2. Nationalism replaces EmpireFascism, Decolonization, Racism, Genocide, Growth of International Organizations supplants politicaldivision of world into nation-states (early 21st century)

1. World War I, World War II: the hegemony of western Europe was broken by 1945

and replaced by competition between two SUPERPOWERSCOLD WAR ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991

3. Revolutions Continue:Political Revolutions favor democracySocial Revolutions and social reform: changes in gender

roles, peasant protests, spread of Marxism, Communism, Socialism, religious fundamentalism

4. Globalization: economic, technological, scientific, and cultural Migration patterns

Russian Revolution1917Chinese Revolution 1949

1900 to the Present…..

World War I Casualties

Total casualties = 37 million

Your textbook:Total casualties = 15 million killed

20 million wounded

Armistice Day: 11 am 11/11/1918

Paris Peace ConferenceTreaty of Versailles

WWI: Failure of the Leagueof Nations

Goal?Positives and Negatives?

COLLECTIVE SECURITY??

Effects of World War I?

What was the intent of the League of Nations? What were the weaknesses of this body?

• First conflict of global proportions

• 15 million dead• 20 million wounded• End of four empires• Rise of nine new

countries• Massive global

dislocations• End of Europe’s

domination of globe

The M

andat

e Sys

tem

1920

Balfour Declaration 1917?

TerritorialChanges After the Great War

1922

Battle of Gallipoli 1915?

C 34: An Age of Anxiety

Post-War PessimismCrash of 1929Global DepressionEconomic ExperimentationThe New Deal

Twenty One Demands 1915?

Mukden Incident 1932? AndThe League of Nations?

Why did the war spread to Asia, Africa and the Pacific? How were these areas influenced by the war?

New Economic Plan?Collectivization/Joseph Stalin?

How did Lenin and the Bolsheviks come to power?What was Stalin’s plan for the Soviet Union?

Vladimir Lenin =Rapid CollectivizationConfiscationsUNPOPULAR New Economic Policy (NEP)

* partial privatization* promotion of agriculture* promotion of industry* “Kulaks” and speculation

Centralized government/authoritarianStroke 1922Died 1924

Peasants who rose

to prosperity(wealthy)

Joseph Stalin (1879-1953)“Socialism in One Country”1924

vs. Trotsky “international communist revolutions”

Massive Agricultural CollectivizationFirst FIVE YEAR PLAN 1928-1932Ukrainian Famine 1932-1933De-kulakization = SECRET POLICENon-existence of consumer goodsThe GREAT PURGE: 8 million Soviets in

labor camps by 1939 (gulags)

Isolation

Ukraine 1929-1933:3 million died

Including 1 million children

Nikolai Yezhov, the young man walking with Stalin in the top photo from the 1930s, was shot in 1940.

Following his death, Yezhov was edited out of the photo by Soviet Censors. Such retouching was a common occurrence during Stalin's rule.

The Great Purge: Results =

Arrests, 1937-1938 - about 7 millionExecuted - about 1 millionDied in camps - about 2 millionIn prison, late 1938 - about 1 millionIn camps, late 1938 - about 8 million

Global National Identity Crisis: India (Post- WW I)Promise of self determination was a powerful motivator!

PROBLEM: Quest for independence focused on independenceFrom British rule BUT was complicated by ethnic differences (Hindus and

Muslims). National railroad led to increased communication, class of educated elite Indians = reform. Indian National Congress 1885, Muslim League 1906

Road to a SOLUTION:

Mohandas Gandhi (1869-1948) (transformed the Indian National Congress on his

return in 1915)

Moral philosophy of tolerance and non-violence (ahimsa)Passive resistance (satyagraha “truth and firmness”)

Armitsar Massacre 1919(British killed 379 unarmed protestors)

Non-Cooperation Movement 1920-1922(boycott of British goods- return to homespun cotton)

Civil Disobedience Movement 1930(more aggressive- protest on British authority =

The Salt March (240 miles)= led 50,000to the Sea to make salt illegally

The India Act 1937= autonomous legislatures in Congress/ exControl under the British (failed)

C 35: Nationalism and Political Identities in Asia, Africa and Latin America

Civil disobedience

and non-violence

Monday 5/5: C 37 notes /C 35 ques/terms/chart

Tuesday 5/6: Practice AP World test; 70 questions

Wednesday 5/7: Go over test/ C 33-34-36 Take Home test due

Thursday 5/8: Partner Quiz C 35/37(AFTER SCHOOL practice test)

Friday 5/9: Essay review/ Period 1/2 (KEY CONCEPTS)

Monday 5/12: REVIEW

Tuesday 5/13: Period 3/4 (KEY CONCEPTS)

Wednesday 5/14: Period 5/6 (KEY CONCEPTS)

Thursday May 15; AP World Test : 8am-noon

India finally gains independence: 14 August 1947 (secular India/ Muslim Pakistan)

Global National Identity Crisis: China

PROBLEM: Revolutionary and nationalist uprising in response to increasing Western influence and threat=

Fall of Qing Empire 1911 (Puyi)

Road to a SOLUTION:Dr Sun Yat Sen (1866-1925) = PROCLAIMED Chinese republic

1912 Chinese republic failed = control fell into hands of warlords

“The continued sway of unequal treaties and other concessions permitted foreigners to intervene in Chinese society. Foreigners did not control the state but through

their privileges, they impaired its sovereignty.”

World War I = Missed opportunity: no support for Chinese self-determination – thought end of war would end unequal treaties

but instead supported further Japanese aggression =May Fourth Movement (Chinese rebel)

Communism = Chinese Communist Party 1921

Mao Zedong

Nationalists = Sun Yatsen then Chiang Kai-Shek

(1887-1975)

Intermittent Civil War

Three Principles of the People:-Elimination of special privileges for foreigners-National reunification-Economic development-Democratic republican government basedon universal suffrage

Mao Zedong: Communist Revolution 1949•Political radicalism opposition to arranged marriages• women’s equality and right to divorce campaigned against footbinding•Leader of the Long March (6215 miles) women’s equality/ socialism• ideology: Marxist-Leninist (Maoism)=

•Peasants rather than urban proletarians were the foundation for a successful revolution

JAPAN? Mukden Incident 1931, Leaves League of Nations

China 1927-1936Sun Yatsen/ Chiang Kai-Shek

(Jiang Jieshi):• Nationalist in contrast to Communists (Three Principles of the People (nationalism, socialism, democracy)= no special privileges for foreigners, national reunification, economic development, democratic government, universal suffrage)•Did not believe in social revolution that involved the Chinese masses• shunned partnership with the Communists• avoided Great Depression/ supported agrarian economy not connected to global economy•Problems = only control small part of China, warlords still in control in some areas, Communist revolution still a threat, could not ward off Japanese aggression

World War II?

Great Leap Forward 1949

Cultural Revolution 1966

Global National Identity Crisis: Africa

PROBLEM: Competing Interests** desire for some degree of economic and political

independence after WW I: differed from country to country** African interests conflict with desire by colonial powers to

maintain control = ECONOMIC MONOCULTURE

Road to a SOLUTION: -Victorious colonial powers maintained control

- Previously self-sufficient African economies were overpowered by European colonial powers - Europeans built businesses and prospered

while Africans were used as forced labor** African educated elite began to develop movement to

support African nationalism (Jomo Kenyatta, Marcus Garvey)

** After WW II, Africans would demand independence from colonial rule

(Ghana = first to become independent in 1957)Belgian Congo independent 1959

Kenya independent 1963

SELF-

DETERMINATION

SELF-

DETERMINATION

Post WW IPost WWII

Persistent colonialism leads to “embryonic nationalist movements”

African National Congress 1912

•To promote unity and mutual co-operation between the government and the South African black people

•To maintain a channel between the government and the black people

•To promote the social, educational and political upliftment of the black people

•To promote understanding between chiefs, and loyalty to the British crown and all lawful authorities and to promote understanding between white and black South Africans

•To address the just grievances of the black people

Nelson Mandela: Imprisoned: 1964-1990 (President F.W. de Klerk reversed ban on ANC)

Nobel Peace Prize: 1993President: 1994 (first democratically elected

South African president)

Cardenas

Sandino

Diego Rivera

Taft

Roosevelt

Neo-Colonialism

"As long as imperialism exists it will, by definition, exert its domination over other countries. Today that domination is called neocolonialism."

— Che Guevara, Marxist revolutionary, 1965

Somoza

Castro

Nicaragua

Mexico

Cuba

1898: just beforeSpanish-Am War, Boxer Rebellion, Boer War

1945