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Totalitarian Government with complete
control over peoples lives
Fascism Political movement based on
extreme nationalism and militarism
Usually led by a single party and one leader with ultimate power
Nazism Germany’s fascist movement Included a belief in racial
superiority
Focused on extreme nationalism with loyalty and sacrifice for your state
Loyalty to a leader who brought order and structure
Often had unique uniforms, salutes, and would hold large rallies
Similarities to Communism 1 political party with a dictator (no democracy) Both denied individual rights and put the state first
Differences to Communism Fascists didn’t want a classless society Fascists were usually nationalists, while Communists
were internationalists
Did not gain large amounts of territories from the Treaty of Versailles
Rising inflation and unemployment caused the people to be upset
Felt their democracy was not doing enough to fix the country’s problems, looked for a strong leader
Newspaper editor, politician and founder of the Italian Fascist Party (1919)
Promised to improve the economy and rebuild the military
“Black Shirts” attacked Communists and Socialists
Gained support of the middle class, aristocracy, and industrialists
Promised to return Italy to the time of the Roman Empire
October 1922 30,000 Fascists marched on
Rome King Victor Emmanuel III
appointed Mussolini Prime Minister to avoid further violence
Il Duce (“the leader”) After gaining power,
Mussolini takes near complete control
Outlawed all political parties (except the Fascist)
Censored the radio and newspapers
Took control of the economy
Italy failed to take over Ethiopia in the 1890s
October 1935, Italy invades with a modern army of tanks, planes, and machine guns
Ethiopia’s emperor Haile Selassie asked for help from the League of Nations League condemned the attack, but did nothing to stop it
Great Britain allowed Italy to use the Suez Canal to move troops into Ethiopia Wanted to avoid fighting (appeasement)
1920s Japan Democracy was growing
1922 – treaty to respect China’s borders
1928 – signed the Kellog-Braind Pact that was to outlaw the use of war
After the Great Depression starts People blamed the government for economic problems
Military took over the government, but kept Emperor Hirohito in charge as the face of the government
Planned to expand the empire for new markets, raw materials, and room for its population
1931 – Japan takes control of Manchuria (northeast province of China) League of Nations
condemned the invasion, but did nothing
Japan withdrew from the League in 1933
July 1937 – Japan invades China Rape of Nanjing Jiang Jieshi’s army forced to
retreat Mao Zedong’s Communists
fight a guerilla war against the Japanese
1919 – National Socialist German Workers’ Party formed (Nazi Party) Wanted to overturn the
Treaty of Versailles Wanted to fight
Communism Created a private army
called the Brown Shirts
Hitler becomes a leader of the Nazi Party
Beer Hall Putsch (Nov. 1923) Hitler leads attempt to
overthrow the government Fails and sent to prison for
5 years (serves 9 months)
Hitler explains his beliefs and goals in a book he writes in prison
Aryan Race Claimed Germans were the “Master
Race” and should rule the world All “non-Ayrans” were inferior and
should be destroyed
Treaty of Versailles Wanted to gain back all of
Germany’s lost territories
Lebensraum (“living room”) Claimed Germany was overcrowded Would take over Eastern Europe
and Russia
Third Reich
After his prison term, Hitler took back control of the Nazi Party
When the Great Depression starts, the German economy further collapsed and support of the Nazi Party grew
January, 1933 – President von Hindenburg makes Hitler Chancellor of Germany
After Nazis win a parliamentary election, Hitler turns Germany into a totalitarian state
Hitler’s SS (Schutzstaffel) and Gestapo force German peoples into obedience SS = Hitler’s private army Gestapo = private police force Both groups arrested and murdered rivals to the Nazis and
Hitler
Hitler takes economic control and cuts unemployment
Hitler forced propaganda to create a loyal nation Controlled the press, radio, literature, and art Burned books that didn’t fit Nazi beliefs Prevented churches from speaking bad about Nazism Schoolchildren joined the Hitler Youth or League of German
Girls
Nazis blamed the Jews for many of Germany’s problems (anti-Semitism)
1933 – Nazi party begins to strip rights from the Jews
1935 – Nuremburg Laws Took away legal rights to
Jews and other minorities
November 9, 1938 – Kristallnacht The “Night of Broken Glass” Nazis attacked and arrested
Jews in large numbers Jewish owned homes and
businesses were destroyed
March 1935 – Hitler begins make his army larger League of Nations does nothing
March 7, 1936 – Germany invades the Rhineland France and Great Britain begin
practicing appeasement Appeasement = giving into the
demands of an aggressor to avoid war
October 1936 – Germany and Italy create the Rome-Berlin Axis
November 1936 – Germany, Italy and Japan create the Axis Powers (Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis)
July 1936 – Francisco Franco leads a Fascist revolution to overthrow the republican government
Hitler and Mussolini send troops, tanks, and planes to help Franco’s forces in the 3 year civil war
Western Democracies supported the Republican side, but did not send any help (except the Soviet Union)
Franco’s fascist forces win in 1939
March 1938 – Germany annexes Austria (Treaty of Versailles prohibited this)
September 1938 – Germany demands that the Sudetenland be given to Germany Sudetenland was a German speaking section of
Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovakia asked France to help
September 29, 1938 – France, Great Britain, Germany, and Italy meet to discuss the Sudetenland and Czechoslovakia Hitler promised to not take any more of Czechoslovakia
if he got the Sudetenland
Great Britain’s Prime Minister again follows the idea of appeasement and gives in “I believe it is peace in our time.”
March 1939 – Germany annexes Czechoslovakia
Mussolini seized Albania
Hitler looks to take over Poland Great Britain and France
threaten war if Germany invades Poland
August 23, 1939 – Germany and the Soviet Union sign a nonaggression pact This would keep the Soviet
Union from joining the war and prevent a two-front war
September 1, 1939 – Germany invades Poland