1994, Villalobos. Distribution of Daphnia in High Mountain and Temperate Lakes of South America. (CHI)

8/13/2019 1994, Villalobos. Distribution of Daphnia in High Mountain and Temperate Lakes of South America. (CHI)

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Verh. Irlternnt. Vcrein. Lininol. 25 2400- 2404 Stucrgnrr, Oktober 1994

-. ,'---\, ,Distribution of Daphnia in high mountain and temperate lakes

Introduction

South mericaLorena Villalobos

The study of the genus Daphnia in the northern hemi-sphere in the last two centuries has attracted great atten-tion. Among the most predominant are the classicalmonographs of BROOKS1957). the study of FL~S SN ER(1972) or the works presented in PETERS DEBERNMDI(1987), which present a good summary of the differentD~pi~niatudies in Europe and North American Conti-nent. Ijowever little is known about the distribution ofthe Dup/)~ian high mountains and temperate lakes ofSouth An~erica. ERNANDOt al. (1987) wrote about thedistribution of Daphnia in lowlands lakes of tropical re-gion whereby he also made a reference to the tropicalSour11American regions. It will be remembered that ex-pedition from time to time around 1900 in the highmountain and temperate lakes of South America in-dicated the existenceof t he D a ph ni a( R 1c ~~~ ~897 a,EKMAN 1900, 1905, DADAY902,1905, STINGELIN914,DELACHAUX 1919). HARDING1955) also reports the pres-ence of Daphnia in ponds around the Titicaca Lake ba-sin, even local publications refer to taxonomy or distri-bution of this genus and its related in particular areas inArgntirla, Chile arid Peru (RICHARD897 b, B ~ R A D E N1917, 1918, 1953, 1954, OLIVIER962, PAGGI973, 1977,DOMINGUEZ973, VILUGU E GAMUNDI978, HANN1986, VAL~ IV IA988, VALDIVIA BURGER 1989).L6r:n.m (1961) and THOMAS~ON1955, 1963) similarly~nention he existence of Daphnk around the lakes ofNord Patagonia and those in the southern pan of SouthAmerica. Nevertheless all this works still hold the distri-bution of this genus in South America in question par-ticularly because many names to the different specieswere given at a time, when the taxonomical problemshad not yet been resolved. In view of the scarce knowl-edge about the distributio~~f Duphnia in high rnoun-tain and temperate lakes of South America this workgives a study of the biogeographical distribution of thegenus Dnphnia in these areas. The study will be based anzooplankton samples collected from the high niountainlakes (Table 1) of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Chile,fro111 eservoirs and lakes of the ternperare zone ofChile. as well as for tile Strait of Magallanes. All the sarn-ples cover gradient of between 5O0 N latitude and5J0 57 S Iaritude.

Resultsand discussionTable 2 shows the 9 species of Daphnia and thelakes where t hey were found. Among the 40 sarn-ples collected the most predominant species wereD pulex s.1. andD obtirsa s.1. Daphnia pulex LN-DIG was present in a great number in the highmountain lakes and ponds of southern Peruaround the Titicaca Lake basin, extendly to theChilean Lake of Chungara in the same area. It willbe noted that southward D dex appears as theonly species tha t colonizes one of the deep oligo-mesotrophic lakesof the Northpatagonia in ChileL. Ranco). In the southern part of South AmericaD pulex s.1. reappears in lakes situated in Fireland.In this wide range of distribution D pulex, how-ever, assume a grade of morphological variability.No found of D prtlex from Central Chile and itssurroundings, but could be more a question ofsampling, rather than an actual biogeographicalfact.Daphnia obtusa s.1. KURZ.n my study I found D.obtusa to besituated further north tha n D. pule it-was found in a temporary pond in the Pararno area

of Colombia. The samples from Peru d o no t showa presence ofD obtusu,'but HARDING1955) reportsits existence in ponds located around Lake Titi-caca. In Central ChileD. obtusd appears in the An-dean Lake Inca (GELLER992), and in this long gra-dient is again present in ponds situated in Fireland.An earlier study by V ~ VR1900) reports the pres-ence of this species in the same area. SinceD btusawas long time synonymized with D pulex it is diffi-cult to speak of its actual distribution. F or instancein relations to South America lakes RICHARD(18971) found the typical european D obtwa inthe freshwater ponds around Buenos Aires. In an-other study he (RICHARD897b) reports havingfound this species in a locality he names as Lun-ache in Chile. I think, however, this could be Lim-ache in Central Chile, as Lunache does not exist.

0368-0770/94/0025-2400 1.25994 E. Schwcizerbart sche Verlagsbuchhandlung.D 70176 ~ u ~ r g a n


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I nble 1 Geographical location and some chemical-physical characteristics of the studied South American lakes.Latitude Elevation Depth Area PH Conductivitya.s.1. (m) rnax m) (km2) pS . cm-

ColombiaT. Pond -5' 2670Chisaca -5O N 3141 32 0.6 7.0 2EcuadorSan Pablo O013' N 2661 48 7.0 285Cuicocha O015' N 3068 132 7.7 763Colta l001' S 3420 4 8.4 1020PeruCaho 16O 13' 4580 0.5 0.8 9.2 166Loripongo 16O 50' 4555 0.6 0.6 8.8 185Vizcacha 16O 53' 4575


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XIV. Ecology of Aquatic Organisms. 3. AnimalsTnble 2. Ddphr~id species fotlnd in Soutl~Arnericanlnkcs in the present study.Specics Lakes

Temporal PondChisacaDe ColtaCuicocha, San PabloCaao. Lor ipongoA~icwoia.Aricota, J a r u r ~ i aVizcarhaParinacotaCl~ungara. an co , P. in FirelandInca. P n e a r La Roca,P n Fireland n e a r UscaPlatendo. Pcnuclas, Raprl,La I.uz, Palmas. Puycliuc,i(iriihue. Caiaiquen1 0s C i s n e ~ Paine). Chiguayos Cisnes

Pond near La Roca1 in Firclancl n e a r Usla~ \ r g c t i t i n aU.ryhtrr.r cn,Irr:rur.rr


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Th e last endemical species found in this sam plewas the Daphttia cornmutata s.1. EKMAN,n hisw o r k E K M A N1900) named the area where thesarn ~les ere collected by MAYERn so uth Pata-gonia , but did n ot indicate any particular area.In this study this species was present in p ond s andin deep lakes si tuated between the Paine regionand Fireland (Tables 1 and 2). It is difficult to givea name to this species because i t represents a mix-ture of L , ulex, D. middendofluna and D obtusasoecies. llow ever it has a characteristic tha t is ver ytipical 'for the species described as D. comnzlrtald,this species presents in the young stages a largeshell spine, that can represent in some individualstlre total length of the b ody size, similar to D sar-sii, and in adult specimens it becomes very re-duced. On e characteristic tha t can represent a dis-agreement with this species described by EKMANis the colour of th e carapace. H e described thespecimens, as very transparent, bu t in the presen tsamples, found some with beige colour in thedorsal side of t he valves, and oth ers wi tho ut col-our especially those of deep lakes (Lakes Fagnanoand Futalaufouen), and that will be in agreementwith EKMAN'S escription, because he emph asizedthat he has made a revision of pelagic samples. A n-othe r typical and emphasized characterist ic repre-sents t ile fine setation in the ventral side of th e car-apace, like the D. okusa groups, however D. cotn-trirrtata can not be long to this group. About theDaphnid species with beige colour the re are som erecords in the southern part of South America,E K M A N1905) found coloured D. prrlex (DEGEERvar. in the islands south w est of Ushuaia a nd Fire-land, this autl ior thoug ht that th e Daphnia obtusad escrib ed b y V ~ V R A1900) from the same area,we re t he same spec ie s, a l though V ~ V R Aa d e n oment ion about the colour . PAGGI1973) found inSouth Patagon ia (Argentina) th e beige pigmentedD nzddendorffuna,bu t he made no m en t ion o fthe fine setation in the ventral side of the valves,which is on e of the more em phasized characteris-t ic that can separate the D. conanarrtata f rom D.ttricidendorfiola. t here fo re do no t kn owwhether we have dealt with the same species. Inthis oaDer I refer to mainta in the name ofD com-,tnntnta because the problem of tmonomical stateof this group of coloured Daphnia in Sou the rnSouth America has no t yet been resolved. H o w -ever OLIVIER1962) had left th is species as a D. pu-ex var. comm~itata.In conclusion this study has demonst ra ted tha tt he genus Dapl>rziaappears more often as a com-illon c o ~ l i p o n e n t n lakes and ponds of Sou th

America as than previously thought . A mo ng thelarger species found in this geographical range areth ree of t he endemical species, D. sarsii, D. corntnrptata a n d D. Ctenodaphniu) . sp . T he co mm on spe-cies along this gradient were, D. pulexs.l., D. obtusas.1. a n dD mbiguu, endemical species o n he otherhan d seem t o have a very restricted geographicalarea of distribution. nevertheless i t is ~ os si bl eha tintensive samplings in the high mountain areascould reveal a new Dattern of distribu tion for th egenus Daphniu in South America . A n extendeddiscus sion is given in VILLALOBOS1994).AcknowledgementsThanks to the following scientists who have con-tribute d with samples for this study: Dr. L. ZUNIGA,r.W. GELLER, r. T MOREN O, r. S. GAVIRIA, r. H.CAMPOS,r. D. SOTO,Dr. H MULLEX, r. U. GAEDKE.Special thanks to Dr. V. K O ~ ~ N E Kho kindly helpedme with the species determination, and in th e first stageof the taxonomical work. This research was in pan pos-sible by a fellows hip from the D eutscher AkademischerAusrauschdienst.ReferencesBIRABEN,., 1917: Nora sobre dos dad6c eros nuevos dela Repbblica Argentina. - Pi~ysis: 262-266.- 1918: Sobre algunos clad6ceros de la RepliblicaArgentina. Ph. D. Thesis. Univ. Nac. Plata,Buenos Aires, Argentina.1953: Dos nuevas especies de Daphnia de la Argen-tina (Crust. Cladocer). Physis (Buenos Aires,Argentina ) 20 (59): 414-419.1956: Variaci6n de la cabeza en Daphnia ornithocc-phala BIR. Neotrdpica 2 (8): 53 -54.BRENDELBERGER,. GEUSR,W., 1985: Variability ofthe filter structures in eight Daphnia species:mesh sizes and filter ing areas. - J PlanktonRes 7 :473 86.BROOKS,. L., 1957: The systematics of N or th AmericanDaphnia. - Mem Conn. Acad Arts Sci 13. 180pDAD AY, ., 1902: Mikrosko pische SiiRw wen hiere ausPatagonien gesammelt von Dr. FIUPP O ILVESTRII.- Term F z 25: 200-310 Tab. 2- 10.1905: Untenuchungen iiber die Siiflwwer-Mi-krofauna P araguays. Zoologica 18 (44): 1-375.DELACHAUX,., 1919: Cladocdres des And es pdruvien-nes. Bull. Soc. Neuchatel Sci Nar 43: 18-38.DOMINGUEZ,., 1973: Contribuci6n a1 estudio de 10scJad6ceros chilenos. I. Clad6ceros del Lago Chun -gar& A4w Nac. Hist Nat. (Santiago, Chile)201 -202: 3- 10.EKMAN,., 1900: Cladoceren aus Patagonien, gesammeltvon der schwedischen Expedition nach Patago-nien 1899. - Zool. /Arb Syst. 14: 62-84, Taf. 3and 4.


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1994, Villalobos. Distribution of Daphnia in High Mountain and Temperate Lakes of South America. (CHI)