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Lights, Fog Signals & Buoyage
122/03/99
Buoyage Module
Lights, Fog Signals & Buoyage
Lights, Fog Signals & Buoyage
222/03/99
Range
During this lesson we will cover the following:
The IALA buoyage system Region A. The general & local direction of buoyage. The characteristics of the different buoys
& lights used in this system. Abbreviations used on charts.
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Objectives By the end of this lesson you will be able to: Identify lights, fog signals, and IALA Buoyage System
(Region A) by day and night. State the meaning of and identify general light characteristics Use ALLFS to a basic level State the use and limitations of fog signals Determine the meaning of and be able to pass the safe side of
IALA Buoyage (Region A)
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IALA
International Association of Lighthouse Authorities (IALA)
Non-governmental body recommends improvements to
navigational aids based on the latest technology
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B
B
B
B
B
B
A AA
A
A
A
A
A
A
IALA BUOYAGE REGIONS “A” & “B”
1973 IALA met and divided the World into two Buoyage regions - A & B.
Regions A & B differ by which side lateral marks are placed.We are interested in Region A
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The IALA System The system applies to all fixed and floating
marks, other than lighthouses and sector lights. It serves to indicate the following: Sides and centrelines of navigational channels Navigational channels under fixed bridges Natural dangers and other obstructions such as
dangerous wrecks. Areas in which navigation may be subject to regulation Other features of importance to the Mariner
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IALA Buoyage system A
To meet the requirements of the system five different types of mark are provided.
Lateral Cardinal Isolated danger Safe water Special marks
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Lateral Marks Lateral marks are generally used for well defined
channels in conjunction with direction of Buouyage. They indicate the limits of channels on the port and
starboard sides
Channel
DIRECTIONOF BUOYAGE
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Direction of Buoyage
Channel
DIRECTIONOF BUOYAGE
Local Direction of Buoyage - The direction taken by the Mariner when approaching a harbour, river, estuary or other waterway from seaward.
IALA A & B - entering harbour, port hand buoys on the port side and starboard in the starboard side.
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General Direction of Buoyage - The direction determined by the Buoyage authorities, based whenever possible on the principle of following a clockwise direction around continents.
At sea around the British Isles its general direction is SW to NE
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Starboard Lateral Marks
Colour - Green
Shape - Cone, pillar or spar
Topmark - Single green cone
Retroreflector - Green band or triangle
Light - (When fitted) May have any Rhythm except 2+1 some examples are given below:
Q.G
Fl.G
LFl.G
Fl(2)G
Continuous-quick light
Single-flashing light
Long-flashing light
Group-flashing light
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Port Lateral MarksColour - Red
Shape - Can, pillar or spar
Topmark - Single Red can
Retroreflector - Red band or square
Light - May have any Rhythm except (2+1) some examples are
given below:
Q.R
Fl.R
LFl.R
Fl(2)R
Continuous-quick light
Single-flashing light
Long-flashing light
Group-flashing light
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POINT OFINTEREST
N
E
S
W
NENW
SW
SE
Cardinal Marks
Note. Topmarks always point towards black band
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Pass to the west of the cardinal
Cardinal marks are used are used in conjunction with a compassto indicate where the Mariner may find the best navigable water
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POINT OFINTEREST
N
E
S
W
NENW
SW
SE
North Cardinal Mark
ColourTop - BlackBottom - Yellow
ShapePillar or spar
TopmarkTwo black conespoints upwards
RetroreflectorBlue over Yellow band
LightColour - WhiteRhythm - Q or VQ
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POINT OFINTEREST
N
E
S
W
East Cardinal Mark
ColourTop - BlackMiddle - YellowBottom - Black
ShapePillar or spar
TopmarkTwo black conespoints away
RetroreflectorTwo Blue bands
LightColour - WhiteRhythm - Q(3) or VQ(3)
NENW
SW
SE
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POINT OFINTEREST
N
E
S
W
South Cardinal Mark
ColourTop - YellowBottom - Black
ShapePillar or spar
TopmarkTwo black conespoints downwards
RetroreflectorYellow over Blue band
LightColour - WhiteRhythm - Q(6)+LF or VQ(6)+LF
NENW
SW
SE
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POINT OFINTEREST
N
E
S
W
West Cardinal Mark TopmarkTwo black conespoints together(W for wineglass) Colour
Top - YellowMiddle - BlackBottom - Yellow
ShapePillar or spar
RetroreflectorTwo Yellow bands
LightColour - WhiteRhythm - Q(9) or VQ(9)
NENW
SW
SE
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9 3
6
12
W
S
N
E
Q(6)+LFl. or VQ(6)+LFl.
Q or VQ
Q(9) or VQ(9) Q(3) or VQ(3)
To remember the light sequences think of a clock face, the long flash immediately after the group of flashes of a South Cardinal mark
ensures that 6 flashes cannot be mistaken for 3 or 9.
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Isolated Danger Marks
Colour - Black & Red
Shape - Pillar or spar
Topmark - Two black spheres
Retroreflector - Blue & Red band
Light - White, Group-flashing (2)
Use - Erected on or moored above isolated dangers which have navigable water all around them
Fl(2)Group-flashing light
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Safe Water MarkColour - Red & White
Shape - Spherical, Pillar or spar
Topmark - One Red sphere
Retroreflector - Red & White bands or Stripes
Light - White with the rhythms below
Use - To indicate navigable water all round the mark. May be used as a centreline, mid-channel or landfall buoy or the best point to pass under a bridge
Iso
Oc
LFl. 10sMo(A)
Isophase
Occulting
Long Flash every 10 secs
Morse Code A
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Special MarksColour - Yellow
Shape - Can be any shape
Topmark - Yellow cross
Retroreflector - Yellow band or cross
Light - Yellow, may have any rhythm not used for white lights, someexamples below
Use - Indicates a special area or feature the nature of which is apparent from reference to the chart.
Fl. YFl(4)Y
Yellow Flashing light
Group-flashing light
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IALA REGION B Lateral Marks
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Characteristics of Lights
There are four main characteristics to a light RHYTHM COLOUR PERIOD INTENSITY
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Characteristics of Lights RHYTHMS
F Fixed On all the time
Fl Flashing < 50 flashes per min
Q Quick Flashing 50-80 flashes per min
VQ Very Quick Flashing 80-160 flashes per min
UQ Ultra Quick Flashing> 160 flashes per min
Oc Occulting More light than dark
Iso Isophase Equal light and dark
Alt Alternating Different colours
Mo Morse Code Flashes Morse Code characters
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Characteristics of Lights COLOURS
W White
R Red
G Green
Y Yellow
Bu Blue
Vi Violet
If no colour is listed, the light is WHITE
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Characteristics of Lights
PERIOD
The period of a light is the time taken to complete one full cycle of ON-and-OFF changes.
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Characteristics of Lights
PERIOD
The period of a light is the time taken to complete one full cycle of ON-and-OFF changes.
15 seconds15 seconds
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Characteristics of Lights
PERIOD
The period of a light is the time taken to complete one full cycle of ON-and-OFF changes.
15 seconds15 seconds Fl (3) W 15sFl (3) W 15s
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Characteristics of Lights
INTENSITYA measure of the brightness or power of the light.
The standard unit of measurement is candelas. However, on the majority of charts and on all British Admiralty Charts, the Nominal Range of a light is given.
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Lights
The range of visibility is dependent on:
The intensity of the light The prevailing visibility The height of the light combined with the
height of eye of the observer.
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Lights The Intensity
– The brighter the light the further it can be seen.
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Lights The prevailing visibility The range of a lights given on the chart or in
Admiralty List of Lights & Fog Signals(ALLFS) is based on visibility being 10nm, this is referred to as the Nominal range.
Visibility is rarely exactly 10nm so the ranges given on Charts are a rough guide.
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Lights The height of the light combined with the
height of eye of the observer The height of the light is also given on the chart or
in Admiralty List of Lights & Fog Signals(ALLFS).
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Characteristics of Lights Geographical Range
– Range of a light taking into account the height of a light and the height of the observer
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Characteristics of Lights Geographical Range
– Range of a light taking into account the height of a light and the height of the observer
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Characteristics of Lights Geographical Range
– Range of a light taking into account the height of a light and the height of the observer.
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Chart Symbology
FL (4) 20s 15m 12M
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Chart Symbology
FL (4) 20s 15m 12M
White lightFlashing in agroup of 4
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Chart Symbology
FL (4) 20s 15m 12M
White lightFlashing in agroup of 4
Period4 flashes every 20 second
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Chart Symbology
FL (4) 20s 15m 12M
White lightFlashing in agroup of 4
Period4 flashes every 20 second
Luminous range12 Miles
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Chart Symbology
FL (4) 20s 15m 12M
White lightFlashing in agroup of 4
Period4 flashes every 20 second
Elevation15 metres aboveM. H.W. S.
Luminous range12 Miles
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Characteristics of Lights CHART EXAMPLES
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Characteristics of Lights CHART EXAMPLES Fl (6) 30s
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Characteristics of Lights CHART EXAMPLES Fl (6) 30s
– A group of 6 white flashes every 30 seconds
30 seconds30 seconds
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Characteristics of Lights CHART EXAMPLES Oc Y 12.5s
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Characteristics of Lights CHART EXAMPLES Oc Y 12.5s
12.5 seconds
A Yellow light with one Occultation every 12.5 seconds
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Characteristics of Lights CHART EXAMPLES F G
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Characteristics of Lights CHART EXAMPLES F G
– A fixed green light
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Characteristics of Lights CHART EXAMPLES Iso R
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Characteristics of Lights CHART EXAMPLES Iso R
– A red light with an equal duration of light and darkness (Isophase)
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Characteristics of Lights SECTOR LIGHTS
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Characteristics of Lights SECTOR LIGHTS
WWWW
RR
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Fog Signals - LIMITATIONS
Heard at greatly varying distances Affected by atmospheric conditions Areas of inaudible sound Fog signals may be unoperable at very short
notice No accurate bearing or range information
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Fog Signals Abbreviations of fog signals found on
charts. Dia Siren Reed Explos Bell Gong Whis Horn
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Summary
During this lesson we have covered the following:
The IALA buoyage system Region A. The general & local direction of buoyage. The characteristics of the different buoys
& lights used in this system. Abbreviations used on charts.
Lights, Fog Signals & Buoyage
5722/03/99
Objectives You should now be able to: Identify lights, fog signals, and IALA Buoyage System (Region
A) by day and night. State the meaning of and identify general light characteristics Use ALLFS to a basic level State the use and limitations of fog signals Determine the meaning of and be able to pass the safe side of
IALA Buoyage (Region A)