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3 Why study the division of household labor? Research on housework has implications for gender inequality in both the work and family spheres Good example of the inter-relationship between two social institutions, the economy and families Good example of the inter-relationship between two social institutions, the economy and families Research on housework also highlights the interplay between the micro and macro levels Study of housework shows how gender is socially constructed
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11May 3, 2023May 3, 2023
The Division of Household LaborThe Division of Household Labor
Family SociologyFamily Sociology
APA StyleAPA Style
APA stands for American Psychological APA stands for American Psychological AssociationAssociationhttp://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/07/resource/560/07/
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Why study the division of Why study the division of household labor?household labor?
Research on housework has implications for Research on housework has implications for gender inequality in both the work and family gender inequality in both the work and family spheresspheres Good example of the inter-relationship between Good example of the inter-relationship between
two social institutions, the two social institutions, the economyeconomy and and familiesfamilies Research on housework also highlights the Research on housework also highlights the
interplay between the micro and macro levelsinterplay between the micro and macro levels Study of housework shows how gender is Study of housework shows how gender is
socially constructedsocially constructed
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Why study the division of Why study the division of household labor?household labor?
Unequal social change:Unequal social change:Major change in one social institution Major change in one social institution -- -- the economythe economy -- increase in the percentage of -- increase in the percentage of
married women and mothers in the labor married women and mothers in the labor force force is not met by similar change inis not met by similar change in
-- -- familiesfamilies -- in the amount of household labor -- in the amount of household labor performed by married men/fathersperformed by married men/fathers
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Why study the division of Why study the division of household labor?household labor?
Unequal social change:Unequal social change: In other words – married women and In other words – married women and
mothers have taken on more paid work mothers have taken on more paid work responsibility but still devote more time to responsibility but still devote more time to unpaid family workunpaid family work
While men have not “taken up the slack” at While men have not “taken up the slack” at home in equal amounts of time or home in equal amounts of time or responsibilityresponsibility
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Division of Household LaborDivision of Household Labor
Today we’ll examine the time spent on Today we’ll examine the time spent on houseworkhouseworkBy wives and husbandsBy wives and husbandsBy teen girls and boysBy teen girls and boys
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Division of Household LaborDivision of Household Labor
The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports:The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports:6 in 10 women over age 16 were in the 6 in 10 women over age 16 were in the paid labor forcepaid labor force61 % of mothers with children under age 3 61 % of mothers with children under age 3 are in the paid labor forceare in the paid labor force
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Labor Force participation rates for Labor Force participation rates for married women, by age of youngest childmarried women, by age of youngest child
Ages 6-17
Under Age 6Under age 6
Ages 6 - 17
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Has Women’s Labor Force Has Women’s Labor Force Participation Slowed?Participation Slowed?
Recent article in the NY Times states Recent article in the NY Times states “Stretched to the Limit, Women Stall “Stretched to the Limit, Women Stall March to Work”March to Work”Argument is that without more help with Argument is that without more help with housework, working mothers have “hit a housework, working mothers have “hit a wall”wall”The increase in women’s labor force The increase in women’s labor force participation has helped fuel economic participation has helped fuel economic growthgrowthSource: New York TimesSource: New York Times, 3/2/2006, 3/2/2006
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Paid Labor Force ParticipationPaid Labor Force Participation
So today about 75 percent of women ages So today about 75 percent of women ages 25-54 are in the paid labor force or actively 25-54 are in the paid labor force or actively seeking workseeking workUp from 40 percent in the late 1950sUp from 40 percent in the late 1950sThis trend flattened in the 1990sThis trend flattened in the 1990sSince 2000 the labor force participation Since 2000 the labor force participation rate has declined somewhatrate has declined somewhatSource: New York TimesSource: New York Times, 3/2/2006, 3/2/2006
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Unpaid work: The good newsUnpaid work: The good news
According to a survey by John According to a survey by John RobinsonRobinsonFrom 1965 to 1985 the time men spent From 1965 to 1985 the time men spent on household labor doubled from 4.6 on household labor doubled from 4.6 hours per week to 10 hours per weekhours per week to 10 hours per weekOver the same period, women reduced Over the same period, women reduced their time spent in housework from 27 their time spent in housework from 27 hours to 20 hourshours to 20 hours
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Unpaid work: The bad newsUnpaid work: The bad news
It appears men are doing a larger It appears men are doing a larger proportion of housework and child care, proportion of housework and child care, but much of this change was due to but much of this change was due to women reducing their time on houseworkwomen reducing their time on houseworkNumerous studies based on different data Numerous studies based on different data sources show wives still perform about sources show wives still perform about 2/32/3 of housework, even when they work full-of housework, even when they work full-timetime
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Unpaid work: The bad newsUnpaid work: The bad news
Data from the National Survey of Data from the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH) Families and Households (NSFH) collected from 6,882 husbands and collected from 6,882 husbands and wives on hours spent on 9 household wives on hours spent on 9 household choreschores
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Mean Number of Hours Spent on 9 Household Mean Number of Hours Spent on 9 Household Tasks per Week by Dual-Earner SpousesTasks per Week by Dual-Earner Spouses
0
2
4
6
8
10
Mea
n Nu
mbe
r
Husbands
Wives
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Unpaid work: The bad newsUnpaid work: The bad news
Wives do a greater number of tasks Wives do a greater number of tasks than husbandsthan husbandsAnd they spend more time on And they spend more time on houseworkhouseworkOn average, dual-earner wives spent On average, dual-earner wives spent 3232 hours each week on 9 household taskshours each week on 9 household tasksDual-earner husbands spent only Dual-earner husbands spent only 1919 hours per week on same taskshours per week on same tasks
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Unpaid work: The bad newsUnpaid work: The bad news
These same wives spent on average 40 These same wives spent on average 40 hours per week in paid laborhours per week in paid laborWhile, husbands spent 44 hours per While, husbands spent 44 hours per week in paid laborweek in paid laborIn sum, wives spent a total of In sum, wives spent a total of 7272 hours hours per week in paid and unpaid labor, per week in paid and unpaid labor, while husbands spent while husbands spent 6363 hours in paid hours in paid and unpaid labor combinedand unpaid labor combined
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Combined Hours Spent per Week on Housework and Paid Work by Dual-earner
Married Couples
3219
40
44
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Wives Husbands
Paid WorkHousework
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Unpaid work: The bad newsUnpaid work: The bad news
In other words, dual-earner wives spent In other words, dual-earner wives spent 9 more hours per week working than 9 more hours per week working than their husbandstheir husbandsThis adds up to 36 hours per monthThis adds up to 36 hours per monthArlie Hochschild calls wives’ extra work Arlie Hochschild calls wives’ extra work the “Second Shift”the “Second Shift”
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Unpaid work: The worse newsUnpaid work: The worse newsGiven significant changes in women’s lives:Given significant changes in women’s lives:
1) 1) Higher labor force participation ratesHigher labor force participation rates2) 2) Changing attitudes toward more gender Changing attitudes toward more gender
equalityequality3) 3) Greater educational opportunities for Greater educational opportunities for
girls…girls…we might expect less gendered division we might expect less gendered division of housework among children?of housework among children?
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Weekly hours Spent by Teens on Weekly hours Spent by Teens on Household Tasks, Grades 9 & 12Household Tasks, Grades 9 & 12
17.2
13.1
15
8.9
0
5
10
15
20
9th grade 12th grade
girls boys
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Mean Hours Spent on Selected Mean Hours Spent on Selected Activities – Grade 9Activities – Grade 9
6.7
15.7
6.7
0.6
7.56.0
13.1
8.8
3.70.6
0
4
8
12
16
20
Homework Vol. work Paid Job Extra-curr. Hsewrk
girls boys
Source: Youth Development Survey
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Unpaid work: The worse newsUnpaid work: The worse newsIn ninth grade, girls spend more time on In ninth grade, girls spend more time on paid work, homework, and housework than paid work, homework, and housework than boysboysBoys spend more time on extra-curricular Boys spend more time on extra-curricular activities across high schoolactivities across high schoolTeen girls are already learning to multi-Teen girls are already learning to multi-task by ninth gradetask by ninth gradeGirls and boys are growing up to expect a Girls and boys are growing up to expect a gendered and unfair division of laborgendered and unfair division of labor
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Unpaid work: The bad newsUnpaid work: The bad newsAt the same time, NSFH data also show that:At the same time, NSFH data also show that:9090 percent of wives and percent of wives and 8181 percent of husbands percent of husbands agree that couples who work full-time should agree that couples who work full-time should share household tasks equally share household tasks equally 7272 percent of dual-earner husbands and percent of dual-earner husbands and 6666 percent of dual-earner wives say the division of percent of dual-earner wives say the division of household labor is fair to both spouseshousehold labor is fair to both spousesWhat explains these conflicting data?What explains these conflicting data?
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Wives' & Husbands' Perceptions of Fairness of the Division of Household Labor
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Very unf towife
Unfair to wife Fair to both Somewhat unfto husb
Very unf. tohusb
Perc
ent Wife
Husband
Sex and Housework LinkSex and Housework Link
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704500604574485351638147312.htmlhttp://www.nbcnewyork.com/shows/lxnewyork/Does_the_Couple_That_Cleans_Together_Stay_Together__All__National_.html
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The Second ShiftThe Second Shift
Arlie Hochschild reviews data on the Arlie Hochschild reviews data on the division of household labordivision of household laborShows that women are working a “second Shows that women are working a “second shift” of housework, after they work at their shift” of housework, after they work at their paid jobpaid jobShe also talks about how wives compare She also talks about how wives compare themselves to other women – not to their themselves to other women – not to their own husbandsown husbands
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The Second ShiftThe Second ShiftWhat is the stalled revolution?What is the stalled revolution?• Unequal social changeUnequal social change• Women have entered the labor force, but Women have entered the labor force, but
men are not doing equal amounts of work in men are not doing equal amounts of work in the homethe home
The Second ShiftThe Second Shift
• Joey’s Problem: Nancy & Evan HoltJoey’s Problem: Nancy & Evan Holt• How did you answer the questions for How did you answer the questions for
Assignment 6? Assignment 6? • Hochschild describes the family myths used Hochschild describes the family myths used
by couple Nancy and Evan Holtby couple Nancy and Evan Holt• In other words, she tells the story they make In other words, she tells the story they make
up about their division of labor but what is up about their division of labor but what is the real story according to Hochschild?the real story according to Hochschild?
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The Second ShiftThe Second Shift• Joey’s Problem: Nancy & Evan HoltJoey’s Problem: Nancy & Evan Holt• Assignment 6? Assignment 6?
1. According to Hochshcild, what is the “Second 1. According to Hochshcild, what is the “Second Shift?” Shift?” 2. Briefly describe the story of Evan and Nacy 2. Briefly describe the story of Evan and Nacy Holt. Holt. 3. Hochschild argues that families create “myths” 3. Hochschild argues that families create “myths” about their division of household labor. Describe about their division of household labor. Describe the family myth created by Nancy and Evan Holt. the family myth created by Nancy and Evan Holt.
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The Second ShiftThe Second Shift• Joey’s Problem: Nancy & Evan HoltJoey’s Problem: Nancy & Evan Holt• Assignment 6? Assignment 6?
4. According to Hochschild, what is the 4. According to Hochschild, what is the purpose of family myths? purpose of family myths? 5. Was this reading surprising to you and 5. Was this reading surprising to you and why? How do you imagine you will divide why? How do you imagine you will divide family work (including child care) in your family work (including child care) in your own marriage or cohabitation? own marriage or cohabitation?
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Families and unpaid work: Families and unpaid work: Where do we go from here?Where do we go from here?
SummarySummaryGirls and women perform more household Girls and women perform more household labor than their male peerslabor than their male peersHochschild calls this the “Second Shift”Hochschild calls this the “Second Shift”If women and girls continue to do more If women and girls continue to do more unpaid labor, will we see real change in unpaid labor, will we see real change in gender inequality at the macro and micro gender inequality at the macro and micro levels?levels?If we do not close the gender gap at home, If we do not close the gender gap at home, can we close the gender gap at work?can we close the gender gap at work?
