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COLD WAR1945-1989
What, Who, When, Where, Why, How?
What is a Cold War? A war where two enemies don’t actually fight
Who is involved? U.S. & U.S.S.R (Soviet Union)
When? 1945-1989
Where? Around the world – Germany, Korea, Vietnam, Cuba…
Why are we fighting? U.S. wanted to stop the spread of communism
How is the war fought? Arms race – both sides build up their nuclear weapons Back and forth threats
Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin
How Does It Begin?
Yalta Conference
Germany divided into 4 zones run by Allies United Nations formed (50 nations) Declaration of Liberated Europe
1. People of Europe can create their own government as long as it is not Nazi or fascist2. U.S., Great Britain, & Russia will:
Establish peace in their countries Provide aid to people who need it Form temporary governments that represent
democratic society & free elections
1948 Berlin Blockade
Truman wanted a united Germany Soviet Union felt threatened by united
Germany Berlin caught in the middle of the unification Stalin sent troops to block all traffic/supplies
to Berlin from the rest of Germany Berlin airlift – 10 months to prevent war Stalin stopped in May 1949 but Germany
divided East Germany – Communist West Germany – allied to U.S.
Iron Curtain – Churchill 1946
What was the term used to stop the spread of communism?
- Containment How did the U.S. help stop the
spread of communism?- Truman Doctrine -
Provide aid (money) to threatened countries (nonmilitary)
- Marshall Plan – U.S. gave $13 billion to help into Western Europe
Build Up & Alliances Formed
UN – United Nations, June 1945, 50 countries joined to settle international disputes & prevent future wars
NATO – 1949 - 10 European countries agreed to help if attacked by the Soviets
Warsaw Pact – 1955 – Soviets allied with Eastern European countries
NSC – 1950 – U.S. releases report vowing to stop spread of communism
1949 – Mao Zedong – China becomes communist
Korean War 1950 North Korea remains communist & South
Korea democratic Demilitarized Zone – U.S. troops help protect
Rivalry
1956 – Egypt seizes Suez Canal & Europeans invade eventually U.S. & Soviets got them to pull out
Nov. 1956 – Hungarian students rebel against communist government & Soviet military crushes revolt; Eisenhower condemns actions, but doesn’t intervene
Geneva Summit – NATO leaders & Soviets agree to coexist – compete but NO war
Rivalry Continues
Kennedy creates Peace Corps to provide economic relief to counteract appeal of communism
1959 – Fidel Castro takes over Cuba and aligns with Soviets
April 1961 – Bay of Pigs – U.S. failed to spark uprising in Cuba
Aug. 1961 – Berlin Wall built
Brink of Nuclear War Oct. 1962 – Cuban Missile Crisis
Spy planes saw Soviets building launch pad in Cuba
Kennedy sets up blockade Threatens – if ship tries to break
blockade he’d use nuclear weapons 5 days later Soviets agreed
to leave Cuba & U.S. would not invade
Vietnam War 1941-1975
Ho Chi Minh (communist) – defeated Japanese during WWII & afterwards French colonist
Geneva Accords – temporarily divide Vietnam into North & South and then unify after 1956 elections
1955 – American supported Ngo Dinh Diem refused elections & cracked down on communism
1959 – Communists set up the National Liberation Front (Vietcong) to begin war against Diem
Eisenhower sent money, Kennedy sent Special Forces Gulf of Tonkin – Pres. Johnson sends troops in after
alleged attack on U.S. ship After years of fighting, large opposition to U.S. involvement
in war Years of fighting – April 1975 – South Vietnam
surrenders to North
Rivalry Continues
Dec. 1979 – Soviets invade Afghanistan, Pres. Carter orders sanctions
Impact on American Culture
Arms Race Duck & Cover and Fallout Shelters
Red Scare McCarthyism – accusations without proof HUAC Rosenbergs, Alger Hiss, Hollywood Ten Blacklists
Space Race – Oct. 1957 Soviet Sputnik launched causes NASA program
Peace attempts
1963 - Kennedy & Khrushchev agree to hot line between Moscow & Washington
1963 - Treaty banning nuclear tests aboveground and underwater
1971 – Nixon’s “Ping-Pong Diplomacy” – secret talks between U.S. & China forging closer ties
1972 – Nixon’s Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) – restricted the number of certain types of nuclear missiles built by U.S. & Soviets
1987 – Reagan & Gorbachev sign Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) – reduce number of nuclear weapons in arsenals
President’s Policies
Eisenhower – Brinkmanship – “Domino Theory” Kennedy – continues arms race, flexible response – used
specially trained military groups to fight guerilla wars in nations fighting communism
Johnson – Vietnam War – stop spread of communism Nixon –
Vietnamization – plan for South to take more active role & U.S. start to remove troops, but continued to bomb Cambodia and Laos
Détente – attempt to relax international tensions, needed a balance of power to make peace with Soviets
Ford – Continues detente Carter – Human Rights activist – Cuba, Latin America,
South Africa Reagan – Rejected containment & détente
Military build up – “Star Wars” antimissile defense system
End of Cold War 1985 – Mikhail Gorbachev commits to reforming
Soviet government 1990 – Bush & Gorbachev sign Strategic Arms
Reduction Treaty (START) – destroy existing nuclear weapons
Throughout Eastern Europe communist governments fell
Nov. 9, 1989 – Berlin Wall comes down & Germany is united
Dec. 25, 1991 – Yelstin outlawed Communist Party in Russia & Gorbachev announces end of Soviet Union
Free –Democracy - Government – Private – CapitalismRepublicans – Communism – 1 – 2 - Communist
1. In the United States businesses are owned by _____________ citizens.
2. In the Soviet Union the ___________ owns the businesses.3. There is only __ political party in the Soviet Union, it is the
________ party.4. Americans have __ major political parties, the Democrats
and the _________.5. In America you can read about anything you want to
because America has a _______ press.6. The Russians live under a political and economic system
called________________.7. The Americans live under an economic system
called__________.8. Americans like to think of their country as being a
___________ because the majority rules in most cases.9. Citizens in the Soviet Union are given their jobs by the
_____________.10. In the Soviet Union all the factories and companies are
owned by the _____________.
The U.S. or The Soviet Union?
Free Elections Communist
Everybody helps everyone else Capitalist
No Elections – Or Fixed Survival of the Fittest Freedom of the Media
Democratic Total Censorship
Dictatorship
