APA Style & Quotations

7/27/2019 APA Style & Quotations

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PLAGIARISMAPA Formatting & Quotation

Usage


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PLAGIARISMPlagiarism is the unacknowledged and inappropriate use of the

ideas or wording of another writer. Plagiarism undermines theintellectual collaborationthe exchange of ideasthat should

mark academic discourse because it permits the writer to avoid

any genuine involvement with the concepts or opinions of

others. Because the false discourse of plagiarism corruptsvalues to which the university community is fundamentally

committedthe pursuit of knowledge, intellectual honesty

plagiarism is considered a grave violation of academic integrity

and the sanctions against it are correspondingly severe.

(USC Student Affairs)


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PLAGIARISMSelf-plagiarism (yes, there is such a thing!) is the practice of

presenting ones own previously published work as though itwere new (APA, 2010, p. 170).

USC expects each paper that students submit to be original work,not an assignment previously submitted to another instructor,

or for another course.


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QUOTING VS. PARAPHRASING

Paraphrasing: Using your own language to discuss someone elses

ideas.

Advantages:

1. Paraphrasing forces writers to understand the topic about

which theyre writing.

2. Paraphrasing demonstrates true understanding of a concept or

theory to a reader (or instructor).

3. Paraphrasing is more aesthetically pleasing, since it avoids

filling a page with quotation marks.


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QUOTING VS. PARAPHRASINGIts fine to use a quote, but be sure that your quote serves a PURPOSE

When considering whether to quote or paraphrase, consider the

following:

Do I need the exact language here (e.g. to apply a legal definition to

something), or could I paraphrase this information in my ownwords?

Is there something particularly eloquent about the language in the

quote that I would lose if I tried to paraphrase?

Is this quote from a famous person or well-known authority inhis/her field? If so, using an exact quote from him/her might lend

your paper credibility. If not, you might decide to paraphrase

instead.


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Note thatparaphrased material must still be cited!


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Original Text

During the 1980s, CLTbecame such a dominant

force that it guided the form

and function of almost all

conceivable components of

language pedagogy. A steady

stream of scholarly books

appeared with the labelcommunicative unfailingly

stamped on the cover.

(Kumaravadivelu, 2006, p. 61).

Correctly Cited and

Paraphrased Version

CLT played a critical role in

the entire field of language

teaching in the 1980s. So

great was its influence, in fact,that a steady stream of

scholarly books was

produced with the

imprimatur communicative

(Kumaravadivelu, 2006, p.

61).


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INTEGRATING

QUOTESAPA Formatting & Quotation

Usage


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INTEGRATING QUOTESAvoid floating quotations, those that are dropped into a paragraph

without introduction or explanation. Here is an example:

There is a genetic predisposition to language particular to the human

race. Language is no more a cultural invention than is upright

posture. It is not a manifestation of a general capacity to use

symbols: a three-year-old is a grammatical genius, but is quiteincompetent at the visual arts [and] religious iconography (Pinker,

2009, p.5). Language is a special intuitive ability.

Notice that the passage above does not introduce the author or provide

context for the statement, making it feel disconnected and abrupt.


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INTEGRATING QUOTESMake each quotation a part of your writing by incorporating it into your

own sentence. You might use a simple signal phrase like this:

Language expert and Harvard professor of psychology Steven Pinker

(2009) writes, Language is no more a cultural invention than is

upright posture. It is not a manifestation of a general capacity to use

symbols: a three-year-old is a grammatical genius, but is quiteincompetent at the visual arts [and] religious iconography (p. 5).

Or, you might provide more context and support by more fully

integrating it into your sentence:

Pinker (2009) explains that, contrary to conventional wisdom,

[l]anguage is no more a cultural invention than is upright posture

(p. 5).


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FORMATTING

QUOTES

APA Formatting & QuotationUsage


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FORMATTING QUOTES

If your quote is fewer than 40 words, incorporate it into your own

sentence.

Place double quotation marks around it.

Do not punctuate before the closed quotation mark (unless you

are quoting a question, and your material ends in a questionmark). Instead, punctuate AFTER your parenthetical citation:

Confusing this issue is the overlapping nature of roles in palliative

care, whereby medical needs are met by those in the medicaldisciplines; nonmedical needs may be addressed by anyone on the

team (Csikai & Chaitin, 2006, p. 112).


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FORMATTING QUOTES

If your quotation is 40 words or longer, use block

format to set it apart from the paragraph so thatyour reader can clearly see where the quotationbegins and ends.

Begin the quotation on a new line.

Indent the entire quotation half an inch (the sameindent as a new paragraph) from the left margin.

Keep the block quote double-spaced.

Do NOT use quotation marks around the blockquote.

Cite the source, year, and pg # in parentheses at

the end of the quotation.


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FORMATTING QUOTES

Example:

World renowned language expert and Harvard professor Steven

Pinker (2009) turns our intuitive understanding of language on its

head with his assertion that language is programmed into our DNA,

just as much as is breathing or sleeping:

Once you begin to look at language not as the ineffable essenceof human uniqueness but as a biological adaptation to

communicate information, it is no longer as tempting to see

language as an insidious shaper of thought, and, we shall see, it

is not. Moreover, seeing language as one of naturesengineering marvels [] gives us new respect for your ordinary

Joe and the much-maligned English language. (pp. 5-6)


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FORMATTING QUOTES

Use single quotation marks to indicate a quote within your

quoted material.

E.g. Language expert and Harvard professor of psychology

Steven Pinker (2009) writes, Language is not, as Chomsky

claims, a mere cultural invention. It is not amanifestation of a general capacity to use symbols (p. 5).


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FORMATTING QUOTES

Use sic(italicized and bracketed) immediately after an error

in quoted material. This signals to your reader that youhave copied an error that was originally in the textnot that

you have made a mistake or typo yourself.

(Its also a way to show youre smart because (a) you caughtthe error and identified it with sic, and (b) you know how

to use certain Latin terms.)

E.g. Hessing(2010) notes that many of the participants were

unable to complete there [sic] surveys (p. 316).


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CITATIONSAPA Formatting & Quotation

Usage


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CITATIONS

The sources of all information and ideas that are not your

own must be cited.

All citations must include the author or organizations

name, and the year of publication.

If the date is unknown or unavailable, use n.d.

This information can be given as part of your own

sentence. Whatever information is not part of your own

writing must be given parenthetically at the end of thesentence.


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CITATIONS

In 2003, Kesslers study of epidemiological samples

showed that

Early onset results in a more persistent and severe course

(Kessler, 2003).

Kessler (2003) found that among epidemiologicalsamples

These examples are all from the APAPublication Manual, 6th Ed. .


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CITATIONS

When using a direct quotation, you must provide the page

number of published material.

For online sources (or when a page number is not

available), give a paragraph number:

In their study, Verbunt, Pernot, and Smeets (2008) foundthat the level of perceived disability in patients with

fibromyalgia seemed best explained by their mental health

condition and less by their physical condition (para. 4).

C O S


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CITATIONS

If page numbers and paragraph numbers are not visible,

cite the heading and paragraph number so that a readercan find the quote:

In their study, Verbunt, Pernot, and Smeets (2008) found

that the level of perceived disability in patients withfibromyalgia seemed best explained by their mental health

condition and less by their physical condition (Discussion

section, para. 1).

Example from the APAPublication Manual, 6th Ed. .

CITATIONS


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CITATIONS

For information that is not a direct quote, a page or

paragraph number is optional. (However, providing thisinformation makes it easier for a reader to check your

reference if (s)he chooses.)

The order of parenthetical information is author, year,page number.

E.g. (Golan, Kucher, & Krissof, 2007, pp. 319-320)

Note thatcommas, not periods, separate the three pieces

of information.

CITATIONS


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CITATIONS

Note that the author or organization should be cited, not

the name of a particular website or study.

Right: (UNICEF, 2011)

Wrong: (http://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-

field/south-africa-neonatal-care-initiative.html, 2011)

Wrong: (In South Africa, a neonatal care initiative builds

health and saves lives, 2011)

CITATIONS
http://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-field/south-africa-neonatal-care-initiative.htmlhttp://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-field/south-africa-neonatal-care-initiative.htmlhttp://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-field/south-africa-neonatal-care-initiative.htmlhttp://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-field/south-africa-neonatal-care-initiative.htmlhttp://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-field/south-africa-neonatal-care-initiative.htmlhttp://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-field/south-africa-neonatal-care-initiative.htmlhttp://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-field/south-africa-neonatal-care-initiative.htmlhttp://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-field/south-africa-neonatal-care-initiative.htmlhttp://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-field/south-africa-neonatal-care-initiative.htmlhttp://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-field/south-africa-neonatal-care-initiative.htmlhttp://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-field/south-africa-neonatal-care-initiative.htmlhttp://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-field/south-africa-neonatal-care-initiative.htmlhttp://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-field/south-africa-neonatal-care-initiative.htmlhttp://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-field/south-africa-neonatal-care-initiative.htmlhttp://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-field/south-africa-neonatal-care-initiative.htmlhttp://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-field/south-africa-neonatal-care-initiative.htmlhttp://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-field/south-africa-neonatal-care-initiative.html


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CITATIONSSecondary Sources

Use secondary sources when the original source is notaccessible, out of print, or unavailable in English.

In your reference list, give the secondary source (that is,

the work you actually read).

In your paper, name the original work and cite the

secondary source.

CITATIONS


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CITATIONSSecondary Sources

For example, if you read Jacoby & Meyers 2003 article,and their work cited Flauberts journal, you would write

something like this:

According to Flaubert (as cited in Jacoby & Meyers,

2003), the sand of Egypt looks so white that one would

swear its snow.


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COMMON

ERRORSAPA Formatting & Quotation

Usage

PLEASE DONT


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PLEASE DONT

Dont use large chunks of quotations (especially block

quotations) just to fill space.

(No one in graduate school is fooled by this trick.

We have seen it before, and find it neither clever nor

amusing.)

PLEASE DONT


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PLEASE DONT

Dont cite after every sentence in a paragraph if all the citations are from

the same source.Teachers interact by taking classes into the community or bringing in stakeholders

who represent civic, career, adult processes and procedures, leading to a better

understanding for students of the community and careers (Darmody, personal

communication, April 3, 2011). The school functions as part of the larger

community. For instance, students artwork is regularly displayed at a localartisans gallery on a regular basis (Darmody, personal communication, April 3,

2011). In addition, the school theatre group picks cast members from the general

population and provides full performances and teasers inside and outside the high

school (Darmody, personal communication, April 3, 2011). Some teachers and

administrators are members of local community groups and staff members areencouraged to participate in community activities (Darmody, personal

communication, April 3, 2011). The chief administrator (referring to himself, the

principal) lives in town, serves on two community boards, and represents the high

school at community events (Darmody, personal communication, April 3, 2011).

PLEASE DONT


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PLEASE DONT

Instead, write the paragraph in such a way that the reader can

tell that youve used the same source. (Certainly cite the firstinstance of a source. Its also a good idea to cite at the end of aparagraph to signal that the whole paragraph came from onesource.)

Principal Darmody maintained that teachers interact by takingclasses into the community or bringing in stakeholders whorepresent civic, career, adult processes and procedures, leading to abetter understanding for students of the community and careers(personal communication, April 3, 2011). The school, he

continued, functions as part of the larger community. For instance,students artwork is regularly displayed at a local artisans gallery on aregular basis. In addition, his school theatre group picks castmembers from the general population and provides fullperformances and teasers inside and outside the high school

(Darmody, personal communication, April 3, 2011).

PLEASE DONT


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PLEASE DONT

Dont avoid to punctuate a quote because your interviewee

did not pause.

She continued, The reason that many of our staff feel

overwhelmed is that they are under enormous pressure to

help as many patients as possible at the same time theresources that they receive from administration are

severely limited and this combination of a high workload

and limited support from administration has created a

high-stress work environment which only serves toexacerbate an already difficult situation I hope that in the

future we can resolve these issues.

PLEASE DONT


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PLEASE DONT

Dont include every um and uh in a transcription of an

interview or session with a client.

She went on to explain the situation at her school site, So

then the principal ummm, he was likeuhhhhh, ummmm,he was like against the ideas we had proposed, but uhhhh,

I dont know whyuhhhh, why he would have shot them

down so quicklyespecially because ummmm our ideas

seemed really ummmmreally well conceived and

organized.

COLONS


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COLONS

Acomplete sentence must precede a colon used to

introduce a list.

Right: There are several uses for the colon: to introduce a list,

to show a ratio, and to separate the hour from the minuteswhen noting a time (e.g. 8:30).

Wrong: The uses for the colon are: to introduce a list, to

show a ratio, and to separate the hour from the minuteswhen noting a time (e.g. 8:30).

COLONS


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COLONS

Acomplete sentence must precede a colon used to

introduce a list.

Right: Types of mens shoes include the following: oxfords,

loafers, driving moccasins, and tuxedo slippers.

Wrong: Types of mens shoes include: oxfords, loafers,

driving moccasins, and tuxedo slippers.

NUMBERS


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NUMBERS

Use numerals to express

Numbers 10+

Numbers immediately before a unit of measurement:

13 cm; 7.5 years

Percentages, ratios, and percentiles:

less than 7%; the 99th percentile

Numbers that represent time, dates, ages, and scores:

1 hr 38 min; at 4:15 p.m.; 5-year-olds

NUMBERS


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NUMBERS

Use numbers typed out as words to express

Any number that begins a sentence, title, or heading

Forty-eight percent of the sample showed an increase; 2%

showed no change.

Twenty-three students improved, and 15 students did not

improve.

Common fractions

two-thirds majority; one fifth of the class

Numbers zero to nine.

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APA Style & Quotations