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EXPLOSION AND BLAST INJURIES Mechanisms of Injury

2 Mechanisms of Injury Compatibility Mode

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Page 1: 2 Mechanisms of Injury Compatibility Mode

EXPLOSION AND BLAST INJURIESMechanisms of Injury

Page 2: 2 Mechanisms of Injury Compatibility Mode

Outline

• Injury definitions• Bomb‐Injury threat model• Agent• Host• Environment• Specific examples• Review

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• Video clip TNT

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Injury definitions

• Primary:  blast wave

• Secondary:  projectile fragments

• Tertiary:  contact with objects (blunt)

• Quaternary: burns and toxins

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Bomb Size & weight

Explosive choicePurpose & SourceDelivery system

AdulterantsTactic

Human Age, sex, & weight

Fitness, PPENutrition, health

Access to care

Open Space, Confined Space,Structural Collapse

Reflecting or Shielding surfacesBuilding and non-structural debris

Air and liquid hazards

Bomb‐Injury Threat Model

Lee-Davis

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Agent

500lbs bomb rigged as IED

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Anti‐Tank Mine encased in concrete and command detonated via remote control

Artillery shells rigged as IEDs

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Explosives

• Chemical compound that is able to release stored energy in the form of rapidly expanding gases– High Order Explosives (HE)

• TNT, ammonium nitrate fuel oil, C‐4• Blast wave• Primary blast injury

– Low Order Explosive (LE)• Propellants (black powder, pyrotechnics)• No blast wave• Rare primary blast injury

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High explosives

• Stored energy is released rapidly• Detonation• Examples: TNT and dynamite

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PRESSURE

TIME(microseconds)

PEAK OVERPRESSURE

POSITIVE PHASE OVERPRESSURE DURATION

0 ATMZeroAtmosphere Pressure

Horrocks, CL. Blast Injuries: Biophysics, Pathophysiology and Mnaagement Principles.

Idealized blast overpressure waveformseen only in high‐order explosives (HE)

NEGATIVE PHASE

VACUUMZero ATM

Detonation

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• Nuclear video

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Low explosives

• Stored energy is released slowly• Combustion or deflagration• Examples: gun powder, fuel• No blast wave or overpressurization• Injury results from:

– Thermal burns, – Ballistic (shrapnel)– Suffocation (fumes and toxins)

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Host

• Age• Sex• Height• Medical history• Access to care

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Environment 

• Open space• Enclosed or confined space• Structural collapse• Underwater

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Open space

• Potential for shrapnel to travel a large distance (>100 m)

• Less primary blast injuries

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Enclosed space

• Increased mortality• Increased blast pressure• Complicated rescue 

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Structural collapse

• Increased mortality from primary blast wave as well as from tertiary and quaternary injuries

• Crush syndrome 

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Who is this?

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Where is this?

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High explosives

• Stored energy is released rapidly• Detonation• Examples: TNT and dynamite, and ANFO!

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Review

• Blasts occur from various causes, including intentional causes

• High explosives detonate• Low explosives combust or deflagrate

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Review

• High explosive blasts cause a supersonic blast wave, which is a pressure wave that travels ahead of the other effects (heat and fragments) and causes PRIMARY blast injury.

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Review

• Both High and low order explosions cause fragmentation and penetrating injury, known as SECONDARY injury

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Review

• Both high and low order explosions can throw people into objects, throw objects into people, or cause structural collapse, causing TERTIARY injury 

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Review

• Explosions cause heat injury (burns) and create toxic products (carbon monoxide, cyanide, etc) that cause QUATERNARY injury

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Review

• The pattern of injury is predictable given knowledge of:– Agent– Host– Environment

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Questions or comments?