1981.02.27 - Stefan Marnov - Are Phonons Particles

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Foundations o f Physics, Vol. 12, No. 5, 1 982

Are Phonons Particles?

S t e f a n M a r i n o v I , 2

Received February 27, 1981

I f phono ns are part icles, they mu st be at tach ed to absolute space through theirprop er masses, which depe nd on the absolute velocities. In su ch a case oneshould be able to register with phon ons the Sagna c and Ma rinov effects whichhave been observed with m assless and massive part icles (photons a nd neutrons).The ex perimental possibi li t ies fo r such experiments are ana lyzed.

Accord ing to my abso lu te s pac e - t im e theory, ~ -3 ) the p roper mass o f a

par t ic le depends not on i t s veloci ty wi th respect to the iner t ia l f rame ofreference used, but on i ts velocity with respect to absolute space. I call thefirst (relative) f o r m o f t h e p r o p e r m a s s Einstein's .and the second (absolute)form Marinov's. As I sh ow ed recen tly, (3 '4) if a p art icle with a ma ss m ,mov ing a t a v e loc i ty v = c/n in the iner tia l f ra me o f reference used (wh ere cis the veloci ty of l ight a nd n >~ t i s a num ber) , s t r ikes perfect ly e las t ica l lyanother par t ic le wi th mass M which is a t res t in the f rame, and m ~ M, then,p r o c ee d i n g f r o m t h e a b s o l u te f o r m o f t he l a w s o f m o m e n t u m a n d e n e rg ycons ervat ion , on e ob ta ins for the recoi l ve loci ty of the impringin g l ight

par t ic le

c V V 2 0,)2v' = --n + ~ (cos 0 - cos 0 ' ) + c ~ " (cos 0 - cos (1)

where V is the velo ci ty of the iner tia l f ram e in absolute space , 0 is the ang lebetween v and V, and O' i s the angle between v ' and V; the equat ion iswr i tt en wi thin an accu racy o f second o rder in VIe. Thus , measur ing theveloci ty of the l ight par t ic le before and af ter the col l i s ion, on e can calcula tethe abso lu te ve loc i ty o f the f rame . Such exper iments w i th mass less pa r ti c l es ,

Laboratory for Fundamental Physical Problems, Sofia, Bulgaria.2 Prese nt address: via Pug gia 47, 16131 Gen ova , Italy.

543

0015-9018/82/0500-0543503.00/0 © 1982 Plenum PublishingCorporation



544 Mafinov

n = 1 (pho tons ), were pe rfo rm ed by H arr ess (5~ and Sag nac (6~ on a rota tingdisk in a laboratory, by Michelson et al, (7) on the spinning Earth , and byme ~s'9~ in the inertially m oving labo rato ry. Th e first a utho rs mea sured theso-called Sagnac effect, which is proport ional to the absolute angularveloci ty of the area covered by the photons in mutual ly opposi te direct ionsaf ter their "col l is ion" with a semitransparent mirror ( the heavy mass M),while I measured the Marinov effect, which is proport ional to the absolutelinear rota t ional veloci ty of the straight path covered by the photons inmutual ly opposi te directions . Th e ver i f icat ion of formu la (1) for massivepar t ic les , n > 1 (neutrons) , was perform ed recent ly by W erneret al., ~°~ w home asur ed a S agna c effect . I pro pos ed (2~ an e xperim ent for me asur em ent ofthe Ma rinov effect wi th the help of neutrons.

According to my theory, the energy e and the mass m are two differentnames (with different dimensions !) o f the sam e ent i ty, which represents thethird one axiomatical ly int roduced in physics (af ter space and t ime) . In mytheory, the equat ion e = c2m says no more th an the equat ion 1 m = 100 cm.If the propag at ion of sound represents the t ransfer of energy, then a mass isa lso t ransferred. The proper m ass and p roper energy of massive and masslessparticles are attached to absolute space. Is the sound energy also attached to

absolute spade, i .e. , are phonons (until now considered as particles only formathem atical conven ience) real part ic les or not? Th e most def inite answercan be given by m easuring the Sagnac and M arinov effects with phonons. I fthe effects exist , pho non s are to be consid ered as real particles; if not, theessence of sound energy wil l pose terrible difficulties to theoretical physics.Indeed, i f the p ropaga t ion of sound is an isotropic phenom enon, i .e. , i f soundpropagates with the same veloci ty a long any direct ion in a homogeneousmedium, independent ly of the ab solute veloci ty of the medium , then one canreal ize ( i f not pract ical ly, a t leas t theoret ical ly) a t ransfer o f energywith

respect to absolute space by a velocity higher than that of l ight. So, forcer ta in direct ions of propagat ion the proper en ergy of sound wil l becomeequal to infinity and for others i t will become imaginary. Thus phonons willrepresent the myster ious tachyons to which so many scholast ic papers havebeen dedicated in recent years . However, I cannot imagine a physicis t wi th asound mind who can imagine energy as an imaginary quant i ty, and the messin theoret ical physics wil l become complete . According to my currentcon ce pt io ns , "" the Sagnac and Mar inov e ffect s fo r phonons mus t be presen tand phonons are to be considered as par t ic les s imilar to neutrons and

electrons.At the present s ta te of technique, a "rotat ing disk" exper iment with

sound ca nn ot lead to a reliable result. Indeed , if at the rim of a rotating diskone separates a sound wave (or sound pulses), half of which proceeds a longthe direct ion of rota t ion and the other half opposi te ly, the "direct" wave, on



Are Phonon s Particles? 54 5

the grounds of form ula (1), will reach the sepa ration p oint with the followingt ime delay af ter the "opposi te" wave:

d d 2 d V 4a '2S

A t = V~ir VoW = - -c2 cZ (2)

where d is the path covered, S is the area encircled by this path, and g2 is theangular veloci ty of the disk (any angular veloci ty is taken with respect toabsolute space) . The las t t ransi t ion in this formula can be obtained in anelementary way by supposing that the c losed path represents a polygoncircumscribed arou nd a c irc le with a radius R and by making the

substi tutions d = 2 S I R , V = D R . I f v is the f requency of the phonons ( thefrequency of the sound pulses) , the phase difference between the "direc t" and"opposi te" phonons wil l be

A q/ = 27rv A t = 4r rvd V/c 2 = 8nv.C2S/e 2 (3)

Using ul t rasonic waves with a f requen cy v = 1 M H z and supposing/2 = 900 rad/sec, S = 1 m z , one obtains Aq /= 8n × 10-Brad. Let me notethat the "rotating disk" experiment with l ight leads to reliable results because

the frequency of l ight is much higher.Thus one must t ry to me asure the Marino v effect wi th sound because ( i)for the M arin ov effect the velo city V is mu ch higher, and (ii) the path d canbe made much longer. So, taking in formula (3) the same frequency ofultrason ic signals as above , V = 300 km/s ec, (9) and d = 10 kin, one obtains aph ase diff ere nc e A~u = 0.4re rad.

Fo r the measu rement of the Ma rinov effect, however, one must be ableto realize a N e w t o n i a n t i m e s y n c h r o n i z a t i o n (j2) between space-separatedpoints . There are two metho ds for real izat ion of a N ewtonian t ime

synchro nizat ion: ( i ) by the help of a rota t ing axle, a method alreadyexpe rimen tally verified, (s '9) and (i i) b y the help of two parallel l ight clocks , ametho d only recent ly p roposed. (~3) O bviously, s ince for the de tect ion o f aMarinov effect wi th phonons a very long basis is needed, one can use onlythe second method. The rotat ing axle can be used o nly i f one succeeds inmastering a reliable detection of small phase shifts of sound pulses.

H owe ver, s ince the direct ion depen dence o f l ight veloci ty is a l readyfirmly estab lished , (9) a typ e of Bri sco e ex per ime nt ~11'14'15~ can deci dewhether the veloci ty of sound is a lso anisotropic . N ame ly, i f a type of

Brisco e experim ent gives a null result , i .e. , if with this ex perim ent the E arth 'sabsolute veloci ty cannot be measu red, then the veloci ty of sound isa n i s o t r o p i c and bo th an iso t ropy e ffec t s - -o f sound and of l igh t - -annih i la teeach other. If , however, the result is posit ive, this wilt signify that theveloci ty of sound is isotropic in any medium moving in absolute space. In



546 Marinov

Briscoe 's proposal ~4) o ne sends paral le l l ight (e lectrom agnet ic) and soundwaves and one measures the anisotropy in l ight veloci tyassuming that theveloci ty of sound is isotropic . Briscoe 's proposal was publ ished as a patentand remained unnot iced by the scient i f ic community. After the revival ofBriscoe's ideas in two of my publica tions, (1'1I) only one article dedicate d tothis m ethod has appeared. ~5) The author, D r. H . Y ilmaz, who vis ited me inCleveland in June 1978, has t r ied to realize his var ia t ion of Briscoe 'sexper iment , (16) but no informa t ion has reached me abou t the resul ts ob tainedand one is impel led to suppose that e i ther Yilmaz ' method has not given thenecessary acc urac y (Yilmaz expected (~5) a fantas t ic accu racy of m/sec in thedeterminat ion of V) or the resul ts obtain ed are nul l. I f Y i lmaz ' metho d hasgiven a null result , this must be published, as, together with the posit iveresult in my "co upl ed -m irro rs" expe riments, (~'9) one ob tains an e xperim entalconf i rm at ion of my hypothes is tha t phonons a re par ti c les and theore t ica lphysics is saved once again f rom an unpleasant mess .

I should l ike to point out that i f the ul t rasonic "coupled -shut ters"experiment p ropose d by m e in Ref . 11 were to be carr ied o ut w ith theeffective techniq ue of the differential " cou pled -shu tters" experim ent, (~7) thenthe basis between the shut ters can be reduced from ki lometers to meters andthe exper iment can be performed in the laboratory. The method is essent ia l lythat previously discussed. (H) H owev er, i t i s now proposed to replace theobservers by t ransducers of l ight in to e lectr ic current , photodiodes . Thedifference in the currents produced by the two photodiodes can be detectedby a sensit ive galvanometer (see Ref. 17). I t is proposed to generate the twonecessary l ight beams from a single laser source, so as to avoid inevitabledifferential intensity fluctuations. The material conducting the sound signalsmust be chosen to have good thermal s tabil i ty. The " cree p" of the smal lpulses ov er the o scil losc ope screen (see the figure in Ref. 11) can be

considerably reduced or tota l ly excluded during the short t ime ofmeas ureme nt i f a rota t ing plat form is used ( i f necessary, one should ma ke athermal s tabi l izat ion) .

The " func t ion ing" of the exper iment can be wel l unders tood byconsul t ing T able I. The table is set a t the co ndi t ion that the absolute veloci tyof the appara tus is perpendicular to i ts axis. Th e f i rs t line gives the num berof l ight "w ave s" n a long the dis tance d , i .e ., the num ber o f light pulses w hichcan be counted between both shut ters on a momentary photograph. Thesecond l ine gives the nu mb er of sound "w ave s" n s a long dis tance d , i .e ., the

num ber o f sound pulses which ca n be coun ted between both shut ters a t aninstant. Th e third l ine gives the "pha se difference" between both shut ters inradians. So, if the p hase difference is ~ = 0, both shutters are open ed orclosed togeth er; if gt = re/2 (or 3re/2) one of the shutters is half-opened andthe o ther is half-closed; if ~t = zc, one of the shutters is opene d w hen th e oth er



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548 M a r l n o v

is closed. I t is impo rtan t to no te that if the phas e shift of the detecting shutternear the first of the o bservers 0 A is ~ with respec t to i ts cho ppin g sh utter,then the phase shift of the detect ing shut ter nea r the second ob server O n is-qJ with respect to i ts chopping shutter. The fourth l ine gives the l ight inten-sit ies registered by the observer OA, and the fif th l ine gives those registeredby 08 .

Let us suppose, for example, n = m, n , =m s + 1/4, where m and m, areintegers . Thus we shal l have q/=n / 2 for o ne obs erver and ~u = --re~2 for theother one. In this case both observers see average l ight in tensi ty. Let underthese condi t ions an "aeth er wind" appear b y rotat ing the axis of theapparatus over 90L If the "aether wind" leads to a changeA n = 1/4 in thenumber of l ight waves, then, for the case shown in the figure of Ref. 11,

n A = m + 1/4, n B = r n - 1 / 4 = ( m - 1 ) + 3 / 4 (4)

Thus , if the ph ase difference rema ins the same, ~, = ~ /2, bo th o bservers willregister minimum light. This change in the i l luminations can be achieved if ,when there is no "ae ther wind," one changes the phase difference f rom

= n / 2 to ~, =-- n, i.e., if one chan ges the n um be r of so und wav es alon g thetract d by A n s = 1/4. W ith the help of this table one can show thata l w a y s an"aethe r wind" effect can be annul led by a corresponding change in the phasedifference. Let me note that t h i s i s t he r eason that does n o t permit one tomeasure the absolute veloci ty of the laborato ry by an "unc ouple d shut ters"experiment . Since in the "uncoupled shut ters" exper iment one cannot knowwhich is the ph ase d ifference between the shutters, on e is unable todis tinguish the absolute effect due to an "a ether wind" f rom the effect due toa change of the phase difference between the uncoupled shut ters .

The sound s ignals give one permission to "couple" the independent

shutters. If the p rop aga tion of sou nd is isotropic, i .e. , if there is no "aeth erwind" for sound, then af ter the rota t ion of the apparatus the phase differencewilt remain the same and the appearing change in the l ight intensit iesregis tered b y 0 A and O n will be a t t r ibuted to the "aeth er wind." H owev er, i fthere is an "aeth er w ind" a lso for sound, the phase difference will changee x a c t l y by the am oun t to an nihi la te the "aethe r wind " effect for light . Thus,if the ultras onic "c oup led- shu tters " expe rime nt gives a null result , then, sincethe anisotrop y of light propa gat ion is a l ready f i rmly es tabl ished, one has toconclude that phonons are par t ic les and they are a t tached to absolute space

in the same manner as photons and electrons.I f we assume that the propag at ion o f sound is isotropic and the "cree p"of the sound waves is negligible , the m easuring proced ure in the ul t rasonic"coupled-shut ters" exper iment is the fol lowing: One chooses the condi t ionsn = m + 1/4 and n ~ = m s , i .e . , ~ ,=0. Rotat ing the pla t form with the



Are Phon ons Particles? 54 9

apparatus in the laboratory , one e l iminates the appear ing difference currentproduced by the photodiodes by changing the paths of the "direct" and"op pos i te" l ight pulses ( it is suffic ient to chang e the path only of the "d irec t"or only of the "opposi te" l ight pulses , but by double the amount) . I f thecom pone nt o f the absolute veloci ty of the lab orato ry a long the axis of theappa ratus changes from 0 to 17, one has to change the paths of the "dire ct"and "opposi te" l ight pulses by Ad, so that

v = (3d/d) (5)

The sensi tivi ty of the metho d can be es tablished in pract ice extremely

easily. If c~d is the m inim um shift which leads to an effect discernible fromthe f luctuat ions of the galvanome ter, the accu racy with w hich the absoluteveloci ty can be measured is

f iv = ( f id / d )c (6)

In my differential "c oup led-s hutt ers" experim ent (17) the ro tating diskshad 30 holes and when they rotated with a constan t ra te N = 200 rev/sec,i .e. , when the chop ping frequ enc y was f = 6 kH z, the cu rrent f luctua tion c~1

was abouta 10 -7

part of the current I produc ed by the photodiodes .Ta ke n ow for mu la (4) from R ef. 1 ! (see the sam e form ula on p. 151 o fRe f. 18), which say s tha t if a ~n part of the light pulses (in more in the"direct" pulses and in less in the "opposi te" pulses) can be discerned fromthe f luctuat ion, then the absolute veloci ty can be measured with an accuracy

~v = c2c~n/2fd (7)

Fo r the differentia l "coup led-shut ters " exper iment , (t71 the inac curac ycalculated according to this formula, where one puts c ~ n = ~ 5 I / I , isc~v = 500 km /s ec .

For the ul t rasonic "coupled-shut ters" exper iment , us ing the sameformula and put t ing there 6 n = 1 0 -7 , f = 0 .3 MH z, one obta ins , fo r the samebasis d = 150 era , ~v = 10 km/sec .

R E F E R E N C E S

1. S. Marinov,Eppur si muove (Centre Beige de la Documentation Scientifique, Bruxelles,1977).2. S. Marinov,Abstracts 9th Int. Conf. G en. Rel. Gray.(.lena, 1980), p. 658.3. S. Marinov, Classical Physics ("East-West" Publishers, via Puggia 47, 16131 Genova,

Italy, 1981).4. S. Marinov, Elastic collision of particles in absolute space, submitted toNuovo Cimento.



550 Marinov

5. F . Harress, Dissertation, Jena (1912); O. K nopf,Ann. Phys. 62, 389 (1920).6. G. Sagnac, Compt. Rend. 157, 708, 1410 (1913).

7. A. A. Michelsonet al., Astrophys. J. 61, 1401 (1925).8. S. Marinov, Czech. J. Phys. B24, 965 (1974).9. S. Marino v, Gen. ReI. Gray. 12, 57 (1980).

10. S. A. Werner et aI., Phys. Rev. Lett. 42, 1103 (1979).11. S. Marinov, Spec. So. Techn. 1, 235 (1978).12. S. Marinov, Int. J. Theor. Phys. 13, 189 (1975).13. S. Marinov, Phys. Lett. 81A, 252 (1981).14. J. A. Briscoe, British Pat ent , Lo ndo n, N o. 15089/58-884830 (1958).15. H. Yilmaz,Lett . Nuovo Cimento23, 265 (1978).16. H. Yilmaz, private communication.17. S. Marinov, Spec. Sc. Techn. 3, 57 (1980).18. S. Marinov, Found. Phys. 8, t37 (1978).

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1981.02.27 - Stefan Marnov - Are Phonons Particles