2 Morphology 10

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UNIVERSITY GOCE DELCEV STIP

FACULTY OF PHILOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE

MORPHOLOGY 2 LECTURE 10

M.A. Snezana Kirova


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CONJUNCTIONS

1. Conjunctions are used tojoin words,phrases or sentences together, as in ex.(1):

(1) a) To be ornot to be, that is the question.b) You or I must tell him the truth.

c) She opened the door and let the cat in.

d) He tried hard but he was unsuccessful.e) I dont think the price is too high, nor

does Henry.


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2. Some conjunctions are used in pairs, as inex. (2):

(2) a) You must either pay the price or do

without the good.

b) What he said was neither kind nor true.

c) It was not only unkind but also untrue.

d) He both reads Russian and speaks itwell.


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Conjunctions used in pairs are calledCORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS.

3. There are some words such as

nevertheless, however, meanwhile, indeed,which join sentences together perhaps rathermore loosely (some grammarians call them

half conjunctions), as in ex. (3):


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(3) a) I dont know anything against the man;nevertheless, I dont trust him.

b) He will never be good violinist; indeed,

the professor told him so.c) I cant buy a new suit till I get a cheque

for the work; so this old one will have to do

for a bit longer.


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Thesehalf conjunctionslink thesentences logically rather than formally, and

just before the half conjunction there is a

break in the flow of the sentence,indicated in the examples above by a semi colon.

Thefull conjunctionsjoin the twoparts more tightly together so that thesentence flows on without interruption.


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4. There are, however, other ways of linkingtogether sentences or parts of sentences:

4.1. In a few cases the use of the

preposition is very similar to that of theconjunction, as in ex. (4):

(4) a) At the farm they gave us strawberries

and lots of cream.b) At the farm they gave us strawberries

with of cream.


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4.2. A prepositional phrase may be used as aconjunction, as in ex. (5):

(5) a) He doesnt work hard; in fact hes

incapable of hard work.b) His behavior hasnt improved; on the

contrary it has become worse.


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4.3. It is possible to have sentence linkedonly by punctuation, marks, commas,semi colons or colons, as in ex. (6):

(6) a) He doesnt work hard; hes incapable ofhard work. (semi colon)

b) He kicked open the door, revolver in

hand: a dead man lay on the floor. (colon)


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5. Conjunctions which join together words,phrases or sentences of similar functionalvalue (as in all the examples given so far) are

called CO ORDINATINGCONJUNCTIONS. Those that join togethersentences of different functional value arecalled SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS.

As regards meaning, co ordinatingconjunctions fall into four rough groups:


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I theandgroupII thebutgroup

III theorgroup

IV thesogroup

I TheandGroup

The conjunctions in this group suggestaddition, as in ex. (7):

(7) On the table for tea there were cakes and

biscuits and tarts and sandwiches.


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Frequently in sentences of this type only thefinal and used, the others being replaced bycommas, as in ex. (8):

(8) On the table for tea there were cakes,biscuits, tarts and sandwiches.


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The addition introduced by and is generallysomething that would naturally be ratherexpected, as in ex. (9):

(9) a) the fur coat was soft and worm.b) The car is almost new and in excellent

condition.

(We should expect a car that was almost newto be in good condition.)


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Other connectives in this group areillustrated in ex. (10, 11, 12, 13):

(10) The fur coat was both soft and warm.

(11) The fur coat was soft as well as warm.(12) Not only was the coat; is was also warm.

(13) The car was almost new; furthermore,

besides, likewise, moreover, again, it was inexcellent condition.


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II The but Group

The connectives in this group suggestcontrast, the addition introduced bythem is generally something that would

hardly be expected, as in ex. (14): (14) a) The car was quite old butin

excellent condition.

b) The coat was thin butwarm.


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Other conjunctions and prepositional phrasesof this type are illustrated in ex. (15, 16):

(15) The car was quite old;yet, still,however, neverthelessit was in

excellent condition. (16) In spite of, despite,

notwithstanding its age, the car was

in excellent condition.


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III The or Group

The sense oforwhen joining words,phrases and sentences is:

1) choice (one of two), as in ex. (17): (17) Take this bookor that one.

2) an approximation, as in ex. (18):

(18) The work will cost $15 or $16.

Oth ti i thi


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Other connectives in this groupare illustrated in ex. (19, 20):

(19) Either my answer or yours iswrong.

(20) You must work harder, or else gointo another class.

Neither(nor) has the meaning not

one or two, as in ex. (21): (21) Neitheryour answer normine is

right.


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Note that either or, neither ortake a singular verb, as in ex. (22):

(22) Come and have lunch with me;eitherTuesday or Wednesday is

convenient for me. In these constructions the verb agrees

in person with the nearest subject, as

in ex. (23): (23) Neitheryou nor he is to blame.


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IV The so Group

So as a conjunction suggestsconsequence,as in ex. (24):

(24) The rain began to fall, sowe went

home.

Other conjunctions in the group are

therefore, accordingly thus, hence,consequently,and the subordinatingphrase so that.


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Some adverbs function as conjunctions joiningindependent statements, as in ex. (25,26):

(25) We worked until six; then wewent home.

(26) He broke the rule of the school;therefore, so consequently,accordingly he had to leave.


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SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

Subordinating conjunctions are used tointroduce noun clauses and adverb

clauses of every kind, as in ex. (27): (27) a) He said that he would help us.

b) Ask him when he can come.


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The most commonly used subordinating conjunctionsare: that, when, where, while, before, until, if,

after, since, because, (al) though, unless, as.

All the interrogative words can be used asconnectives in indirect questions, as in ex.

(28):


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(28) whatit is.wherehe went.whyhe did it.

Ask him { howhe knows.

whenhe saw me.

whichhouse itwas.

whosedog that is.

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