days)

Time(days)

Tailings




Scenario7bType3:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);capillarybreak(1m)

0.012

0.01

0.008

0.006

0.004

0.002

0

0.002

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

Liqu

idFlux(cm3./days)

Time(days)

Scenario7b

GroundSurfaceLine

Baseoftopsoil

Baseofstorage


Tailings

3.00E04

2.00E04

1.00E04

0.00E+00

1.00E04

2.00E04

3.00E04

4.00E04

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

Liqu

idFlux(cm3./days)

Time(days)

Baseoftopsoil




0

0.00002

0.00004

0.00006

0.00008

0.0001

0.00012

0.00014

0.00016

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

Liqu

idFlux(cm3./days)

Time(days)

Baseofstorage

0.00E+00

2.00E05

4.00E05

6.00E05

8.00E05

1.00E04

1.20E04

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

Liqu

idFlux(cm3./days)

Time(days)





0.00E+00

5.00E06

1.00E05

1.50E05

2.00E05

2.50E05

3.00E05

3.50E05

4.00E05

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

Liqu

idFlux(cm3./days)

Time(days)

Tailings




Scenario9bType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m).Extremeeventapplied.

0.0080.0070.0060.0050.0040.0030.0020.001

00.0010.002

1575 1625 1675 1725 1775

Liqu

idFlux(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Scenario9b

GroundSurfaceLine

Baseoftopsoil

Baseofstorage

Tailings

3.00E04

2.00E04

1.00E04

0.00E+00

1.00E04

2.00E04

3.00E04

4.00E04

1575 1625 1675 1725 1775

Liqu

idFlux(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Baseoftopsoil




0.00002

0

0.00002

0.00004

0.00006

0.00008

0.0001

0.00012

1575 1625 1675 1725 1775

Liqu

idFlux(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Baseofstorage

5.00E060.00E+005.00E061.00E051.50E052.00E052.50E053.00E053.50E054.00E054.50E05

1575 1625 1675 1725 1775

Liqu

idFlux(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Tailings




Scenario10bType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(0.5m).Extremeeventapplied.

0.0080.0070.0060.0050.0040.0030.0020.001

00.0010.002

1575 1625 1675 1725 1775

Liqu

idFlux(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Scenario10b

GroundSurfaceLine

Baseoftopsoil

Baseofstorage

Tailings

1.50E041.00E045.00E050.00E+005.00E051.00E041.50E042.00E042.50E043.00E04

1575 1625 1675 1725 1775

Liqu

idFlux(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Baseoftopsoil




0.00E+00

1.00E06

2.00E06

3.00E06

4.00E06

5.00E06

6.00E06

1575 1625 1675 1725 1775

Liqu

idFlux(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Baseofstorage

0.00E+00

2.00E05

4.00E05

6.00E05

8.00E05

1.00E04

1.20E04

1575 1625 1675 1725 1775

Liqu

idFlux(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Tailings




Scenario11bType1:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(10cm).Extremeeventapplied.

0.0070.0060.0050.0040.0030.0020.001

00.0010.0020.0030.004

1575 1625 1675 1725 1775

Liqu

idFlux(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Scenario11b

GroundSurfaceLine

Baseoftopsoil

Baseofstorage

Tailings

0.00005

0

0.000050.0001

0.00015

0.00020.00025

0.0003

0.00035

1575 1625 1675 1725 1775

Liqu

idFlux(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Baseoftopsoil




8.00E04

6.00E04

4.00E04

2.00E04

0.00E+00

2.00E04

4.00E04

1575 1625 1675 1725 1775

Liqu

idFlux(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Baseofstorage

0

0.0005

0.001

0.0015

0.002

0.0025

0.003

1575 1625 1675 1725 1775

Liqu

idFlux(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Tailings




Scenario12bType2:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);compactedtailingslayer(0.5m).Extremeeventapplied.

1.00E02

8.00E03

6.00E03

4.00E03

2.00E03

0.00E+00

2.00E03

1575 1625 1675 1725 1775

Liqu

idFlux(cm

3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Scenario12bGroundSurfaceLine

Baseoftopsoil

Baseofstorage


Tailings

3.00E04

2.00E04

1.00E04

0.00E+00

1.00E04

2.00E04

3.00E04

4.00E04

1575 1625 1675 1725 1775

Liqu

idFlux(cm

3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Baseoftopsoil




0.00E+00

2.00E05

4.00E05

6.00E05

8.00E05

1.00E04

1.20E04

1575 1625 1675 1725 1775

Liqu

idFlux(cm

3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Baseofstorage

5.40E05

5.50E05

5.60E05

5.70E05

5.80E05

5.90E05

6.00E05

1575 1625 1675 1725 1775

Liqu

idFlux(cm

3/da

ys)

Time(days)





1.95E052.00E052.05E052.10E052.15E052.20E052.25E052.30E052.35E052.40E052.45E05

1575 1625 1675 1725 1775

Liqu

idFlux(cm

3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Tailings




Scenario13bType3:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);capillarybreak(0.5m).Extremeeventapplied.

6.00E03

5.00E03

4.00E03

3.00E03

2.00E03

1.00E03

0.00E+00

1.00E03

2.00E03

1600 1650 1700 1750

Liqu

idFlux(cm3./days)

Time(days)

Scenario13b

GroundSurfaceLine

Baseoftopsoil

Baseofstorage


Tailings

2.00E04

1.00E04

0.00E+00

1.00E04

2.00E04

3.00E04

4.00E04

1600 1650 1700 1750

Liqu

idFlux(cm3./days)

Time(days)

Baseoftopsoil




0

0.00001

0.00002

0.00003

0.00004

0.00005

0.00006

0.00007

1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

Liqu

idFlux(cm3./days)

Time(days)


0.00E+00

2.00E05

4.00E05

6.00E05

8.00E05

1.00E04

1600 1650 1700 1750

Liqu

idFlux(cm3./days)

Time(days)





0.00E+00

5.00E06

1.00E05

1.50E05

2.00E05

2.50E05

3.00E05

1600 1650 1700 1750

Liqu

idFlux(cm3./days)

Time(days)

Tailings




Scenario14bType3:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);capillarybreak(1m).Extremeeventapplied.

0.014

0.012

0.01

0.008

0.006

0.004

0.002

0

0.002

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

Liqu

idFlux(cm3./days)

Time(days)

Scenario14b

GroundSurfaceLine

Baseoftopsoil

Baseofstorage


Tailings

3.00E04

2.00E04

1.00E04

0.00E+00

1.00E04

2.00E04

3.00E04

4.00E04

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

Liqu

idFlux(cm3./days)

Time(days)

Baseoftopsoil




0.00E+00

1.00E05

2.00E05

3.00E05

4.00E05

5.00E05

6.00E05

7.00E05

8.00E05

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

Liqu

idFlux(cm3./days)

Time(days)


0.00E+00

1.00E05

2.00E05

3.00E05

4.00E05

5.00E05

6.00E05

7.00E05

8.00E05

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

Liqu

idFlux(cm3./days)

Time(days)





0.00E+00

2.00E06

4.00E06

6.00E06

8.00E06

1.00E05

1.20E05

1.40E05

1.60E05

1.80E05

2.00E05

1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200

Liqu

idFlux(cm3./days)

Time(days)

Tailings




Scenario15Type3:vegetation;topsoil(15cm);storagelayer(1m);capillarybreak(1m).

0.012

0.01

0.008

0.006

0.004

0.002

0

0.002

1575 1625 1675 1725 1775

Liqu

idFlux(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Scenario15

GroundSurfaceLine

Baseoftopsoil

Baseofstorage


Tailings

3.00E04

2.00E04

1.00E04

0.00E+00

1.00E04

2.00E04

3.00E04

4.00E04

1575 1625 1675 1725 1775

Liqu

idFlux(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Baseoftopsoil




00.000020.000040.000060.000080.00010.000120.000140.000160.00018

1575 1625 1675 1725 1775

Liqu

idFlux(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Baseofstorage

0

0.00002

0.00004

0.00006

0.00008

0.0001

0.00012

0.00014

1575 1625 1675 1725 1775

Liqu

idFlux(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)





0.00E+005.00E061.00E051.50E052.00E052.50E053.00E053.50E054.00E054.50E05

1575 1625 1675 1725 1775

Liqu

idFlux(cm3/da

ys)

Time(days)

Tailings

Documents

2 OF SERVICE - epa.wa.gov.auepa.wa.gov.au/sites/default/files/API_documents/Appendix P5... · Supplementary technical input for API update – TSF Cover ... are provided in Appendix