18263697 Piping Material Pres[1]

8/8/2019 18263697 Piping Material Pres[1]

1/44

PIPING MATERIALMODULAR FABRICATION YARD

PIPING MODULE PART II


2/44

INTRODUCTION

Piping Materials can be classified as

Metals (ferrous) : CS, SS, Alloy Steel

Metals (non-ferrous) : Cupro Nickel, Al Non-metals : PVC, cement, glass

Materials are selected based on their mechanical

and metallurgical properties.

Mechanical properties: strength, ductility,

hardness, brittleness, toughness

Metallurgical properties: Chemical composition,

weldability


3/44

CARBON STEEL

Low Carbon Steel : C < 0.15%

Condenser Tubes : SA 179

Weldability : Excellent

Mild Steel : 0.15% < C < 0.30%

Pipes : SA 106 GR BWeldability: Good


4/44

CARBON STEEL

Medium Carbon Steel : 0.3% < C < 0.5%

Machinery Parts

Weldability: FairHigh Carbon Steel : 0.5% < C < 1%

Dies & punch, Tools

Weldability: Poor

Steel : Carbon < 2%

Cast Iron : Carbon > 2%


5/44

Weldability

As Carbon % increases , weldability decreases Effect of carbon & other elements on the weldability of

carbon steels can be estimated by equating them to anequivalent amount of carbon.

Carbon Equivalent:

Ceq = C + Mn/6 + Cr + Mo+ V + Cu + Ni

5 15

Killed Steel

During Steel making process oxygen present is removedby adding Silica (De oxidizing agent).


6/44


7/44


8/44


9/44


10/44


11/44


12/44

ALLOY STEEL

Addition of elements such as Cromium, Nickel,Molybdenum, Manganese, Silicon along with heattreatment improves the properties of steels suchas mechanical strength, corrosion resistance,

toughness

Steel is a ferrous alloy having main constituentIron and other alloying elements / Impurities like

Carbon, Manganese, Phosphorus, Sulfur, Silicon,Chromium, Nickel, Molybdenum


13/44

ALLOY STEEL

Solid solubility in ferrous alloys :

Interstitial solid solution :

Carbon with Iron forms interstitial solid solution

(Carbon steel)

Substitutional solid solution :Cromium and Nickel with iron forms Substitutional

solid solution (Stainless steel)

Low alloy steels :

Alloying elements < 5%

High alloy steels :

Alloying elements > 5%.


14/44

STAINLESS STEEL

Alloy of iron with Cromium content more than11% and less than 30% and other alloying

elements Nickel, Molybdenum etc is called

stainless steel.

Stainless steel has excellent resistant tocorrosion.

Stainless steel becomes corrosion resistant

(passive) because of formation of un-reactive

film which adheres tightly to the surface of metal.This can be chromium oxide (Cr2O3) film that

acts as a barrier protecting metal against

corrosion.


15/44

EFFECT OF ALLOYING ELEMENTS

Chromium : Increases resistance to Oxidation.

Nickel : Increases resistance to mineral acid,

produces tightly adhering high temperature

oxides.

Molybdenum: Increases resistance to chloride.

Copper : Increases resistance to sulphuric acid.

Titanium : Stabilize carbides to prevent formation of

chromium carbide

Niobium : Stabilize carbides to prevent formation of

chromium carbide


16/44

ALLOYING

ELEMENT

HARDNESS

STRENGTH

YIELDPOINT

ELONGATION

IMPACTVALUE

ELASTICITY

HIGH

TEMPERATURE

STABLITY

COOLINGRATE

CARBIDE

FORMATION

RESISTANCETO

WEAR

FORGEABILITY

MACHINABILITY

SCALING

Silicon

Manganese in

perlit.steels

Manganese in

austenit.steels.

Chromium

Nickel in

perlit.steels

Nickel in

austennit.steels

Aluminum

Tungsten Vanadium

Cobalt

Molybdenum

Copper

Sulphur

Phosphorous

THE EFFE T OF ALLOY NG ELEMENTS ON THE PROPERT ES OF STEEL

=Increase =Decrease = constant - = not characteristic or unknown Several arrows =more intensive effect


17/44


18/44

STAINLESS STEEL

Classification based on

1. Alloying Constituents

2. Metallurgical Microstructure

3. Degree of sensitization


19/44

STAINLESS STEEL

Alloying constituents

200 Series : Cr. Ni - Mn group

( Mn replaces a portion of Ni)

300 Series : Cr - Ni group

400 Series : Straight Chromium Group

( Cr < 30%)


20/44

STAINLESS STEEL

Metallurgical microstructure.

Austenitic SS:

Alloy of Cr, Ni, Fe

Non Magnetic

High Corrosion resistance at temp up to 1500F

Hardenable by cold working

Crystallographic form-Face centered Cubic lattice

(fine grain structure)

Possess high impact strength at low temp

Ex: Type 304, 304L,316,316L


21/44

STAINLESS STEEL

Ferritic SS:

Alloy of Cr, Fe

Magnetic

Non Hardenable by heat treatment

Crystallographic form- Body centered cubic lattice

(coarse grain structure)

For marine application. (10.5% Cr alloy with no nickel)

Contains high carbon, therefore brittle & relatively poor

corrosion resistance

Has resistance to chlorides stress corrosion cracking

Ex: Type 409, 430, 439


22/44

STAINLESS STEEL

Martensitic SS.

High hardness (carbon added to the alloy)

Corrosion resistant Heat treatable to high hardness level

Crystallographic form-distorted lattice

Type 410,420.


23/44

STAINLESS STEEL

Precipitation Hardened SS Magnetic

Heat treatable to high strength.

Weldable and corrosion resistant similar to type304

Ex:-17-7PH, 17-4PH


24/44

STAINLESS STEEL

Duplex SS Contain both Austenite & Ferrite in microstructure. Ni (4 to

7%).

When ferrite- Resistant to chloride stress corrosion cracking.

When Austenite-Sensation to chloride stress corrosioncracking.

High strength, Good corrosion resistance

Ex: Alloy 2205, Alloy 255


25/44

STAINLESS STEEL

3. Degree of sensitization of grain boundaries

GROUP 1

SS grade 304,316,309,310.

They are susceptible to sensitization.

(During welding, flame cutting)


26/44

STAINLESS STEEL

GROUP 2

Stabilized stainless steel type 321 &347

Grain boundaries sensitization eliminated by alloyingelements like Titanium or Columbium. (Because

Titanium or Columbium forms carbides first).

Columbium (Type 347) is stronger stabilizing agent than

Ti (Type 321), Hence Type 347 is superior to 321


27/44

STAINLESS STEEL

GROUP 3

Extra low carbon stainless steel Type 304L, 316L

Can be stress relieved, welded & cooled slowly withoutsignificantly increasing their susceptibility to IGC.


28/44


29/44

ASTM / ASME Nomenclature

Materials are listed based on their known chemical

composition, manufacturing processes, mechanical

strength etc, in different codes i.e,ASTM, ASME, DIN,

MSS etc, and common UNS number

ASTM Standard gives various details of materials like

manufacturing process, Grades, Chemical Composition,

and Mechanical Properties.

ASME Code accepts the ASTM materials with some

additional specified properties.


30/44

ASTM / ASME Nomenclature

SA 312 TP 304S : ASME approved Material

A : Ferrous

312 : Manufacturing Process No.

TP : Tubular Product304 : Grade

SA 234 GR WPB

S : ASME approved Material

A : Ferrous

234 : Manufacturing Process No.

GR : Grade.

WP : Wrought Product

B : Grade


31/44


32/44

CORROSION

Corrosion is the tendency of any metal to return to its moststable thermodynamic state i.e. state with most negativefree energy formation. . More simply stated, it is a chemicalreaction of metal with environment to form an oxide,carbonate, sulphate or other stable compound.

Corrosion is broadly classified into two categories:

Low temperature corrosion (corrosion at roomtemperature and below)

High temperature corrosion (corrosion at elevatedtemperature including molten metal.)


33/44

CORROSION

Classification :

General or uniform corrosion.

Localized Corrosion

Inter granular corrosion (IGC)

Pitting corrosion

crevice corrosion

Stress corrosion crackingMicro biological influenced corrosion.


34/44

INTER GRANULAR CORROSION

During Welding:- ( at Temp. 800-1600 F ), Carbonmolecules diffuse to grain boundary & precipitateout of solid solution as chromium carbide at thegrain boundaries. This result in the depletion of

chromium content in the thin envelopesurrounding each grain, Hence Stainless Steelbecomes susceptible to Inter Granular Corrosion& is said to be sensitized.

Corrosion property of sensitized steel can berestored by desensitization i.e. heat above 1600F, & rapid cooling.

Testing Standard: IGC Practice A/B/C/D/E


35/44

SULPHIDE STRESS CORROSION CRACKING

A cracking process that requires simultaneous action ofcorrodant and sustained tensile stress.

NACE MR-0175 standard presents metallic materialrequirements for resistance to sulfide stress cracking(SSC)for petroleum production,drilling,gathering,flowlineequipment, and field processing facilities to be used inhydrogen sulfide (H2S)-bearing hydrocarbon services.

Testing Standard: NACE TM- 01/77

Reporting of test result: Curve shall be reported as per

NACE-TM-01-77 for various stress level between 72%and90% of SMYS.

Acceptance Criteria: At 72 % SMYS, time of failure shall notbe less than 720 hrs.


36/44

HYDROGEN INDUCED CRACKING

Hydrogen induced cracking (HIC) is also known as cold

cracking, delayed cracking or under bead cracking

HIC occurs in piping or vessel as a result of hydrogen pick

up in service It occurs in steels during steel manufacturing, during

fabrication, and in service. It occurs as a result of welding,

the cracks are sited either in HAZ of parent material or in

the weld metal it self.

Testing Standard: NACE TM- 02/84


37/44

NACENACE: National Association ofCorrosion Engineers

NACE Standard gives chemical composition, Manufacture, Fabrication& testing Requirements for Steels intended to be used for Sour

Service environment

Sour service Requirements

Steel shall be manufactured by Basic Oxygen Process or Electric arcfurnace

Steel to be Killed & fine grained

Materials shall be in Normalized Condition

Nickel % limited to < 1%

Carbon content< 0 .23%

Carbon Equivalent < 0.43%

Hardness < 22 HRC

Sulpher content< 0.002%


38/44

Material Selection CriteriaService media

Corrosive-sea water, H2S, Ammonia

Non CorrosiveTemperature

Cryogenic

Low temperature

Medium temperature

High temperature

Pressure Low pressure

High pressure

Standard Material specification

Additional requirements

Economy Cost

Availability

Weldability

Manufacturability


39/44

Material Selection for Temperature

SERVICE

TEMPERATURE F)PLATE PIPE FORGING

PRESSURE

BOLTING

C

R

O

GENI

C

T

EM

P

(-425) (-321)

SA 240 types

304, 304L, 347

SA 312 types

304,304L, 347

SA 182 grades

F304, F304L,

F347

Bolts: SA 320 gr. B8

strain. HardenedNuts: SA 194 gr.8

(S5 SA 20)

(-320) (-151)

SA 240 types 304,

340L, 316, 316L

SA 353

SA 312 types

304, 304L, 316,

316L

SA 182 grades

F304, F304L,

F316


40/44

Material Selection for Temperature (Continued)

SERVICETEMPERATURE (F)

PLATE PIPE FORGINGPRESSURE

BOLTING

L

O

W

T

E

M

P

E

R

A

T

U

R

E

(-150) (-76) SA 203 GR.D OR E SA 333 GR.3 SA 350 GR.

LF3

BOLTS: SA 320

GR.L7

NUTS: SA 194

GR.4

(-75) (-51) SA 203 GR.A OR B SA 333 GR.3 SA 350 GR.

LF3

(-50) (-21) SA 516 ALL

GRADES IMPACT

TESTED

SA 333 GR.1

SA 350 GR.LF1 OR LF2

(-20) (+4) SA 516 ALL

GRADES OVER 1 IN.

THICK IMPACTTESTED

SA 53

(SEAMLESS) OR

SA 106

BOLTS: SA 193

GR.B7

NUTS: SA 194

GR.2H(+5) (+32) SA 516 ALL

GRADES OVER 1 IN.

THICK IMPACT

TESTED


41/44



PLATE PIPE FORGING PRESSUREBOLTING

I

NT

E

R

M

E

D

I

A

T

E

T

E

M

P

(+33) (+60)

SA 285 GR.C, IN.

THK. MAX.

SA 515 GR.55, 60,

65, 1.5IN. THK. MAX.

SA 516 ALL

GRADES, ALL THK

.

SA 53 (SEAM

LESS) OR SA

106

SA 181 GR.I

OR II

SA 105 GR.I

OR 11

Bolts: SA 193 gr.

B7

Nuts: SA 194 gr.

2H

(+61) (+775)

SA 285 GR.C, IN.

THK. MAX.

SA 515 GR.55, 60,

65, 1.5IN. TH

K. MAX.SA 516 ALL

GRADES, ALL THK.

SA 204 GR.B ALL


42/44



PLATE PIPE FORGINGPRESSURE

BOLTING

E

L

E

V

A

T

ED

T

E

M

P

E

R

AT

U

R

E

(+776) (+875) SA 204 GR.B OR C SA 335 GR.P1 SA 182

GR.F1

BOLTS: SA 193

GR.L7

NUTS: SA 194

GR.2H(+876) (+1000) SA 387 GR.11 CL1

SA 387 GR.12 CL.1

SA 335 P11

SA 335 P12

SA 182 GR.

F11

SA 182 GR.

F12

(+1000) (+1100) SA 387 GR.22 CL1 SA 335 P22

SA 182 GR.22

SA 193 GR.B5

SA 194 GR.3

(+1100) (+1500) SA 240 T PES 304,

316, 321, 347,347PREFERED

SA 312 T PES

304H, 316H, 312,

347H

SA 182

GRADES304H, 316H,

321H, 347H

SA 193 GR.B8SA 194 GR.8

ABOVE +1500 T PE 310

STAINLESS

INCOLO


43/44

GROUPING OF MATERIALS

Base Metal TypeP1 : Carbon Steel

P3, P4,P5 : Alloy Steel

P6, P7 : Ferritic & Martensitic SteelP8 : Austenitic Stainless Steel

P9 : Nickel Steel

P10, P11 : Quenched & Tempered Steel


44/44

MATERIAL AND ITS SPECIFICATIONS

DESCRI I CS AS SS DSS

PIPE A 106 R B A335 RP11 A312 TP 316 A 790 U 31803

BW ITTI A234 R WPB A234 R WP 11 A403 WP 316 A815 U 31803

R ED

FLANGES/

FITTINGS

A105 A182 GRF11 A182 GRF 316 A182 GRF 51

UNSS 31803

FASTNERS A193 GR B7/

A194 GR 2H

A 193 GR B16/

A194 GR 2H

A193 GR B7 /

A 194 GR 2H

A453 GR 660 LA

PLATES A 516 GR 70 A 387 GR 11 A 240 GR 316 A240 UNSS 31803

Documents

18263697 Piping Material Pres[1]