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Circulation Path Design In Community Market
By
Muhammad Fakhrullah Awang1, Mohammad Yazah Mat Raschid2
1Bachelor Science of Architecture Students, Department of
Architecture,
Faculty of Design and Architecture,
University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
2Senior Advisor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Design
and Architecture
University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor,
Malaysia.
Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT
This research aims to examine the main problem that effect the
social interaction on
client through the circulation planning consideration and also
the understanding in the
circulation design planning to enhance the circulation pathway.
In order to operate this
research, data collection are conduct through the survey method
among the client and
also view through the physical observation from the three case
study of shopping mall
around this state. Research finding in the lack of social
interaction cause by the
circulation planning that view through element of design such as
the vertical
transportation, design features and also the used of material
itself. This matter are
having the relation with the social interaction of the community
as client and also the
workers or sellers in the shopping mall. The research should
afford the implementation
of well design and planning in circulation and also the
facilities of the mall. Besides that,
the design features such as furniture and fixture should be
exist in order to enhance the
social interaction towards the community circulation path. The
design should be
implement the practical design planning for the circulation
following the needs of client
including the universal design implementation to make sure that
all that the mall design
for community market are useful.
Keyword - Client, Community networking, Shopping mall,
Circulation.
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CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter introduces the research about the importance of
circulation path
design for public spaces and also for the community market.
1.2 RESEARCH BACKGROUND
Circulation are part of important element in every kind of
spaces or design no matter it is
outside or inside the building. Circulation are part of design
that effects by the
arrangement of spaces in term of visibility, accessibility, and
acceptable circulate
towards one spaces to one spaces. Affection through this matter
involve the social
interaction towards ensuring the efficiency of community
networking. Centre developers
and designers, according to the (leading) retailers interviewed,
give insufficient thought
to the circulation patterns of consumers and, as a consequence,
split flows,
impediments to free movement and poorly placed units with
inadequate shopper
exposure have become common place (Brown, 1991). Social
interaction is the
meaningful contact people have with one another. Meaningful is
an important word
here, because it implies an exchange that includes real
communication, even if only for
a moment, and leaves each party feeling that hes shared
something with another
human being (Creating Good Place for Interaction, n.d).
Individual usage and social interactions in public spaces are
influenced by many
factors, including how the spaces connect and the design,
maintenance and
management of the natural and the built environment (Holland et
al, 2007). There is a
case study about the Case of Pedestrian Movement and Social
Interaction (Bohari et al,
2013) about the human behavior through the circulation of public
spaces such as the
stadium that effecting social interaction. The circulation
effecting the human behavior
such as the crowd movement pattern which involving the
interaction between the social
communities. Social interaction and a better life style are
achieved through well
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designed and properly managed public spaces (Varughese et al,
n.d). This prove that
every element should be design with good arrangement and well
organized design in
term of security, safety, and also the others matter that effect
by this topic. Improving
safety in public spaces can be achieved by taking into
consideration circulation patterns
and crowd management (Varughese et al, n.d).
The importance of this study is to ensure that the designers and
also the
community understands the importance of having a good
circulation patterns in term of
arrangement and include the design features and basic elements
that should be exists
in every design such as corridors, stairs and many more.
Elements of building such as
doors, corridors, stairs which impact on people circulation can
be analyzed in details to
improve designs. (Varughese et al, n.d). The researchers also
said that Cohesive and
safe social interactions that involve crowd gatherings require
well designed and properly
managed public spaces (Varughese et al, n.d). This include the
importance of
circulation as part of public spaces on community networking
elements.
This prove that relations between circulation and social network
are importance to
enhance the community networking. This should be consider mostly
in designing a
public spaces. A careful consideration of people flow within
circulation area during the
design process is important to check adequacy of the above
parameters in providing a
safe environment users (Varughese et al, n.d). The way of
understanding the circulation
importance and should be implement into design our design so
that attraction of the
public spaces such as shopping mall are rising anytime and every
moment. The
material layout, design and architecture of shopping centers and
shopping malls is one
form of spatial arrangement that shape and influence the flow of
visitors and logistics of
goods and information, and spatial practices is the social
element rendering a social
space meaningful (Hagberg and Styhre, 2012).
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT
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There were lack of social interaction towards the circulation
path because of
imperfection and inconvenience in circulation planning in the
shopping mall design.
There is need to investigate this issue in order to study and
make sure that people
understand more on the relation and the linkage between the
circulation planning to
ensure that the social interaction taking the effect for the
community networking
efficiency. Levine's (1982) work on You-are-Here maps also
provides useful information
for the designer of orientation and circulation systems.
Visually salient exhibits will draw
the attention of visitors and influence their circulation (S.
Bitgood, n.d). In this situation,
the circulation would effecting the social interaction towards
the community behavior
starting for the beginning of the mall such as the entrance on
before that spaces. The
issue should be concern, which this matter would effecting
mostly on repeat or common
clients for the shopping mall circulation for social interaction
an attraction towards the
shopping mall itself. While systems of orientation and
circulation are most critical for
first-time visitors, it would be a mistake to ignore the effects
of these systems on repeat
visitors (S. Bitgood, n.d).
1.4 Main RQ/Aim
The aim is to know the facilities needed in the building
especially in the and also the
importance of the proper facilities in the building design are
also needed to be find out.
Other than that the aim of this study is to find out design
features needed in circulation
path in shopping mall and also how the circulation facilities
and path planning enhance
the social interaction in circulation pathway.
1.5 STRUCTURE OF THESIS
1.5.1 Chapter 1 - Introduction, describe the importance of
shopping mall circulation as
the elements that enhance the social interaction towards the
community
networking. Provide the information on the research background
of this topic.
Finding on problem statement for this research base on the issue
in shopping mall
and also state the aim of this research.
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1.5.2 Chapter 2 - State about the literature review found for
this research according to
the elaboration of the topic through the knowledge mapping. List
of the mini
introduction of the topic and also the literature scope
explaining importance of
shopping mall and its interiors spaces, the importance of the
circulation elements,
design features for circulation and the social behavior and
their response towards
the community networking.
1.5.3 Chapter 3 - The method used in order to understand this
research through the
physical observation and surveys. Analysis will be conduct
through the results and
the conclusion for this chapter will be provided through the
understanding of this
research topic.
1.5.4 Chapter 4 Finding and analysis collected from the
methodology choosen such
as physical observation and also from the survey that have been
made for this
research. The statistic from the survey stated in this
chapter.
1.5.5 Chapter 5 - Describing the reflection from the
methodologists through the analysis
that have been made and the recommendation given for the future
studies. The
significance stated to strengthen the research.
CHAPTER 2
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter describe the social interaction in shopping
circulation path towards
community networking. This provide the research of the
connection or the relation
between the circulation paths planning to enhance the community
networking with the
social behavior effecting the interaction among the
community.
2.2 LITERATURE SCOPE
2.2.1 Shopping mall and its Interior spaces
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The shopping center or shopping mall is arguable a scripted
space in Kleins (2004)
sense of the term, designed to enhance a smooth flow of visitors
while at the same time
increasing the visitors exposure to the goods and services being
offered. Klein (2004)
speaks of scripted spaces as being based on a gentle repression
of the visitor/viewer
in as much as the flow is carefully designed and controlled, and
in shopping centers the
architectural layout of the shopping space in many ways
structure and command the
flow of visitors. The literature on shopping spaces emphasizes
that shopping malls are a
specific form of fabricated, engineered spaces, designed to
produce certain effects on
part of the visitors (Hagberg and Styhre, 2012). The production
of social space is thus a
delicate balancing of a variety of activities and interests that
on the one hand fulfills
commercial objectives while on the other hand accommodates
political and social goals
to not render shopping spaces policed and monitored confined
spaces open to only
certain commercially attractive categories of visitors (Hagberg
and Styhre, 2012). Social
space is that area within which the individual expects to make
purely social contacts on
a temporary basis (Us Army Corps of Engineers, Sep 1997).
The public areas, which social and recreational activities are
conducted and circulation
areas in shopping centers may make a great contribution to
shopping center
sustainability (Hagberg and Styhre, 2012). The elements that
must be considered in the
interior design of the store are store merchandising, space
allocation and circulation,
furniture and fixtures, architectural finishes, lightning
design, and codes (Piotrowski and
Rogers, 2007).
2.2.2 Circulation planning and facilities
This study reveals a number of circulation patterns, facilities
and importance of the
circulation towards the social interaction of community
networking.
Circulation pattern of client which is involve the pattern of
Turning right at choice
points (and walking on the right side of pathways). While some
studies have reported a
strong tendency to turn right at a choice point, others have not
(S. Bitgood, 2005).
Author S. Bitgood (1995) reviewed literature that demonstrated
the right-turn principle
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works only in the absence of other strong directional factors
such as landmark
attractors. When people come to an intersection with the
traditional four-path,
perpendicular arrangement, they are generally on the right side
of the path (S. Bitgood,
2005).
Circulation facilities in public space-buildings is a space
forming element that is
applied to accommodate the needs of users movement, both in
horizontal circulation
(circulation within the floor) and the vertical circulation
(circulation between floors).
Horizontal circulation facilities in the mall space building,
can be flat (or with very gentle
slope) corridor as well as a bridge that uses different types of
material. Vertical
circulation facilities in the mall space-building can include
stairs, ramps, lifts (elevators),
escalators, and others. In the case of mall space-building, the
circulation facilities (both
horizontal and vertical) can also became part of the building
structure and composition
of the aesthetic elements in space malls (Kusumarini et al,
2012). This bring the
meaning of the usage of universal design consideration.
Universal design is a design
approach for products and elements of building-space facilities
that could be used by
every person without exception. This approach is truly needed
particularly in public
building facilities so that every user can perform his
activities independently, easily and
optimally (Kusumarini et al, 2012).
There also the seven principles of universal design that
developed in 1997 by a
working group of architects, product designers, engineers and
environmental design
researchers, led by the late Ronald Mace in the North Carolina
State University:
Equitable Use: The design is useful and marketable to people
with diverse abilities.
Flexibility in use : The design accommodates a wide range of
individual preferences
abilities
Simple and intuitive in use: Use of the design easy to
understand, regardless of the
users experience, knowledge, language skill, or current
concentration level.
Perceptible Information: The design communicates necessary
information effectively
to the user, regardless of ambient conditions or the users
sensory abilities.
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Tolerance for Error: The design minimizes hazards and the
adverse consequences
of accidental or unintended actions.
Low Physical Effort: The design can be used efficiently and
comfortably and with a
minimum of fatigues.
Size and Space for Approach and Use: Appropriate size and space
is provided for
approach, reach, manipulation, and use regardless of users body
size, posture, or
mobility.
2.2.3 Design Features in Circulation pathway.
Providing versatile space, furniture and fittings that can be
used for different activities
(UK Higher Education Space Management Project, 2006). It is the
ideal identities (a
mutable, performativite one) they acquired through the act of
participating/consuming
this organized and versatile space (Bousiou, 2008). Furniture
can support and
encourage social interaction if its arrangement removes any
barriers between and
among people (e. g., a circle of chairs would be preferable to
lines of desks). The most
unfriendly arrangement for office furniture involves the
traditional two-dimorphic-
chairs-facing-a-desk-between-them configuration. Of course, how
many people need to
interact must inform furniture configurations as well, and the
broader culture influences
what individuals consider friendly or unfriendly. (Brand, n.d)
The management of
streetscapes requires a comprehensive approach based on a
careful balance between
the often generic functional requirements of different modes of
transport, the specific
characteristics of a place and the nature of human reactions and
interaction. Effective
streetscapes add value to the community by providing (Kapiti
Coast District Council,
n.d):
Health benefits (through greater pedestrian and cycle
movements);
Social benefits (through greater contact between people and
enhancement of
cultural awareness);
Economic benefits (through greater exchange between people);
Property value benefits (through the reflection of adjacent
qualities onto the
desirability of a particular property);
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Environmental benefits (through reduced impermeable coverage and
piped
storm water, vehicle emissions from less vehicle use, and carbon
capture by
street trees).
2.2.4 Social Behavior and Response
People's perception of their environment influences their social
interaction within that
environment. Social interaction can be discussed in terms of
four concepts such
privacy, personal interaction levels, territoriality, and
crowding (Us Army Corps of
Engineers; Sep 1997). Besides needing enough space to move about
and perform
various tasks, each person moves within a domain that expands
and contracts to meet
individual needs and social circumstances. The size of a space
determines perceptions,
experiences, and uses of that particular environment. (Us Army
Corps of Engineers;
Sep 1997). Crowd are containing of diverse people with different
age, gender and
fatigue that will determine the walking speed (Principles of
Pedestrian Network Planning
Report, n.d). Crowding occurs when personal space and
territoriality mechanisms
function ineffectively, resulting in an excess of undesired
external social contact.
Sociologically, people respond to crowding in different ways
depending upon the
situation. Sometimes humans tolerate crowding, though it may be
unpleasant, because
they know it is only temporary. In some situations crowding may
be considered
desirable, it may even be sought after if it is perceived as
"part of the fun" or the
expectation within a social setting. In either situation,
however, psychological discomfort
may be experienced if the crowding is perceived as too confining
(Us Army Corps of
Engineers; Sep 1997).
2.3 SUMMARY
This section bring the understanding of social interaction
through the interior design of
shopping mall relate with the circulation planning and effecting
the social interaction in
term of their behavior. The circulation path with the furnishing
or fitting and become one
of versatile space effecting the social interaction towards the
community networking in
shopping mall.
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CHAPTER 3
3. METHODOLOGISTS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
This section describe the methodologist through the use of
physical observation and
also the surveys that have been carried out. In order to
understand and learns about
this issue, the method use for find out and getting the results
for more information on
this matter. This results would be the material for analysis
section and explanation more
about the issue happen in this topic.
3.2 Research methodology
The usage of surveys and descriptive case study such as physical
observation choose
as research methodology. A descriptive case studies presents a
detailed picture of
phenomena but does not attempt to test or build theoretical
models. Sometimes,
descriptive case studies are historical in naure, and sometimes
they are done for the
purpose of achieving in better understanding of the present
status (Thomas J.R et al,
2010). Descriptive case studies frequently serve as initial step
or database for
subsequent comparative research and theory building (Meriam,
1998). Surveys may be
used for descriptive, explanatory and exploratory research. A
descriptive survey design
was used. A survey is used to collect original data for
describing a population too large
to observe directly (Mouton 1996:232). A survey obtains
information from a sample of
people by means of self-report, that is, the people respond to a
series of questions
posed by the investigator (Polit and Hungler 1993:148). A
descriptive survey was
selected because it provides an accurate portrayal or account of
the characteristics, for
example behavior, opinions, abilities, beliefs, and knowledge of
a particular individual,
situation or group. This design was chosen to meet the
objectives of the study, namely
to determine the knowledge and views of patients and family
members with regard to
diabetes mellitus and its treatment regimen (Burns and Grove
1993:29).
3.2.1 Case Studies Description
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Three mall such as Aeon Cheras Selatan, The Mines Mall, and
Bangi Gateway has
been chosen as the case studies in order to understand more on
the circulation path
design. The first mall chosen which is known as Aeon Cheras
Selatan located at Lebuh
Tun Hussein Onn in Balakong, Selangor. It was officially opened
in December 2006 and
has been a popular shopping place for people living. The Mines
Mall located at Jalan
Dulang, Seri Kembangan, Selangor. The Mines, which previously
known as Mines
Shopping Fair launch its new name & logo on 10th March 2010.
Over the years,
CapitaMalls Asia had transformed The Mines to a contemporary
neighborhood
shopping mall with a major upgrading work inclusive of creating
additional retails space,
revamped the Car park system, and many more. Bangi Gateway
located at Seksyen 15,
Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor. The mall start to operate in 2013.
Bangi Gateway
Shopping Complex is a vibrant, distinctive and highly sought
after commercial address
where dining, entertainment & leisure converge.
3.2.2 Survey
Survey has been done at these three mall in order to understand
the parameters and
also the issue happen on circulation path design. Each mall have
been distributed with
50 survey which the total of the survey distributed are 150.
3.3 CONCLUSION
The methodology of survey and physical observation used to
analyze these three mall
chosen. Many participants response to the circulation issue
through the survey that
have been answer by them.
Chapter 4
4.1 INTRODUCTION
This Chapter describe the methodology of this research. There
are many type of
research methodology including physical observation, survey or
interview.
4.2 FINDING AND ANALYSIS
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4.2.1 Finding from Physical Observation
Parameters Aeon Cheras Selatan The Mines Mall Bangi Gateway
Streetscape
Welcoming design with the decorative material of
streetscape
Figure 4.2.1
The streetscape of this mall are very welcoming with
thegreen element
Figure 4.2.2
Streetscape along the street towards main entrance
Figure 4.2.3
Vertical Circulation
Vertical transportation located near the entrance
Figure 4.2.4
Vertical transportation at the centre of the building
create a welcoming feeling.
Figure 4.2.5
Vertical transportation from the basement directly to the
ground level
Figure 4.2.6
Circulation Path
Figure 4.2.7
Circulation along the shop
Figure 4.2.8
Circulation path with the curvy shops arrangement show the
visibility of shop.
Figure 4.2.9
Wide circulation path smooth the client circulation
Furniture for Interaction
Figure 4.2.10
Massage chair provide along the circulation path
Figure 4.2.11
Less furniture in this mall
Figure 4.2.12
Furniture design around the circular column structure in
the mall
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Based on figure 4.2.1 the streetscape of the mall are decorative
but less welcoming
compared to figure 4.2.2 which celebrate people with green along
besides the
streetscape. For the vertical circulation, based on figure 4.2.4
and figure 4.2.5 the
location of the escalator are in the proper position and well
designed. The circulation
path of these three are well designed based on figure 4.2.7,
figure 4.2.8 and figure
4.2.9. Aeon Cheras Selatan mall are having many design features
and facilities such as
massage chair that located besides the circulation which given
them a place to rest. For
the Mines mall based on figure 4.2.11, there is a kiosk located
in the middle of the
circulation which sometimes crowded in the peak hours. Bangi
Gateway design features
were well design which taking the opportunity of the circle
column structure to make the
permanent chair around it based on figure 4.2.12.
4.2.2 Findings from Survey
Question 5-8 Circulation Path Design
Chart 4.1
70% agree that circulation path design in Aeon Cheras Selatan
Mall are well design and
easy to access. 40% feel that circulation path design in The
Mines Mall are confusing
and not well design. 80% percent of respondent feel that Bangi
Gateway have a good
circulation path planning and well design.
Question 9-11 Vertical Transportation
0
20
40
60
80
Aeon CherasSelatan
The MinesMall
BangiGetaway
Chart Title
Agree Neutral Disagree
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Chart 4.2
50% agree the facilities in Aeon Cheras Selatan are well planned
ad well design. 20%
of them disagree with this situation. For the Mines Mall 40%
agree and 30% disagree
with this situation. 40% agree and 40% disagree with the
vertical transportation in Bangi
Gateway. This prove that the vertical transportation provide in
the Aeon Cheras Selatan
are good and well planned.
Question 12 and 13 Streetscape
Chart 4.3
60% feels that Aeon Cheras Selatan are well design with design
features such as the
streetscape. 80% feels that the Mines Mall are welcoming along
towards the main
entrance. 55% percent feels that Bangi Gateway have a good
design with its
streetscape.
0204060
AeonCherasSelatan
The MinesMall
BangiGetaway
Chart Title
Agree Neutral Disagree
020406080
AeonCherasSelatan
The MinesMall
BangiGetaway
Chart Title
Agree Neutral Disagree
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Question 14 and 15 Furniture
Chart 4.4
80% feels that Aeon Cheras Selatan provided a lot of furniture
for them to rest and
relax. 50% disagree with the furniture that have been provide in
the Mines Mall. 60%
agree and feel very welcoming with the furniture that well
design in the Bangi Gateway.
Question 16-18 Social Behavior
Chart 4.5
40% agree that the mall are having a crowd during peak hours in
the Aeon Mall. 70%
agree that The Mines Mall are crowded mostly during holiday and
also peak hours. This
make them feel uncomfortable. 45% from the Bangi Gateway
disagree with this
problem.
0
50
100
Aeon CherasSelatan
The MinesMall
BangiGetaway
Chart Title
Agree Neutral Disagree
0
20
40
60
80
Aeon CherasSelatan
The MinesMall
BangiGetaway
Chart Title
Agree Neutral Disagree
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4.3 ANALYSIS
No. Parameters Analysis
4.3.1 Streetscape The data collected from these three malls
shows that
people are concern with the streetscape that lead their
journey to the entrance of the mall. The design of the
streetscape welcome them to the mall and all of the
passion to enter the mall are start from the beginning of
the mall.
4.3.2 Circulation Path Design People are concern about the
circulation path design
whether it is simple or complicated. 40% from the surveys
sate that sometimes they are lost because of the
circulation on the mall are complicated and direct them to
the dead end. The flow of the mall are not very good and
not concerning the people behavior.
4.3.3 Vertical Transportation 43% of the data from these three
malls shows that the
vertical transportation are well design with the universal
design standards applied in these three mall which
concerned the disable people. The design of the vertical
transportation itselves are users friendly to every type of
age of the users no matter from young people to older
people.
4.3.4 Furniture Furniture provided in the circulation spaces are
well
design for the mall except for the Mines mall which is not
very well design and too little. The spaces provides for
resting and relaxing for reviving their energy are very
important for them so that they can continue their journey
from the spaces to the other shops. The furniture also
important for them to be as the waiting area.
4.3.5 Social Behavior In the mall, the thing that often happen
in the mall is
crowd. 30% of community said that its often happen
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during the public holiday and peak hours. From the
surveys stated that its happen because of improper
circulation planning and also concerning the size of the
circulation spaces.
4.4 Conclusion
The parameters shows that circulation are one of the main issue
that concerned
by the people mostly the community that visit the public
building such as community
market or shopping malls. They are concerned mostly on the flow
and how the
circulation direct them so that they will not feel lost in their
path.
Chapter 5
5.1 Introduction
This Chapter introduce the results from the previous research
that have been
conducted with the recommendation for the future to improve the
circulation path design
based on the data and analysis from this research.
5.2 Reflecting the Methodologists
From the previous chapter of the studies, it is obvious that the
community are
concern with the circulation design either in facilities design
or the streetscape. Create a
good circulation path design with the features will give an
impact to the community or
client that visit the market. It can be enhance by designing a
good circulation path to
make sure that community are enjoyed with their shopping and
make them feels want to
visit the mall again. The circulation design included
circulation path design from outside
the shopping mall towards the entrance should be welcoming with
the streetscape
design so that community or the client of the shopping mall will
have a passion to come
to the mall. The others circulation design such as the vertical
transportation from the
basement to the top of the floor should be located and design
well to accommodate
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people well and easy for them to access to the every level of
the floor. Furniture are one
of the thing that people will find either for resting after
shopping, or a place for one
person to wait for the his or her couple or family while they
are shopping. The design of
the furniture itself will give the feeling of welcoming and
relaxing to them.
5.3 Recommendation
In order to design a good circulation path, one should learn
about the people
behavior, what they want and what they would do in shopping
mall. One should control
the journey of the community in shopping mall so that people not
lost or feel the
circulation are complicated. The designer should put their
selves on the community
condition. They should feel and learn about the social behavior
of the community that
will visit the mall so that they will understand what the
visitors or the community of the
mall or market actually want. In term of every design include
the vertical transportation,
design features and the journey of the community in the mall
starting from the outside of
the mall to the entrance until to the shops or place that they
want to go in the mall. The
designers also should make sure that the circulation are wide
enough (minimum
2000mm clear) to make sure that the users of the space are not
having a crowd which
make the users feel uncomfortable. The spaces of the circulation
should have a spaces
to sit for rest to make sure that they can revive their energy
while relaxing. The access
from one floor to another floor also should be easy to access
and the location of the
vertical transportation are not complicated to make sure that
people will not lost.
5.4 Significance
Within all of the mall, most designers are concern about the
circulation path
design. The implementations of the universal design in vertical
transportations with the
use of lifts. The circulation path are importance for people
which the only connection of
people from one spaces to one spaces. This could be benefit for
the mall as if they have
a good circulation design, people are remember it the first mall
they would like to visit
and come are the one that provide them with a good circulation.
This will give the mall
and the seller a great profit just in a short time. Its also
will make people often come to
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the mall because of the great vertical transportation design and
also good design
features inside and outside the mall.
5.5 Conclusion
It is obvious that circulation path design are one of the matter
that the community
or the visitors of the mall think. They will consider whether
every mall will provide
enough elements in the circulation spaces so they will be direct
to the right spaces
through the circulation path and also the size of the design
will avoided the crowd to
happen even in the peak hours and also in holiday.
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REFERENCES
Caroline Holland, Andrew Clark, Jeanne Katz and Sheila Peace
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