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1
ELEKTRONIKA DASAR
Jurusan Teknik Elektro
Fakultas Teknik UGM
2012
Bahan Kuliah Minggu I
2
Basic Equations
• Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL):The algebraic sum of the currents
entering any node is zero
• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):The algebraic sum of all voltages
taken around a closed loop in a circuit is zero
Node
analysis
Loop
analysis
3
Resistive Circuits & Symbols
Voltagesource
Currentsource
Resistor Ohm’s law:
Riv
4
Resistor Combination• Resistors are in
series if they are connected in tandem and carry exactly the same current.
• Resistors are in parallel if they are connected in the same nodes and have exactly the same voltage across their terminals
=>
21 RRReq
21
111
RRReq
21
21
RR
RRReq
5
6
4 band
7
5 band
8
Kapasitor Elektrolit
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tantalum
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
LED
28
DIODA
29
30
31
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34
Vacuum Tubes - 1941 - 1956
• First Generation Electronic Computers used Vacuum Tubes
• Vacuum tubes are glass tubes with circuits inside.
• Vacuum tubes have no air inside of them, which protects the circuitry.
35
First Transistor
• Uses Silicon• developed in 1948• won a Nobel prize• on-off switch
• Second Generation Computers used Transistors, starting in 1956
36
The First Microprocessor – 1971
• The 4004 had 2,250 transistors
• four-bit chunks (four 1’s or 0’s)
• 108Khz
• Called “Microchip”
37
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PotentiometerVariableResistor
Power Supply
Batteries
Capacitors
Resistor Coil
Electronic Components
Transformer 120VAC In
DC voltsOut
+
Speaker
Microphone
+
StepDown
StepUp
Isolated
Stereo HeadsetStereo VolumeControl
1m1m
39
Diode
LEDLightEmittingDiode
TransistorElectronic
Switch
NPN
Electronic Components
MetersCurrent MeterVoltage MeterResistance Meter
Switch Normally Open n.o.Normally Closed n.c.
n.o. n.c.
Slide Switch
1m2m
40
Bucket
Voltage1.5 Volts
1 Gallon
Formula
Resistance = Voltage Current
CurrentFlow= 1 amp
Flow MeterGallons/hour
Valve restricts water flow
Electronic CircuitOhms Law
Resistorrestricts current flowlight dimmer
Voltage = Resistance X Current Current = Voltage Resistance
Water Flow
Bucket Stores Water
Battery Stores Energy
Current Flow
Voltage measured in volts (Symbol = V)Current measured in Amps (Symbol = I)Resistance measured in Ohms (Symbol = Ω )
Switch
5m7m
41
Electronic ComponentsResistors
Resistor
Valve VariableResistor is a
Potentiometer
1” Pipe
1/2” Pipe
1 ohm 10 ohm 100 ohm 1,000 ohm = 1K ohm 10,000 ohm = 10 K ohm 100,000 ohm = 100 K ohm1,000,000 ohm = 1 M ohm
Resistor restricts flow of current.Resistors are made ofcarbon or wire.
Smaller piperestricts flow of fluids
Pipe
Resistance measured in Ohms (Symbol = Ω)
Valve restricts flow of fluids
2 inch pipe1 inch pipe3/4 inch pipe1/2 inch pipe1/4 inch pipe
The smaller the pipe the morerestriction of flow
The larger the resistor valuethe morerestriction to current flow
This could be used to control volume in a radio
1m8m
42
Electronic ComponentsResistors
A Resistor Value is determined by its color band and is measured in ohms
First Ring is unitsSecond Ring is TenThird Ring is number of zero’sFourth Ring is tolerance
First RingBlack = 0Brown = 1Red = 2Orange = 3Yellow = 4Green = 5Blue = 6Violet = 7Gray = 8White = 9
Third Ring MultiplierSilver = X .01Gold = X .1Black = X 1Brown = X 10Red = 2 = X 100Orange = 3 = X 1000Yellow = 4 = X 10,000Green = 5 = X 100,000Blue = 6 = X 1000,000Violet = 7 = X 10,000,000
Resistor Color Rings
Resistor Color Code Values
Second RingBlack = 0Brown = 1Red = 2Orange = 3Yellow = 4Green = 5Blue = 6Violet = 7Gray = 8White = 9
1m9m
43
First RingRed = 2Black = 0
Second RingRed = 2Red = 2
Third RingRed = X 100 = 2200 ohmsBrown = X 10 = 020 ohms
Example of Color Rings
First RingBrown = _1__
Green = _5__
Second RingGreen = _5__
Red = _2__
Third RingBrown = __0__ = _150 ohms
Yellow = 0,000 = 520,000 ohms
Test of Color Rings
Electronic ComponentsResistors
First Ring is unitsSecond Ring is TenThird Ring is number of zero’s
5m14m
44
Capacitors
Stores small amountsof Voltage charge
Measured in farads
Batteries
Sold alreadycharged. Some may
be recharged
Bucket
Voltage Storage Devices
1 f = 1.0 farad10 mf = .01 Farad1,000uf = .001 Farad100uf = .0001 Farad 10uf = .00001Farad1 uf = .000001Farad.1 uf = .0000001.01 uf = .00000001.001 uf = .000000001100 pf = .000000000110 pf = .000000000011 pf = .000000000001
Electronic Components
Most batteries are 1.5 Volts per cell.
AAA = .2 amp hoursAA = .5 amp hoursC = 1 amp hourD = 4 amp hour
Different size buckets of water with the same height and with a 1/4 inch hole will take different amounts of time to empty1 gallon = 1 hours2 gallon = 2 hours5 gallon = 5 hour10 gallon = 10 hour
Un-Polorized Polorized
2m17m
45
NPN
Transistors
A Transistor is an Electronic Switch
12 VoltBattery
12 VoltBattery
Computer cansend a signal to turnon the transistor whichthen turns on the light
NPNTransistor
Light
Mechanical Switch Circuit Transistor Switch Circuit
Switch openLight off = 0
Switch closeLight on = 1
Input = 0 Light off
Input = 1Light on
1m38m
46
An integrated circuit (IC) consists of multiple transistors. The number of transistorscan vary from just a few (circuits shown below), to several million that are in a(Pentium microprocessor).
IC Integrated Circuits
Electronic Components
6 Transistors in one ICThis IC has 6 invertersAn inverter contains 6 Transistors = 36 total
1m39m
FunctionsInvertersGatesFlip flopsCountersMemoryMPUWatch IC’sCalculators IC’sMicrowave Timer IC’sRadio IC’sDialer IC’sCar Controller IC’s
47
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
1K
TransistorsCapacity
Microprocessor Road Map
100K
68000/80186
6800/8080
1970
68020/80286
68040/804861M
68030/80386
10K
10M PowerPC/Pentium
Year of Introduction
Every 18 months cpu’sdouble in density andperformance, while stillholding prices the same
PowerPC/Pentium
Mac iMacApple 2E
IBM8080
PowerMac
IBM 386
IBM 486
IBMPentium
PowerPC/Pentium20M
1m40m