2-12 Buoyage Systems

7/27/2019 2-12 Buoyage Systems

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BUOYAGE SYSTEMSBUOYAGE SYSTEMS

Kolegij: ENGLESKI JEZIK IIKolegij: ENGLESKI JEZIK IIProfesor: BiseraProfesor: Bisera PlanPlanii


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Basic termsBasic terms aids to navigationaids to navigation --

buoybuoy

spoil groundspoil ground

radar reflectorradar reflector

ground tackle of a buoyground tackle of a buoy

buoyagebuoyage

systemsystem

lateral systemlateral system

cardinal systemcardinal system

Uniform Lateral SystemUniform Lateral System

IALA = International AssociationIALA = International Associationof Lighthouse Authoritiesof Lighthouse Authorities

Sailing DirectionsSailing Directions

Coast PilotsCoast Pilots

marks: cardinal m., lateral m., isolated danger m., safemarks: cardinal m., lateral m., isolated danger m., safewater m.,water m.,

special m.,special m., topmarktopmark, pillar, pillar--shaped m., spar shaped m.shaped m., spar shaped m.


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BuoysBuoys

are floating marks used mainly forare floating marks used mainly fornavigational purposes to mark a channel, bank,navigational purposes to mark a channel, bank,shoal, spoil ground, etc. Buoys came generallyshoal, spoil ground, etc. Buoys came generallyinto use in the late 15th or early 16th century.into use in the late 15th or early 16th century.

They also assist the navigator to a limitedThey also assist the navigator to a limiteddegree in the determination of the ship'sdegree in the determination of the ship'sposition. Therefore many buoys are now fittedposition. Therefore many buoys are now fitted

with radar reflectors. They are attached to thewith radar reflectors. They are attached to theseabed by means of a chain cable secured toseabed by means of a chain cable secured toground tackle.ground tackle.


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There are two general systems ofThere are two general systems of buoyagebuoyage

inin

use throughout the worlduse throughout the world --

the lateral and thethe lateral and thecardinal system. In the lateral system, thecardinal system. In the lateral system, thelocation of each buoy or beacon indicates thelocation of each buoy or beacon indicates the

direction of the danger relative to the course thatdirection of the danger relative to the course thatis to be followed. In the cardinal system theis to be followed. In the cardinal system thelocation of each buoy indicates the approximatelocation of each buoy indicates the approximatetrue bearing of safe water from the danger that ittrue bearing of safe water from the danger that it

marks. The cardinal system is best suited formarks. The cardinal system is best suited formarking offshore rocks, shoals, islets and othermarking offshore rocks, shoals, islets and otherdangers in the open sea.dangers in the open sea.


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Uniform Lateral SystemUniform Lateral System

In the Uniform Lateral System, adopted inIn the Uniform Lateral System, adopted in1936, black buoys with green or white1936, black buoys with green or white

lights are used to mark the right side of alights are used to mark the right side of a

channel and red buoys with red or whitechannel and red buoys with red or whitelights are used for leftlights are used for left--side markings.side markings.


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Today, aToday, allmost all maritime nations use themost all maritime nations use the

Uniform Lateral System, with same localUniform Lateral System, with same localvariations, to mark theirvariations, to mark their coastacoastall

waters andwaters andnavigable rivers. In most western Europeannavigable rivers. In most western European

waters (Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts) thewaters (Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts) theIALA Combined Cardinal and Lateral System isIALA Combined Cardinal and Lateral System isused. It combines Latera1 marks for wellused. It combines Latera1 marks for well--defineddefinedchannels (with A and B system ofchannels (with A and B system of buoyagebuoyage),),

Cardina1 marks for use with the mariner'sCardina1 marks for use with the mariner'scompass, Isolated Danger marks, Safe Watercompass, Isolated Danger marks, Safe Watermarks, and Special marks.marks, and Special marks.


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Prior to entering unfamiliar piloting watersPrior to entering unfamiliar piloting watersto ascertain the system ofto ascertain the system of buoyagebuoyage

in use,in use,

the navigator must always consult thethe navigator must always consult the

applicable volume of the Sailing Directionsapplicable volume of the Sailing Directions

or Coast Pilots.or Coast Pilots.


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1.1. LateralLateral

BuoysBuoys

andand MarksMarks

The location of lateral buoys defines the borders ofThe location of lateral buoys defines the borders ofchannels and indicates the direction. Under IALA A redchannels and indicates the direction. Under IALA A redbuoys mark the port side of the channel when returningbuoys mark the port side of the channel when returningfrom sea, whereas under IALA B green buoys mark thefrom sea, whereas under IALA B green buoys mark the

port side of the channel when sailing towards land. Redport side of the channel when sailing towards land. Redbuoys have even numeration plus red lights and greenbuoys have even numeration plus red lights and greenbuoys have odd numeration plus green lights. Lateralbuoys have odd numeration plus green lights. Laterallights can have any calm phase characteristic except FLlights can have any calm phase characteristic except FL

(2+1).(2+1).


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CardinalCardinal BuoysBuoys

indicate that the deepest water occurs at theindicate that the deepest water occurs at the

side of the markside of the marks name. They are placed to thes name. They are placed to the

north, south, east or west from the hazard. Thenorth, south, east or west from the hazard. The

cardinal buoys have mainly the shape ofcardinal buoys have mainly the shape ofcolumns or poles. They are painted in horizontal,columns or poles. They are painted in horizontal,

yellow and black stripes, and theiryellow and black stripes, and their topmarkstopmarks

(two(two

cones) are painted black. The arrangement ofcones) are painted black. The arrangement ofcones at the top is an indication of the blackcones at the top is an indication of the black

stripe (or stripes) position on the buoy:stripe (or stripes) position on the buoy:


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cones with tops up: the black stripe is above thecones with tops up: the black stripe is above theyellow one,yellow one,

cones with tops down: the black stripe is undercones with tops down: the black stripe is under

the yellow one,the yellow one, cones with bases towards one another: thecones with bases towards one another: theblack stripes above and below the yellow one,black stripes above and below the yellow one,

cones with tops towards one another: the blackcones with tops towards one another: the blackstripe with the yellow stripes above and below.stripe with the yellow stripes above and below.


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Source:Source:

BorisBoris PritchardPritchard:: MaritimeMaritime EnglishEnglish 1,1,kolska knjiga, Zagrebkolska knjiga, Zagreb

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2-12 Buoyage Systems