Fabrication of Steam Power Plant

Under the guidance ofInternal guide name:External guide name:

By Student1 Student2

AIM of the Project

• A thermal or steam power plant basically works on Rankine cycle i.e. here heat is converted into work. This cycle generates about 90% of all electric power used throughout the world. The two most common heating processes used in these power plants are nuclear fission and the combustion of fossil fuels such as coal, natural gas, and oil. The Rankine cycle is sometimes referred to as a practical Carnot cycle because, when an efficient turbine is used, the TS diagram (Temperature entropy diagram) begins to resemble the Carnot cycle. The main difference is that heat addition (in the boiler) and rejection (in the condenser) are isobaric in the Rankine cycle and isothermal in the theoretical Carnot cycle.

• Water can be heated by any external mean (nuclear fission or combustion of coal, natural oil or gas) and generated steam is used to rotate the blades of the turbine. Tubes are used to carry steam from heater to the blade of turbine. Generated steam should not carry moisture because moisture can damage the turbine. The turbine is connected to the shaft of the dc generator with a gear ratio of 5:24. When the turbine will rotate the dc generator will generate voltage.

• This voltage is given input to the CD4047 astable/monostabe multivibrator IC. Astable mode is selected to generate AC voltage with 50Hz frequency. This AC output is connected to IRF540 n-channel power MOSFET to amplify the voltage output. This output is connected to step up transformer to et 230V AC output at 50 Hz frequency.

The major building blocks of this project

• Water Heater

• Water vessel

• Steam tube or pipe

• turbine

• DC generator

• Unidirectional Current controller (IN4007 diode)

• Rechargeable Battery

• Inverter (CD4047 IC)

• Amplifier (IRF 540 n-channel power MOSFET)

• AC load

Design of Steam power plant

Steam Tube/pipe

WaterVessel

Rechargeable Battery

Unidirectional current

controller

Inverter with

Generation part

Heater

Turbine DCgenerator

Step upTransformer

Step downTransformer

Primary distribution

system

Transformer

DC drive

Transformer Ring main secondary distribution

Residential load

Commercial load

Domestic load

Transmission lines

DC motorDC motor

In any electric motor, operation is based on simple In any electric motor, operation is based on simple electromagnetism. A current-carrying conductor generates a electromagnetism. A current-carrying conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is then placed in an external magnetic field; when this is then placed in an external magnetic field, it will experience a force proportional to the magnetic field, it will experience a force proportional to the current in the conductor, and to the strength of the external current in the conductor, and to the strength of the external

magnetic field.magnetic field.

Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (armature), Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor (armature), stator, commutator, field magnet's, and brushes. In most stator, commutator, field magnet's, and brushes. In most common DC motors the external magnetic field is produced common DC motors the external magnetic field is produced by high-strength permanent magnets.by high-strength permanent magnets.

The stator is the stationary part of the motor -- this includes The stator is the stationary part of the motor -- this includes the motor casing, as well as two or more permanent magnet the motor casing, as well as two or more permanent magnet pole pieces. The rotor (together with the axle and attached pole pieces. The rotor (together with the axle and attached commutator) rotate with respect to the stator. The rotor commutator) rotate with respect to the stator. The rotor consists of windings (generally on a core), the windings consists of windings (generally on a core), the windings being electrically connected to the commutator.being electrically connected to the commutator.

Advantages of DC motor:Advantages of DC motor:

1.1. High output power relative to motor size and weight.High output power relative to motor size and weight.

2.2. Encoder determines accuracy and resolution.Encoder determines accuracy and resolution.

3.3. High efficiency. It can approach 90% at light loads.High efficiency. It can approach 90% at light loads.

4.4. High torque to inertia ratio. It can rapidly accelerate loads.High torque to inertia ratio. It can rapidly accelerate loads.

5.5. Has "reserve" power. 2-3 times continuous power for short Has "reserve" power. 2-3 times continuous power for short periods.periods.

PWM

• PWM stands for Pulse Width Modulation

• This technique is used to either increase or decrease the ON time of the pulse waveform (i.e., changing the duty cycle).

LED INDICATORS

Led indicators have a life of at least ten years and consume 90 per cent less power than conventional indicators.

Depending on the type of the materials (Ga,As,p) led will gives the output in different colors (red, Yellow, green etc..)

LED’s emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness. LED’s are used as indicator lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic

component

REGULATED POWER SUPPLY Every embedded system requires dc voltage and that that will

be 5v supply

We are getting 230v, 50 Hz in our house hold applications.

We can be used to operate the home appliances like T.V,

cooler, fan, light’s

Digital electronic devices need digital supply and we can

get supply from regulated power supply block

Step down transformer(V-0-12 )

Bridgerectifier

Capacitivefilter

Regulator(7805)

+5V DC 230 v AC

TRANSFORMER

Transformer is a electromagnetic device which induces the voltage due to magnetic field

present between primary and secondary windings.

It has two windings called as primary winding and secondary winding. We are giving input 230v input voltage at primary side. The output of transformer is 12v(ac only).

We have two types of transformers

Step up transformer. Step down transformer.

STEP UP TRANSFORMER STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

This transformer will step up the voltage that is this transformer will increase the voltage.

e.g.. V-0-12

This type of transformers will step down the voltage. That is this will convert high voltage in to low voltage.

e.g.. 0- 430

RECTIFIER Rectifier is circuit which converts the ac in to dc. We have two

types of rectifier.

1. Full wave rectifier

2. Half wave rectifier

Full wave rectifier again classified as follows

1. Bridge rectifier

2. Cetertapped full wave rectifier

• In this project we are using bridge rectifier because the efficiency of the bridge rectifier is high compare to all

rectifiers.

Filter

The output of rectifier is not pure DC. It may contain some ripple components that is pulsating DC. To eliminate this ripple components which are present in output we are using filter.

Filter is a circuit which is used to eliminate the ripples present in rectified output.

We have many types of filters. Most of the power supplies are using capacitor filter to filter out the ripples present in output.

Regulator

The output of filter is not constant output voltage it will varies according to changes in input but we want constant output voltage. For this purpose we are using voltage regulator.

Regulator is defined as it is a device which will maintain constant output irrespective of changes in input.

The most popular regulator series is 78xx series. This series have more advantages.

We are using 7805 voltage regulator to maintain constant 5v output voltage irrespective of changes in input voltage.

MOSFET

• The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET, MOS-FET, or MOS FET) is a transistor used for amplifying or switching electronic signals.

• Although the MOSFET is a four-terminal device with source (S), gate (G), drain (D), and body (B) terminals, the body (or substrate) of the MOSFET often is connected to the source terminal, making it a three-terminal device like other field-effect transistors.

• When two terminals are connected to each other (short-circuited) only three terminals appear in electrical diagrams. The MOSFET is by far the most common transistor in both digital and analog circuits, though the bipolar junction transistor was at one time much more common.

Mono Stable Multi Vibrator

• IC CD 4047 is mainly used in Inverter circuits. It's very compact and has a very high life in inverter circuits. CD4047B consists of a gatable astable multi vibrator with logic techniques incorporated to permit positive or negative edge-triggered mono stable multi vibrator action with retriggering and external counting options. CD 4047 is the low power Mono stable / Astable Multi vibrator that require only an external capacitor and a resistor to give the output pulses.

• The values of these components determine the output pulse width in the Monostable mode and output frequency in the Astable mode.

Cont…….• Multivibrator creates an electrical signal

that changes state on a regular basis (astable) or on demand (monostable). One of the benefits of the 4047 is being able to do so as well, but with fewer external components.

Features• Lower power consumption: special CMOS

oscillator configuration • Monostable (one-shot) or astable (free-

running) operation • True and complemented buffered outputs

Working Procedure:

• Make sure that the slider button is in the on position and the LED indicator is glowing to indicate that the inverter kit is in ON condition.

• Rechargeable battery which is connected to the kit via diode (to make the current unidirectional) will get charged.

• IC4047 will get DC voltage from battery and it will convert it into square wave with 50Hz frequency. (It is already selected in astable mode so it will give square wave o/p at 10th and 11th pin)

• IRF540 (MOSFET) is working as an amplifier. Here two MOSFETs are used to get low voltage ac from 10th and 11th pin of IC4047. This MOSFET will convert it into 12V AC and feed it to step up transformer.

• The step up transformer will convert 12V ac into 230V ac and feed it to 0watt, 230V bulb. In between the bulb and the transformer one 0.1uf,600V capacitor is placed to filter out the harmonics from ac voltage.

• So, finally the bulb will go.

Advantages

• This system helps in energy generation.

• Design of an Inverter .

• Efficient and low cost design.

• Easy to operate.

Disadvantages

• This system requires periodic monitoring and maintenance.

• This system fails to work if the load is heavy.

• Status of operated devices is not known.

Future scope of this project• The maximum allowed output power of an inverter depends on

two factors.

• The maximum current rating of the transformer primary and the current rating of the driving transistors.

• For example, to get a 100 Watt output using 12 V car battery the primary current will be ~8A ,(100/12) because P=VxI. So the primary of transformer must be rated above 8A.

• Also here, each final driver transistors must be rated above 4A. Here two will be conducting parallel in each half cycle, so I=8/2 = 4A .