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Reading and Writing the Literature
Randi ForakerAssistant Professor of Epidemiology
College of Public [email protected]
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Study question
Identify the study question› What is already known on the topic?
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Study question
Identify the study question› What is already known on the topic?
› What remains to be known?
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Study question
Identify the study question› What is already known on the topic?
› What remains to be known?
› What are the expected results/hypotheses?
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Study question
Identify the study question› What is already known on the topic?
› What remains to be known?
› What are the expected results/hypotheses?
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Study population
Identify the study population› Who?› What?› When?› Where?
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Study Population
Identify the study population› Who?› What?› When?› Where?
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Study Design
Case-control Cohort Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) Surveillance Cross-sectional Chart Review Case Study
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Exposure
“Cause → Effect”
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Exposure
“Cause → Effect”
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Outcome
“Cause → Effect”
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Outcome
“Cause → Effect”
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Covariates
Other Variables
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Results
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Results
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Results
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Results
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Clinical implications
Possible clinical implications of results
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Public health implications
Possible public health implications of results
21Writing the literature
Publication tips
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Paper outline
Literature/Critical Review Study Question Study Population Study Design Exposure, Outcome, Covariates Results Strengths, Limitations, Implications Future Directions
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Literature review
Write down the main idea (research question) of your project
Look for key components in each article; do they fit?› Stay within the boundaries of your research
question Keep your review in a notebook or
spreadsheet File the literature in a logical way
› Reference managers can assist with this Flag or highlight key content
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Literature review spreadsheet
Author, year Population Methods Key findings
Foraker, 2011 ARIC cohort, ages 45-64 at baseline, 1987-2005
Assessed 30-day readmission accounting for death as a competing risk
Predictors of 30-day readmission were nSES and comorbidity score
Binkley, 2009 Heart failure patients at OSUMC, ages 55+, 2007-2008
Assessed predictors of readmission
Elevated glucose predicted 90-day readmission
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Critical review
Validity of author’s approach Potential sources of bias External influences on study findings Communication of study message Implications for your research
› Background for grant proposal or manuscript
› Limitations of existing studies› Strengths of your study
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Critical review (2)
Study question› Is the central hypothesis clear?
Study design› Are there other approaches?
Study population› Selection of subjects: enrollment, retention
Definition of exposure, outcome, covariates
Results Strengths, limitations, implications
27Writing the literature
Other issues
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Authorship
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Collaborate
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Communicate
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Communicate
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Target a journal
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Respond to reviewers
Be prompt Address each point consecutively
› Restate reviewers’ concerns Cut and paste manuscript edits into the
letter, or point to text (page, paragraph, line number)
34Finding the literature
Literature review suggestions
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PubMed
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EndNote
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EndNote
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OSU resources
