AMERICA AND THE WORLD

1920-1945

Danielle GarceauUnit 10; Chapters 27 & 28

OLITICAL Retreat from Progressivism The Harding Administration (1921-1923): laissez faire

government; return to “normalcy” The “Ohio Gang”: group of men loyal to Harding appointed to

powerful government positions; abused power Teapot Dome Scandal (1922): accepted bribes to lease out petroleum

reserves at Teapot Dome to large, private oil companies Bonus Bill Veto (1922): Harding claimed balancing the

budget takes precedence over the nation's debt to veterans of WW1

The Coolidge Administration (1923-1929): laissez faire and isolation from foreign conflicts; felt he was unfit to run the country

The Hoover Administration (1929-1933): isolationism; worked towards bettering the people during the Depression

Hawley-Smoot Tariff (1930): raised tariffs on imported goods to a record high; cut American imports and exports by more than a half

Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945): brought faith, courage, and confidence through his terms (showed personal adversity by his polio)

DEOLOGICAL/INTELLECTUAL Urbanism v. Suburbanism

Urbanism: consumerism and modernization in cities Suburbanism: resisted annexation to the cities Materialism and Consumerism: people using money more for

pleasure rather than for need; due to technological breakthroughs (commercial travel, radio, adverstisments) (Urbanism)

Garveyism: black nationalism African-Americans should take pride in their own achievements

and to develop an awareness of their African heritage – reject white assimilation

Red Scare: fear of communism in the United States due to the growing Soviet Union and communism in the world

Led to violence and arrests of innocents – Palmer Raids Convicted and arrested (possibly killed) if suspected of

communism

RTISTIC The Harlem Renaissance: black culture of

literature and art Langston Hughes

Coming of the Jazz Age: new carefree, primarily black popular culture

Retreat from formal religion – began going out and expanding boundaries of values (Flappers)

KKK: terrorized all non-Protestants Great Migration: African-Americans moved into

cities due to lack of jobs and discrimination

ELIGION

ECHNOLOGY New home appliances to reduce servants and

women can take care of the household on their own

New military technology by the National Defense Research Committee:

Development of sonar and radar capabilities (the centimetric radar)

4-engine bombers that could last longer that German ones

Gee navigation system: helped plot exact locations – doubled bombing accuracy rate

Enigma machine: constantly changed coding systems to prevent information from being deciphered.

American Magic Operation (1941): device called “Purple” that would break Japanese coding system

Ultra project: intelligence gathering The Manhattan Project (1942-46): developed the

atomic bomb

OCIAL African-Americans gained new job opportunities and

could enlist in the army; still endured heavy discrimination (Detroit Race Riots of 1943)

Fair Employment Practices Commission created to investigate and make right labor discrimination

Native Americans assimilated to white culture Left reservations to work in factories or become “code talkers” for the military

(Navajo code) Mexican-Americans moved to work in factories where there was a labor

shortage; tensions Zoo-Suit Riots (LA 1943): white servicemen attacked Mexican-American

servicemen (grew to growing tensions) because of their unpatriotic “zoo-suits” Women gained more job opportunities Rosie the Riveter: cultural icon that represented the American

women who worked in factories during World War II Became romanticized by men at war – pinups (Betty Grable)

Teens began dropping out of school to get jobs or enroll in the military (1/3)

Increased prosperity led to more attendance at movies, dance halls, and casinos and more circulation of magazines and newspapers

UPREME COURT CASES Coronado Coal Co. v. United Mine Workers (1922):

striking unions were deemed in restraint of trade More to promote the economy than the workers’ rights

Maple Floor Association v. US (1929): Anti-union groups were ruled not to be in restraint of trade

*Government returned to pro-business

EOPLE Increase in African-Americans’ and women’s

rights activity Women began becoming more individualized

Flappers: individual and assertive women who were more scandelous than tradition (in cities); short hair, short skirts, smoked, drank, more open about sex, etc.

OREIGN (TIMELINE) 1922: The Washington Conference: goal was naval

disarmament and to settle the Asia conflict 5-Power Pact: established limits on naval battleships by

nation and power (US & GB:5, Japan:3, FR & Italy: 1.67), Japan got US and GB guarantee that they would stop fortifying their Far East territories

Loophole: no mention on small warships

1924: Dawes/Young Plan: new financial system; US loans → Germany to pay debt from WW1→ GB & France to pay debt → US

Also lowered payments and extended the amount of time they’ll have to pay back ($26.3 billion in 58.5 years)

1925: Locarno Pact: guaranteed Germany’s western boundaries as specified at Versailles 1919

1928: Clark Memorandum : US would not intervene in Latin American affairs to protect US property rights

1928: Kellogg-Briand Pact: outlawed war as an instrument of national policy – no way to enforce

1931: Hoover declares debt moratorium 1931: Japan attacks Manchuria, China and leaves the

League of nations

OREIGN (TIMELINE) 1932: Hoover-Stimson Doctrine: US would not recognize

any territorial acquisitions gained by force Led to Japanese 1932 bombing of Shanghai

1933: FDR’s Good Neighbor Policy: attempt to create cooperation with Latin America non-violently and by non-intervention

1933: US recognizes the Soviet Union In order to gain Soviet Union on their side of the war against

Japan 1934-36: Nye Committee Hearings: discovered that big

businesses tricked Wilson into entering WW1 in order to protect their international interests

1935: Hitler denounced Versailles and League of Nations; Mussolini attacks Ethiopia

1936: Germany arms Rhineland, Fascists v. Communists in Spanish Civil War

Neutrality Acts of 1935, 36, and 37 Prohibited sales of arms, loans, credit, and travel to

belligerent nations Cash-and-Carry: nations not in war could trade with US but

had to pay in cash and carry the goods on their own ships

OREIGN (TIMELINE) 1937: Panay Incident: Japanese bombed USS Panay on the

Yangtze R. to test US resolve Japanese apologized, gave US money, and promised no further

attacks – US accepted due to isolationism 1938: AXIS created (Italy, Germany, Japan); Munich

Agreement (GB, France, Hitler): Hitler can take the part of Czechoslovakia he wants, but it will be the very last land taken & no more aggression

1939: Germany takes all of Czechoslovakia; Sept. 1st march into Poland – Turning Point for US, start of WW1

1939: US begins the Manhattan Project Neutrality Act of 1939: Aggressors could not send ships to

buy US munitions, but would supply other countries – made jobs

US becomes “Arsenal of Democracy” 1940: “America First” Committee created (Charles

Lindbergh): isolationism; put America first 1940: German ‘Blitzkrieg’ (lightning war – enormous power)

in Belgium, Holland, and France 1940: British victory in Battle of Britain forces Hitler to

postpone invasion plans 1st battle by German air; first major German defeat

OREIGN (TIMELINE) 1941: Lend-Lease Act: will lend to countries in need of

supplies; US would receive lease of land from countries it helped

FDR restricted trade of goods and oil to Japan Japan had to either expand or give into US demands

1941: Atlantic Conference (GB & US): to decide postwar goals; started being called the United Nations

1941: Japan bombs Pearl Harbor; US enters the war 1942: Battle of Stalingrad begins(Russia, months without

supplies and many casualties) and El Alamein (Egypt, first appearance by US – German victory)

1942: Battle of Midway; changing point in Pacific War – US begins Guadalcanal campaign and “Island Hopping” strategy

1942: Mass murdering of Jews at Auschwitz begins 1943: German surrender at Stalingrad – first major defeat 1943: Allied victory in North Africa (Patton and Montgomery) 1943: Tehran Conference (FDR, Churchill, Stalin): to finalize

plans to open 2nd front in Europe 1943: US victory in Guadalcanal campaign and goes on

offensive

OREIGN (TIMELINE) June 6, 1944: D Day: Allied invasion of France – liberation

of Paris 1944: Battle of the Bulge: Germans try to surprise Allies –

failed 1944: Guam and Philippines liberated, US bombs Iwo

Jima, decimates Japanese Navy at Leyte Gulf 1945: Yalta Conference: final plans to defeat Germany

and plan post-war Europe 1945: Auschwitz liberated by Soviet Troops April 30, 1945: Hitler commits suicide May 8, 1945: V-E Day: German full surrender 1945: Potsdam Conference (Truman, Atlee, Stalin): plan

action on Japan and post-war Germany August 6, 1945: atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima August 8, 1945: atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki August 14, 1945: Japanese surrenders September 2, 1945: V-J Day: Japanese makes surrender

official, end of WW2.