198 METHODS OF NONVIOLENT PROTEST AND PERSUASIONby Gene Sharp

FORMAL STATEMENTS1. Public speeches2. Letters of opposition or support3. Declarations by organizations and institutions4. Signed public declarations5. Declarations of indictment and intention6. Group or mass petitions

COMMUNICATIONS WITH A WIDER AUDIENCE7. Slogans, caricatures, and symbols8. Banners, posters, and displayed communications9. Leaflets, pamphlets, and books10. Newspapers and journals11. Records, radio, and television12. Skywriting and earthwriting

GROUP REPRESENTATIONS13. Deputations14. Mock awards15. Group lobbying16. Picketing17. Mock elections

SYMBOLIC PUBLIC ACTS18. Displays of flags and symbolic colors19. Wearing of symbols20. Prayer and worship21. Delivering symbolic objects22. Protest disrobings23. Destruction of own property24. Symbolic lights25. Displays of portraits26. Paint as protest27. New signs and names28. Symbolic sounds29. Symbolic reclamations30. Rude gestures

PRESSURES ON INDIVIDUALS31. "Haunting" officials

32. Taunting officials33. Fraternization34. Vigils

DRAMA AND MUSIC35. Humorous skits and pranks36. Performances of plays and music37. Singing

PROCESSIONS38. Marches39. Parades40. Religious processions41. Pilgrimages42. Motorcades

HONORING THE DEAD43. Political mourning44. Mock funerals45. Demonstrative funerals46. Homage at burial places

PUBLIC ASSEMBLIES47. Assemblies of protest or support48. Protest meetings49. Camouflaged meetings of protest50. Teach-ins

WITHDRAWAL AND RENUNCIATION51. Walk-outs52. Silence53. Renouncing honours54. Turning one's back

THE METHODS OF SOCIAL NONCOOPERATIONOSTRACISM OF PERSONS55. Social boycott56. Selective social boycott57. Lysistratic nonaction58. Excommunication59. Interdict

NONCOOPERATION WITH SOCIAL EVENTS, CUSTOMS, AND INSTITUTIONS60. Suspension of social and sports activities61. Boycott of social affairs62. Student strike63. Social disobedience64. Withdrawal from social institutions

WITHDRAWAL FROM THE SOCIAL SYSTEM65. Stay-at-home66. Total personal noncooperation67. "Flight" of workers68. Sanctuary69. Collective disappearance70. Protest emigration (hijrat)

ECONOMIC NONCOOPERATIONACTION BY CONSUMERS71. Consumers' boycott72. Nonconsumption of boycotted goods73. Policy of austerity74. Rent withholding75. Refusal to rent76. National consumers' boycott77. International consumers' boycott

ACTION BY WORKERS AND PRODUCERS78. Workers' boycott79. Producers' boycott

ACTION BY MIDDLE-PEOPLE80. Suppliers' and handlers' boycott

ACTION BY OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT81. Traders' boycott82. Refusal to let or sell property83. Lockout84. Refusal of industrial assistance85. Merchants' "general strike"

ACTION BY HOLDERS OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES86. Withdrawal of bank deposits87. Refusal to pay fees, dues, and assessments88. Refusal to pay debts or interest

89. Severance of funds and credit90. Revenue refusal91. Refusal of a government's money

ACTION BY GOVERNMENTS92. Domestic embargo93. Blacklisting of traders94. International sellers' embargo95. International buyers' embargo96. International trade embargo

THE METHODS OF ECONOMIC NONCOOOPERATIONSYMBOLIC STRIKES97. Protest strike

98. Quickie walkout (lightning strike)

AGRICULTURAL STRIKES99. Peasant strike100. Farm workers' strike

STRIKES BY SPECIAL GROUPS101. Refusal of impressed labor102. Prisoners' strike103. Craft strike104. Professional strike

ORDINARY INDUSTRIAL STRIKES105. Establishment strike106. Industry strike107. Sympathy strike

RESTRICTED STRIKES108. Detailed strike109. Bumper strike110. Slowdown strike111. Working-to-rule strike112. Reporting "sick." (sick-in)113. Strike by resignation114. Limited strike115. Selective strike

MULTI-INDUSTRY STRIKES116. Generalised strike117. General strike

COMBINATION OF STRIKES AND ECONOMIC CLOSURES118. Hartal119. Economic shutdown

THE METHODS OF POLITICAL NONCOOPERATIONREJECTION OF AUTHORITY120. Withholding or withdrawal of allegiance121. Refusal of public support122. Literature and speeches advocating resistance

CITIZENS' NONCOOPERATION WITH GOVERNMENT123. Boycott of legislative bodies124. Boycott of elections125. Boycott of government employment and positions126. Boycott of government departments, agencies, and other bodies127. Withdrawal from governmental educational institutions128. Boycott of government-supported institutions129. Refusal of assistance to enforcement agents130. Removal of own signs and placemarks131. Refusal to accept appointed officials132. Refusal to dissolve existing institutions

CITIZENS' ALTERNATIVES TO OBEDIENCE133. Reluctant and slow compliance134. Nonobedience in absence of direct supervision135. Popular nonobedience136. Disguised disobedience137. Refusal of an assemblage or meeting to disperse138. Sitdown139. Noncooperation with conscription and deportation140. Hiding, escape, and false identities141. Civil disobedience of "illegitimate" laws

ACTION BY GOVERNMENT PERSONNEL142. Selective refusal of assistance by government aides143. Blocking of lines of command and information144. Stalling and obstruction145. General administrative noncooperation146. Judicial noncooperation

147. Deliberate inefficiency and selective noncooperation by enforcement agents148. Mutiny

DOMESTIC GOVERNMENTAL ACTION149. Quasi-legal evasions and delays150. Noncooperation by constituent governmental units

INTERNATIONAL GOVERNMENTAL ACTION151. Changes in diplomatic and other representation152. Delay and cancellation of diplomatic events153. Withholding of diplomatic recognition154. Severance of diplomatic relations155. Withdrawal from international organizations156. Refusal of membership in international bodies157. Expulsion from international organisations

THE METHODS OF NONVIOLENT INTERVENTIONPSYCHOLOGICAL INTERVENTION158. Self-exposure to the elements159. The fast (fast of moral pressure, hunger strike, satyagrahic fast)160. Reverse trial161. Nonviolent harassment

PHYSICAL INTERVENTION162. Sit-in163. Stand-in164. Ride-in165. Wade-in166. Mill-in167. Pray-in168. Nonviolent raids169. Nonviolent air raids170. Nonviolent invasion171. Nonviolent interjection172. Nonviolent obstruction173. Nonviolent occupation

SOCIAL INTERVENTION174. Establishing new social patterns175. Overloading of facilities176. Stall-in177. Speak-in178. Guerrilla theatre179. Alternative social institutions

180. Alternative communication system

ECONOMIC INTERVENTION181. Reverse strike182. Stay-in strike183. Nonviolent land seizure184. Defiance of blockades185. Politically motivated counterfeiting186. Preclusive purchasing187. Seizure of assets188. Dumping189. Selective patronage190. Alternative markets191. Alternative transportation systems192. Alternative economic institutions

POLITICAL INTERVENTION193. Overloading of administrative systems194. Disclosing identities of secret agents195. Seeking imprisonment196. Civil disobedience of "neutral" laws197. Work-on without collaboration198. Dual sovereignty and parallel government

This is available in Gene Sharp's book: "The Politics of Nonviolent Action", available fromThe War Resisters League, 339 Layfayette St. New York, N.Y. 10004 (212) 228-0450 for $13.25, including postage.