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APA STYLE

Guide

American Psychological Association: Sixth Edition

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APA STYLE Guide:Compiled by Dr. Norizan Ahmad

The Publication Manual of the

American Psychological Association

is the style manual of choice for writers,

editors, students, and educators in the social

and behavioral sciences.

provides invaluable guidance on all aspects

of the writing process, from the ethics of

authorship to the word choice that best reduces

bias in language.

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Well-known for its authoritative and easy-to-

use reference and citation system,

thePublication Manualalso offers guidance on

choosing the headings, tables, figures, and tone

that will result in strong, simple, and elegant

scientific communication.

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Manuscript

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General Manuscript Guidelines

Use durable paper

Margins

Papers submitted for publication use uniform margins of 1 in. (2.54 cm)at the top, bottom, and sides of each page

theses and student papers may have a wider left-hand margin, usually

1.5 in. or 4 cm. Alignment

Left margin line justification with a ragged right margin is traditional,but full justification may be used.

Hyphenation of words is permitted only with full justification. Do not breakwords at the end of a line in a ragged-right margin document.

Double-space the main text of the document. Single-spacingmay be usedfor table titles, captions, indented quotations, footnotes, and references(BUT double-spacing is required BETWEEN references).

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Organization of a Manuscript

Title page: avoid title words "that serve no purpose," including "study" and"experiment"

Abstract: dense with information but readable; 120 words or fewer

Introduction: presents the problem and describes the research strategy

Method: detailed explanation of how the study was conducted

Results: data and analysis in sufficient detail to support the conclusionsDiscussion: if brief, it may be combined with the previous section: "Results

and Discussion" or "Results and Conclusions" are common

combined headings

References: covers all citations made in the manuscript

Appendix: includes material too distracting or bulky to include in the text

Papers written for publication then include the Author note, which states institutional

affiliations and financial acknowledgments.

Place Arabic-style page numbers (1, 2, 3) in the upper right-hand corners; number the title page.

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APA Headings

APA Style uses a unique headings system to

separate and classify paper sections. There are

5 heading levels in APA.The 6th edition of the APA manual revises and simplifies previous heading

guidelines.

Regardless of the number of levels, always use

the headings in order, beginning with level 1.

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Methods (Level 1)

Site of Study (Level 2)

Participant Population (Level 2)Teachers. (Level 3)

Students. (Level 3)

Results (Level 1)

Spatial Ability (Level 2)

Test One. (level 3)

Teachers with exper ience. (Level 4)

Teachers in Training. (Level 4)

Test Two. (Level 3)Kinesthetic Ability (Level 2)

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Table

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Figure

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Quotations

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Quotations

Short quotations: Quotations of fewer than 40 wordsshould be incorporated into the text of the manuscriptand enclosed by double quotation marks.

Long quotations: Quotations of 40 words or moreshould be presented as an indented blockwithoutquotation marks. The block quote is set in about 0.5 inches (1.3 cm or 5

spaces) from the left margin and is usually double-spaced. The currentAPA editors comment, "When single-spacing

would improve readability . . . it is usually encouraged"

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Direct quotation:

Johansson (2002) pointed out that in spite of the well-

known difficulty of conducting empirical research in

human psychology, "recent investigations have supported

the validity of Erikson's theory" (p. 9).

Quotation of passage containing quotation marks:

Johansson (2002) suggested that we "ask ourselves: 'Howcan I use this treatment time to facilitate wholeness for

this person?'" (p. 10).

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Long quotation (55 words), block format, first reference to

four-author study:

Early reports were so promising that they inevitably invited skepticism, if not

scorn:

With regard to performance, preliminary data seem to show that

individuals under polyphasic and ultrashort sleep schedules canfunction at levels equal to, or higher than, when they are under

comparable amounts of monophasic sleep. It appears that

polyphasic sleep-wake schedules are a viable solution to

maintaining high levels of efficiency during continuous work

situations. (Porcu, Casagrande, Ferrara, & Bellatreccia, 1998, p. 44)

The stress penalty associated with long-term polyphasic sleep is only now

becoming evident.

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Citation

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Reference Citations in Text

If the text of a sentence includes the surname of a source, then only the

year of publication is provided in parentheses, as in this example:

Pruisner (1995) found that the use of colour did not have an impact on therecall and retention of verbal information presented in graphic form .

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If an author's surname is not incorporated into the sentence which

refers to his or her work, then the surname, the publication year,

and the page reference (if the author was quoted directly) are

supplied within parentheses at the end of the sentence:

A later study concluded "wholists show a strong inclination to use

the mode which corresponds most nearly to their verbal-imagery

style" (Riding & Mathias, 1991, p. 389).

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If an author is quoted directly, then the verbatim material

should be surrounded by double quotation marks. A page

reference must be supplied at the end of the sentence. The

page reference is surrounded by parentheses. The pagenumber is preceded by the abbreviation "p.":

Riding and Mathias (1991) found that "wholists show a

strong inclination to use the mode which correspondsmost nearly to their verbal-imagery style" (p. 389).

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If an author's surname is not incorporated into the sentence

which refers to his or her work, then the surname, the

publication year, and the page reference (if the author was

quoted directly) are supplied within parentheses at the end ofthe sentence:

A later study concluded "wholists show a strong inclination to

use the mode which corresponds most nearly to their verbal-

imagery style" (Riding & Mathias, 1991, p. 389).

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First reference to a multi-author source:

Brown, Dial, Sherwood, and Fontana (1994) suggested that . . . .

Subsequent first citation per paragraph:

Brown et al. (1994) found . . . .

Second and subsequent citations per paragraph:Brown et al. found . . . .

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If several sources are cited at once, alphabetize the sources

by the surname of the first author. A semi-colon should

separate individual sources:

Evidence suggests that imagery improves performance on

recognition tests (Anderson & Kulhavy, 1972; Frost, 1972;

Kulhavy & Swenson, 1975; Luria, 1966).

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Consider these

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Smith (1983) compared reaction times...

In a recent study of reaction times (Smith, 1983)...

In 1983, Smith compared reaction times...

Smith and Thompson (1993) reported a similar finding...

In a recent study of aggression (Smith & Thompson, 1993)

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Several studies provide support for the idea that spanking is not

an effective method of disciplining preschool aged children

(Kames, 1983; Miller, 1977; Smith, 1993; Tower, 1988).

Several studies provide support for the idea that spanking is not

an effective method of disciplining preschoolers (Jones, 1993a;

Jones, 1993b). One study showed very negative effects (Jones,

1993b) while another found slightly less negative effects (Jones,

1993a).

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References

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General Forms

Periodical:

Nonperiodical:

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (1994). Title

of article. Title of Periodical, xx, xxx-xxx.

Author, A. A. (1994). Title of work. Location: Publisher.

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References to Periodicals

Journal article

Magazine

Newspaper

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Journal article, one author:Bekerian, D. A. (1993). In search of the typical eyewitness.American

Psychologist, 48, 674-576.

Journal article, two authors:

Odom, S. L., & McEvoy, M. A. (1990). Mainstreaming at the preschoollevel: Potential barriers and tasks for the field. Topics in EarlyChildhood Special Education, 10(2), 48-61.

(10=volume number (2)=issue number; only give issue number if

each issue begins with page 1)

Winston, B. L., Reinhart, M. L., Sacker, J. R., Gottlieb, W., Oscar, B. B.,& Harris, D. P. (1983). Effect of intertrial delays on retardation inlearning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior

Processes, 9, 581-593.(Note capitalization of chapter title as compared with journal title)

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Magazine Ar ticle:Posner, M. I. (1993, October 29). Seeing the mind. Science, 262, 673-674.

Daily Newspaper Ar ticle, No Author:

New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15).

The Washington Post, p. A12.

Daily Newspaper Article, Discontinuous Pages:

Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The

Washington Post, pp. A1, A4-5.

Monthly Newspaper Article, Letter to the Edi tor:

Markovitz, M. C. (1993, May). Inpatient vs. outpatient [Letter to the editor]. APA

Monitor, p.3.

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References to Books

OneAuthor:

Shaller, G. B. (1993). The last panda. Chicago: University ofChicago Press.

Two orMore Authors, Jr. in Name, Thi rd Edition:Mitchell, T. R. , & Larson, J. R., Jr. (1987).People inorganizations: An introduction to organizational behavior(3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

CorporateAuthor:National Head Start Association. (1990).Head Start: The

nation's pride, a nation's challenge. Report of the SilverRibbonPanel. Alexandria, VA: Author.

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References to Books

UnknownAuthor:

The Times Atlas of the World (9th ed.). (1992). New York:

Times Books.

Editors:

Fox, R. W., & Lears, T. J. J. (Eds.). (1993). The power of

culture: Critical essays in American history. Chicago:

University of Chicago Press.

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References to Books

EnglishTranslation of a Book:Laplace, P. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities (F.

W. Truscott & F. L. Emory, Trans.). New York: Dover.(Original work published 1814)

In the text, cite the original publication date and the date ofthe translation: (Laplace, 1814/1951).

Reference to Chapter in a Edited Book:Ladd, G. W., & Coleman, C. C. (1993). Young children's

peer relationships: Forms, features, and functions. In B.Spodek (Ed.), Handbook of research on the education ofyoung children (pp. 57-76). Ames, IA: Great Books.

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References to Nonprint Sources

Film:

Harrison, J. (Producer), & Schmiechen, R. (Director). (1992).

Changing our minds: The story of Evelyn Hooker [Film].

(Available from Changing Our Minds, Inc., 170 West

End Avenue, Suite 25R, New York, NY 10023)

Television broadcast:

Crystal, L. (Executive Producer). (2003, October 11). The

MacNeil/Lehrer news hour. New York and Washington,DC: Public Broadcasting Service.

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References to Nonprint Sources

Music recording:

Writer, A. (Date of Copyright). Title of song [Recorded by artist ifdifferent from writer]. On Title of album [Medium of recording:compact disk, record, cassette, etc.]. Location: Label. (Recordingdate if different from copyright date)

Videotape:National Geographic Society (Producer). (1987). In the shadow of

Vesuvius [Videotape]. Washington, DC: National GeographicSociety.

Presentation:

Lanktree, C., & Briere, J. (1991, January). Early data on the TraumaSymptom Checklist for Children (TSC-C). Paper presented at themeeting of the American Professional Society on the Abuse ofChildren, San Diego, CA.

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References to Reports

Report f rom the Government Printing Off ice (GPO):National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness

(DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office.

Report fr om the Educational Resources I nformation Center (ERIC):

Mead, J.V. (1992). Looking at old photographs: Investigating the teacher tales thatnovice teachers bring with them (Report No., NCRTL-RR-92-4). East Lansing,MI: National Center for Research on Teacher Learning. (ERIC DocumentReproduction Service No. ED 346 082)

Government Report not available from GPO or ERIC:

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1992). Pressure ulcers in adults:Prediction and prevention (AHCPR Publication No. 92-0047). Rockville, MD:Author.

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Article From an Online Periodical

Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date ofpublication). Title of article. Title of OnlinePeriodical, volume number(issue number if

available). Retrieved fromhttp://www.someaddress.com/full/url/

Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing theliving Web.A List Apart: For People WhoMake Websites, 149. Retrieved fromhttp://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliving

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Publication Manual of theAmerican Psychological

Association, Sixth EditionAmerican Psychological

Association

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APA STYLE Guide:

Compiled by Dr. Norizan Ahmad

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APA STYLE Guide:

Compiled by Dr. Norizan Ahmad

Other style

Harvard Style

Vancouver Style

Chicago Style
http://www.cput.ac.za/library/infoLit/bibharvard.htmhttp://www.cput.ac.za/library/infoLit/bibvancouver.htmhttp://www.cput.ac.za/library/infoLit/bibchicago.htmhttp://www.cput.ac.za/library/infoLit/bibchicago.htmhttp://www.cput.ac.za/library/infoLit/bibvancouver.htmhttp://www.cput.ac.za/library/infoLit/bibharvard.htm

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Terima kasih

Dr. Norizan bt. Ahmad

IPGM Kampus Pendidikan [email protected]

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