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Jou rn a l o f W ild life D isea ses . 19(3) , 1983 , pp . 17 0-174X W ild life D ise ase A ssoc ia tion 1983

SEROLOG IC AND EXPER IM ENTAL INVEST IGAT IONS OFCONTAG IOUS ECTHYMA IN ALASKARanda ll L . Z a rn ke , Robe rt A . D ie te ric h ,2 K enne th A . N e ila nd , and G eo rg eanne R ang la ck3ABSTRA: l : Se ro log ic cv id!enc e of co n tag io us ecth v tssa (C E ) w as fo und ! in d iom es tic she ep (O cis aries) ,dlo tl3 estic go ats (C a pra !u irc us), DalI sh e ep (O cis da l li), a t i t i m u s k o x (O vibos m oscha tus ) in Alaska. A moo s e(A lc es a lces ) c alf a rud a ca r ibou (B an g ifer tara ndu s) fasvn svere su scep tib le to ex per im ental in fe ction and!both d le se lop ed l an tib od y tite rs as a res tu lt . CE virus sva s iso late d from les ion s of D alI sh eep svh ich sv ereinvo ls -ed in a tta tu ra l ou tbreak o f ti le ( lis ease .

I N TRODUCT IONC on tag iou s ec thvm a (C E ) is p rim ar ily a dliS-

ease of dom estic she ep and diom estic g oa ts (B eckandi T aylor, 19 74 ). H ow eve r, it ha s a lso be etsd iag t iosed itt hum ans an d se s-era! spec ies of ss -ild life from vario us parts o f the sso rld (C on -t ie ll , 195 4: C arr , 196 8; B lo od , 19 71: Sam uel e ta l., 197 5; H eb ert e t a l., 19 77; Falk , 1 978 : K um -meneje an d Krogsrudl, 1978, 1979; Dieterich etal., 198 1: Lance et al. , 198 1). A n outb reak ofC E o ccu rred! in cap tiv e m uskox and ! D all sh eepin A lask a (lu ring 1976 -19 77 (D iete rich et al.,1981 ). A s a resu lt o f these ep iso d le s and! b ecauseof a co ntin u in g con cern o ser the po ssib il ity o fdisease transm iss ion from dom es tic an im als to ss -ild life , a muult i-faceted investigat ion wa s be-gun to cla rify x-ario us a spe cts o f th e ep izo o ti-o lo gv of C E it t A lask a. T he ob jcc ti s-es o f theinve stigat ion w e re: (1 ) to d eterm ine if the re sva sany ev idence of pa st CE infe ction in w ild ! an tI /or d om est ic an im als i ts A lask a, (2 ) to d ete rm ineif m oose and ,/ o r c aribou are suscep tib le to in -fect io ti s s ith C E virus, and! (3 ) to esalua te thepoten tia l th rea t po sed by CE to sv ild li fe po pu t-l at io ns .

MATER IA LS AND ME THODSB lo od sampl es front mo untain goats (O reamno s

ame r i c a n u s ) on th e K ena i P en insu la an d free-rang-i ng DalI sheep n ea r D ry C reek , S heep C reek and ottthe K en ai Pen in su la (F ig . 1 ) w ere co llec ted b AlaskaD epa rtm en t of F ish and G am e (A DF&G ) pe rso nne lw hen an im a ls w ere c ap tured fo r p opu lation stud ies.Sam ples from Da ll sh eep in the B rook s R ange andm uskox on Nuniv ak Is lan d w ere o bta ined f rom hunt-

R ece i s ed fo r pub lic atio n 24 N lay 1982.A la sk a D ep ar tm en t of F ish an dl G am e, 1 300 Col-l ege Road!, Fai rbanks, Alaska 99701, USA .

2 Inst itu te of Arctic Biology, Universit y of Alaska-F airban ks, Fa irb ank s, A laska 9 9701 , USA .P re sen t ad d iress : B irm in gham Zoo , L ane Park , 2 6 :3 0(;a hab a R oad , B irm ing ham . A labam a 35223 . USA .

er -k i lled an im als. Sp ecim ens from cap tiv e D all sheepnear F airban ks, cap tiv e m uskox nea r U na lak leet , andfrom dom estic she ep an d dom estic go ats ne ar F air-bank s, D elta Ju nc tion , and Tok w e re co l lec ted b yAD F&G person nel sp ecif ica lly for th e pre sen t study .Se rum w as co llecte d by asp ira tio n a fter c lo ts hadfo rm ed and w as f roz en un til tes ted .

T he m ajo rity of sera sve re teste d by the serumn eu tral izat ion tes t (R o ssi a n t! K iesel, 1 971 ) a t theW ashin g to n A nim al D isease D iagn os tic L abo rato ry(W ashin gton S ta te U niversity , Pu l lm an , W ashin g to n99164 , U SA ). B ased upon pa st ex per ie tice sv i th th isvirus, a serum an tib od ly t iter o f e igh t or greate r sv asco t3sidered l ind icat ive of pas t C E infect ion (V and er-Sch alie , p ens . com m .). D alI sheep , m uskox , and!m ountain goa t sera collected during 1979 a t id l 1980 ss -crc an aly zed for an t ibo dy by th e com p lem en t-fix -ation te st (C F) (E r ick son et a!., 1975) a t th e N ation alV e terinary S erv ice s Labo rato rie s (N VSL) (V ete ri-nary Se rv ic es, A PH IS , U SDA , Am es , Iow a 50010 ,USA ). B a sed upon p rev iou s expe rie nce , s erum an ti-bo dy tite rs of 2 0 o r g rea ter w ere con sid ered in d ic a-tiv e of pa st in fect ion (P earson , pers. c om m .). Th ech ang e in labo rato rie s too k place w hen it becam enec essary to pro ces s sam ples in a m ore t im ely m an-ner than prev ious comm itm en ts at W SU w ou ld al-low . CF is the m e tho d of cho ice at N VSL . S era w ithev idence of pa st C E infe ctio n m ay he rea fte r be re-fer red to a s po sit ive .

In Septem ber 1 981 , a sv i ld li fe pho tog rap her ob -served a lam b D alI sh eep sv ith b leed ing hoof lesionsin D enal i N ation al Pa rk . Th e an im al sva s k il led ! atic lexam ined at ne cro psy . S am ple s of th e lesions svereco l lec ted , p rese rved in 10% form alin , an t! p ro ce ssed lfo r h is to lo g ic ex am ina tio n . Tissue sam ples svere fro-z en un til teste d in ce ll cu l tu re (E rickson et al. , 1 975 )for CE virus a t the N ation al V eterinary Se rv ices Lab-ora to r ies. In m id -N ovem ber, Park Se rv ice pe rso tsne lobserv ed! a b and of sh eep its the sam e vicin ity w h erethe ea rlie r lam b had b een seen . Th ere svere eigh tla tn bs in the ban d , fo ur o f svh ich had easily d le tec t-ab le ho of le sio ns. W ith in 1 0 dlays of the in it ia l re por t,one lam b ss-as fo uu nd d ead an d ano the r sv as k i lled !b ec ause of the seve rity o f its lesions . B oth of th esean im als w ere ex am ined at nec rop sy and sp ecim ensco l lec ted! as before .

In o rde r to determ in e if m oose and! ca ribou aresusceptib le to CE in fect ion , o ne in d is-id uu al of ea chsp ecies ss-as exp erim enta lly exp osed! to a s tra in of CEwh ich had b een prev ious ly iso lated f rom a n atu rallyin fecte d D a lI she ep . T hese sve re n esvI)o rn an im als

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svh ich svere rea red in isol ation to prevent prior cx-posu re to C E . A n adu lt dom es tic she ep sv ith n o his-to ric or sero lo g ic ev id enc e o f pas t CE infe ctio n se rveda s a contro l. It w as obtain ed f rom a f lock n eve r kn osvnto have expe rienceu clin ical CE. Pre -ino cu lation b lo odsam ple s w ere d rasvn from all th re e an im a ls on thed ay of exposur e. They svere expos ed to th e v iruu s b ysc arifica tio n o f th e u pp er l ip an d app lic atio n o f a CEsusp en sio n . B loo d sam p les w ere d rass-n from a ll th re eanimal s every 1-3 days for 3 sk a nd a gain on day27 po st-in fe ctio n (P1 ). B iop sy sp ecim en s o f les ion sw e re exc ised an d s tored in 50% g ly cero l or froz enun til tes ted for C E virus. O the r p ort io tis o f th e b iopsysam ple s w e re fix ed in 10% form a lin an d p roc essedfo r h isto log ic exam in ation .

RESULTSR esu lts of the sero log ic surve are I ) resen ted

in T able 1 . A n tib ody to C E was I) rese tlt (a l-thoug h uncomm on ) in dom estic sheep and goa tsin A lask as In terio r. N early half (1 0 /2 2) of thewild muskox which were sh o t by huunters dur-ing 1978 ha d CE an tibod y , w h erea s p rev alencede clin ed to zero in 1 979 an d 1980 . Su irprisin g ly ,no an tib ody w as fou nd in the cap tive m uskoxdu rin g 1978 . A n tib od y preva lenc e w as h igh(9 /1 1) in the cap tive D all she ep in 1977, bu tde clin ed to m uch low e r le vels in 1 978 (1 /9) and1979 (1 / 10). S ero-p osi tive f ree -ran g in g D alish eep w ere fo und in th e lit terio r as ear ly as

25 6

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T im e (D ays P os t-In fe ct io n)F icunE 2 . A n tibo dy titers fo r m oo se, ca ribo u , atud

d om es tic she ep in ocu late d sv ith con tag io us c it It v istas i rus.

ZAR NKE ET A L -CO NTAG IO US ECTH YM A IN ALASKA 171

To .

- 62

-6F IGURE 1 . S ites in A lask a at w hich sam p les w e re co lle cte d fo r inv est iga tion s o f con tag io tu s eth svm a.

2864

32

16

8

27

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172 JOUR NA L O F W ILD L IFE D IS EASES , VO L . 19 , N O . 3 , JU LY 1983

T.SBLE 1 . P rev ale tic e of sera fromantih )Ody

v ario us A lask an an im als w h ich w ere pos iti se for co n tag io us ec titym a

S pecie s loc ationtear(s(

collecteelN ii . p os it is e

n o. t es te d3

i r es a le nc eR an ge if

titers

i)iim es tic s heep Fa irlian ks ,D e lta JetTick

1978 2 :3 2 6 1 6 -64

D om estic goa t Fa i rbanks ,D e lta JetTo k

1978 3 87 :3 8 -128

S iuskox N un ivak Is land 1978 -1980 10 45 22 8 -16\ie isk iix k iia lak le e t 1978 t) 9 Ii -

(c ap t i ve )i)alls he ep 1 )r d :r ee k ,

She ep ( :re ek1971 . 1 978 . 1 979 46 124 :37 8-32 t )

i)alls he ep Fa irbanks 1 977 -1 979 11 :3 t) :37 8 - 32 ()(c ap t i ve )

1971 , s s- itls h ig he st p rev alen ce oc curring in 1978 .N o po sit ives w ere fo und in sm all num bers ofD all sh eep from th e B roo ks R ange or the K en aiPen insu la nor its m ounta in goa ts from the la tterlocat ion .

A ll the D all lam b s co llec ted in D en ali P arkhad crusty lesions on the mouth an d/o r ho ove s.C E virus w a s iso lated from th te le sio ns of a llth ree an im a ls.

A ll th ree an i tsia ls (m oose , ca ribo u , an c! d o-m estic sh eep ) ss -h i ich sve re expe rim en tally ex-po sed to C E v iru s dev elo ped oral les ion s w hichw e re gro ssly and h isto lo g ic ally com patil)le w itha d iagn osis of C E . A ffected are as sve re raised1- 2 mm w ith a pittk, g rat iu tlar ap pea ran ce av-e rag ing 1 cm in d iam ete r an t .! w ere lim ite d too ne o r tw o sites on the l ips. T heir le sio ns d li( !not interfere wi th isormal feeding . Attem pts toiso la te CE v iru s from lesio tt b iopsy spec im ensw e re u nsu cc essfu il . R esu lts o f se ruum an tibo dyassay s f or these an itss als a re pre sen teti its F igu re2. The an tib od !v ti ters d le p ic t a ty p ic al m am -m a lian re spo nse ( sero-conv ers ion ) to a v ira lin fect ion .

D ISCUSS IONR esults of th e sero lo g ic surv ey (Table 1 ) its-

d ica ted that dom estic she ep and dom est ic g oatsw ith prev ious exp osu re to CE virus xv ere pre sen tits Irs terio r A la ska . A lthso ugh the d isea se ap -pe ared to b e g eog rap h ic ally ss-id lespre ad! w ith inA la ska , seru um an tib ody prevale tic e its t hese (10-mestic an im als w as n ot h igh . W e b elie ve tha tth e C E an til)o (ly tite rs ss ere in d lic at ive o f nat-uural expouure atud ss ert tu ot d lue to) pu rpo sefu l

vac cin atio n b the owners . S eve ral g oat ox s-n ersin In terio r A la ska h ave ex pe rien ced recurren tep iso de s of a d isea se s s- ith signs x shsic h ss -erecom patib le w ith clin ica l CE . H ow eve r, therehav e been no co nfirm ed rep orts of clin ic al C Eto the S tate V ete rina ria n o r Fed era l V eteri tiar -ian in A lask a (G o re, pe rs. comm .).

The absenc e o f sign ific an t serum an til )od ytiters in the n in e m em bers of the cap tive U n a-lak leet m u skox he rd w as o f spec ial in te res t.Th ree of the n in e an im als w ere k nox s- it to hav ebeen infe cted w ith C E w ith in 1 yr p rio r to thetim e the sam ple s s se re co llecte d . A four ths in -d iv id ua l h ad! exh ib i ted cla ssic C E le sion s w ith in2 y r pr io r to the sam phitsg ( la te . T hus , seruma ru tibod v tite r de clin e is app aren tly q u ite rap idin m uskox . O n th e o the r h an d , h)ased u ipon theabsence of d ise ase in adu ilt m uisko xen a t U n a-la k lee t, p rev io us CE in fect iom u apparen t ly (lid !confer imm un ity in th is spe cie s. Th e d eatlu o ffive of 39 young cap tiv e an itis a ls as a re su lt o fC E infect ion (D iete ric h et a l., 1 98 1) ind ica tedth at th is d ise ase w as m o re seve re in v ou ing erind ix idu ia ls (K um mene je an d K ro gs ru td l, 197 8)and can co ntr ibu te to po pu lation redu uctio ti .

B ased upon re su l ts of sero lo g ic tests (T ab le1 ), C E ss-as presen t in th e fre e-rang ing m uskoxon N univak Island . S usp ic ious w arts le s io ns o tith e noses an d m ou ths o f the o rig ina l N univakIsla nd sto ck w ere rep orted in 19 :31 (B ell , 19 :31 ;Palm e r and R ou se, 19 6 :3 ). A ppa ren tly , C E hasbe en pre sen t in the herd for qu i te som e tim e,and th e an im a ls hav e tto t su ffe red notice ab lelosse s a s a result.

A s s s- ou i l e xp ec te dl , a nu ti l) o( ly p re s a le ti c e

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ZAR NKE ET A L -CON TAG IOU S EC THYM A IN A LASKA 173

and tite rs x se re h ig h in th e cap tive D all sheepsh ortly after signs w e re first o bse rved in 1 977 .A ntibo dy p rev alence w as low in b oth 1 978 and1979 . H ow ever, tite rs w ere h igh in those spe-cific an im als w hich w ere cons id e red se ro lo g i-ca lly po sitiv e . T hus , ap paren tly the env iron -ment in which these sheep were held was stillcontamina ted wi th CE virus, or laten t CE in -fections h ad b een reac tiv ated .

T he presence of m easurab le CE an tibod inse ra from three o f 10 D alI sheep cap tu red dur-in g 1971 a t D ry C reek in d icates tha t the v iruuswas pre sen t in w ild po pulations p rio r to th eou tb reak in cap tive m u skox and D all sheep nearF a irbanks , In the early 19 60s , a D all sheeplam b was fou nd dead a t D ry C reek by anAD F&G em p lo yee (u npub l. d ata ). L esions onth e m uzzle w ere sugges tive o f CE . In add ition ,CE v irus w as iso la ted from m amm ary g lan !les ions of an adu lt ew e D all sheep wh ich w ascap tu red a t S heep C reek in 1979 (Sm ith e t a! .,198 2). Th ese inc id en ts lend sup port to the hy -po thesis tha t C E w as presen t in w ild sheep prio rto the 1976-1977 ou tb reak in cap tive an im als.P erhaps the d isease has been en zoo tic in w ildsheep s ince preh is to ric tim es . A lte rna tive ly , oc -cas iona lly d om estic sheep an d goa ts a re a llow edto graze in rem ote a reas o f A laska near w ildsheep hab ita t. T h ese dom es tic an im als co u ldse rve as sources o f C E (and o th er d iseases) fo rwild an im al pop u la tion s. It is be liev ed tha t the rew as no spread of CE virus from eithe r th e cap-tive m usk ox or cap tive D ali sheep to an y w ildan im als . T h us, the find in g of CE an tib ody inth e free -ran g ing D all sheep popu la tio ns a t Sh eepC reek and D r C reek in 1978 and Sheep C reekin 197 9 fur ther sub stan tiates the l)elie f th at C Eis enzoo tic in these popu lation s.

T he ob serva tions of d iseased an im als and thev iru s iso la tions from an im als in D ena li N a tiona lP ark ind ica ted tha t the in fec tion w as m ost com -m on and m ost severe in lam b s. T h is is the casein dom es tic spec ies (B eck and T ay lo r , 1 974) andcap tive m usk ox and D all sh eep (D iete rich e t al.,1981) . T he cap tive D all sheep lam b s near F air-b an ks w hich deve lop ed severe in fec tion s (D ie -te rich e t a l., 1 981) w ere in fected a t ag e 2-3 m o .T he lam bs from D ena li P ark w ere 2-5 m o olderthan th ese cap tive lam bs , and the m ajo rity ss -c rcin apparen tly hea lthy cond ition . H ow ev er, theind iv idu al xvh ich w as foun d d ead had essen-tia lly no fa t depo sits an d ha(! apparen tly s ta rve!to dea th as a resu lt o f CE infection . T he an im a l

which w as k illed due to the severity o f its le-sio ns w as in rela tive ly go od phy sica l cond itionw ith su bstan tia l subcu taneous , pe rica rd ia l, pe r-iren al, and m esen te ric fa t dep osits. P erhaps th isin d iv idua l ssas in an earlie r s tage of the d iseasecom pared to the o ther lam b.

R esu lts o f the experim en ta l expo sure of ca r-ib ou and m oose dem ons tra te th at these spec iesa re suscep tib le to C E in fec tion . T hese an im alsw ere in go od phys ical con d ition a t the tim e o finocu la tion and rem ained so th roughou t th e ex-perim en t. L es ions w ere m ild . T h is o bserva tionagrees w ith prev iou sly pu b lished reports o n theseverity o f C E lesions in dom es tica ted re ind eer(Fa lk , 1978 ; Kum m eneje and K rogsrud , 197 8).S erum antibody titers to C E v irus reached s ig -n ifican t leve ls. T he sm all sam ple size in th isex perim en t p rec lu ides an y s tatem en ts o n thequan tita tive in te rp re ta tion of se ro lo g ic surveysinvo lv in g free- rang ing m oose or ca rib ou . B ase tlup on th e ab sence o f any pub lished reports o fCE infec tion in free -rang ing m oose o r ca ribouan d th e re la tive ly m ild les io ns in our exp er i-m en ta lly exp osed young an im als, CE prob ab lydoes no t po se any ser io us th rea t to hea lthy in -d iv iduals o f these spec ies in the w ild .

ACKNOW LEDGMEN TSThe au thors w ish to ackn ow ledg e th e assis -

tance o f E . A . C arb rev , J. P earson , D . B urger,W . E . H e im e r, L . N ich o ls, Jr ., an d th e sta ff o fDenali N a tion al P ark . F inanc ial suup port fo rthese s tu d ies w as prov ided , in part, by F edera lA id in W ild life R es to ra tio n Pro jec ts W -22-R .

L ITERA TUR E C ITE DBEcK, C . C ., AXE ) NV . B . TAYLOR. 1974. ORF: Its

aassrfu l. V e t. M ed . Sm all A nim . C lin . 69 : 1413 -1 -4 1 7.

BELL , W . D . 1931 . E xp erim en ts in reestab l ish ingm uiskox en its A lask a. J. M amma l. 12 : 292 -29 7 .

BLOOD , D . A . 1971 . Con ta g iou s e cth ym a its RockyMoun t a i n bighorn s h e ep . J. Wild l l . Marsage. 35 :270-275 .

CARR , R. NV . 1968 . A case o f o rf (ec thsvm a conta -g iou su im ; co ntag io uus pu ustuu lar ( lerm atitis ) c on-tracte d! b y a hum an from a sv ild .A lask ats m ount-tam go at. A lask a N Ied . 1 0 : 75-77 .

CONNELL , R . 1954 . Con tag iou s ec thym a in RockyN lou in ta in b ig horn shseep . C an . J. Com p. N ied!.18 : 5 9-6 0.

DIETERICH, B . A ., G . R . SPENcER, D . BURGER , A . N I.GALLIXA, -ND J. VANDERSCIIALIE. 1981 . C on -ta gio uu s e cth vm a in A laskan m u skoxen an dl D alIs h e ep . J. Am . V et. M ed . A ssoc . 1 79 : 1 14 0-1 14 3.

ERid :K sON, C . A ., E . A . C .R BREY , A N t) C . A .

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GU STAFSON . 1975 . G en era lized contag ious cc -th ym a in a sh eep ranche r: D iag no stic cons ide r-at ions. J. Am . Vet. M ed . A ssoc. 1 66 : 262 -2 63 .

FALK , E . S . 1978 . P arap oxvirus in fect ion s o f thereind ee r and m u skox as soc iate d w ith u nu sua lhum an in fec tions . B r. J. D erm ato l. 99 : 647-654 .

HEBERT, D. NI . , W . N I. SAMUEL, AND G . W . Ss i im .1 9 77 . Contag ious ec thym a in m ounta in goa t o fcoas ta l B ritish C olum bia . J. W ild l. D is. 1 3 : 1 35 -136.

KUMMENEJE, K ., AN D J. KROGSRUD. 1978 . C on ta-g iou s ec thym a (orf) in the m uskox (O v ibo s n ios-cha t us) . A cta V et . S can d . 19 : 461 -46 2 .

AN D - 1979 . C on tag iou s e cth ym a(o rf) in re ind eer (Rang i fe r t. ta randus) . Ve t . Rec .105 : 60 -61 .

LANGE , NV. , W . ADR IAN , AND B. WIDHALM . 1981 .A n ep izo o tic of con tag iou ts e cth ym a in Ro ckyM oun tain b ig ho rn sheep in Co lorado . J. W ild l.D is . 17 : 6 01 -60 3 .

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PALMER, L. J. , AN D G . H . ROUSE . 1963 . Muu skoxinv est igat ion s in A lask a, 1 930 -19 35 . B ur. S por tF ish an d W iid l., D ept. In t., Juu neauu , A lask a, pp .26-27 .

Ross i , C . R ., AN D G . K . K iESEL . 1971 . M ic ro ti tertes ts fo r detect ing an tibo dy its bov ine se rum topara in f luenza 3 v iru s, in fec tiou s b ov ine rh ino -trache itis, and b ovine v iru s d iar rhe a v irus . A ppl.M ic rob io l. 22 : 32 -36 .

SAMUEL , W . M ., G . A . CHALMERS , J. C . STELFOX , A .LOEWEN, AND J. J . THOMSEN . 1975. Conta -gio us ecth ym a in b ig horn sh eep and m ouunta ingoa t in sv este rn C anada . J . W ild!. D is. 1 1 : 2 6-31 .

SMm I, A . C ., W . E . HEIMER, AND W . J. FOREYT .1982 . C ontag ious ec thym a in an ad ult D a ll sh eep(O v is da lli da lli) in A lask a. J . W ild i. D is . 18 :111-112 .

Jo urn a l o f W ild life D Isease s , 19(3), 1983 , p . 17 4 W il dl if e D isea se A sso cia tion 1983

A H ost-P a ras ite C ata log u e o f th e A v ian H a em ato -z oa , G ordon F . Benne tt, M adonna W hite sv av andCarla Woodworths-Lynas. Memorial Unis-ersity ofN ew found land O ccasiona l Papers in B io!o g #5 . Its-tern atio na l R eferenc e C entre for . Av ia n H ae ma to zo a,Dep a r tmen t of B io log y , N lem oria l U n is e rs ity o fN esx-fo u ind land , S t. Joh ns , N ew fouund lan d .A 1B 3X9 ,C an ada . 198 2 . 2 43 pp . $15 .00 Canadiats.

Th is 1)00k is the cu lm ination o f a d lozen years ofo rig ina l a nd li tera tu re re sea rch . It is a s as t storeho useo f in form a tion and it shou ld be in th e po sse ssion ofan one sv ork ing on the b io log y of the b loo d p ara siteso f b ir ths . It is sv ell o rgan ized and nicely k eyed in toth e orig in al li tera tu re referenc es th rou igh ci ta tions toth e tw o volum es of b ib lio graphsy sti ll av ailab le fromth e sam e C entre .

Th e first 2 00 pages con tai ts a n alphabe tica l lis tingo f av ian spec ies a rranged by hos t fam ily . T hse para -s ites record ed in the lite ra tu re o r as un puubh ished rec -o rd s in th e listern atio nal R eferen ce C entre for .A vianHaen ia tozoa a re l is te d f oh lo s vi ng e ac h s pe ci es n ame .S pecie s th at have been exam ined !, bu tt fo un d! to beu nin fected a re repor ted ! also . Sy tso nym s are g iv enwhere the h osts nam e h as bee ts changed! s ince thein form a tion sva s pu blished .

A to tal o f 3 ,8 16 av ian spec ies a re l is te d r ep re se ts t-in g 152 o f 172 (8 4% ) of the ex tan t av ian fam ilies .S pec ies o f Haemop ro t e u s are record ed f rom 1,7 32s1 c ies re rese tttin g 67% of th e infe cted a s-ian spec ies.O the r gen era o f b loo d pa ras ites o ccu rred a s fo llo svs :

m icrofi lariae (48% ), Plasmod iun i ( 4 2%) , Leucocy-tozoon (39% ) and Trypanosonsa (30% ). O th er in fre -quen tly encoun te red hem atozo a are l isted .

The num ber of spec ies in fec ted sv ith the varioush em atozoan genera is suumm arized by as-ian fam ily .I t is in teresting to note tha t n ear ly all spe cie s of cer-ta in fa milie s are su scep tib le to a t leas t o ne genuis ofb loo d pa ras ite , sv he rea s spec ies o f o th er fam il ies arerarely , if ever, fo und po sitive . T h is is on ly a su upe r-f ic ia l ind ica tio n du e to th e vast d isp arity in th e num-b ers o f ind iv idua ls exam ined , bu t in som e cases, th esefind in gs correspond n ice ly to recen t rev iesvs b asedo n the prev alence of b loo d paras ite s in b irds frome ntire c on tin en ts .

There a re also list ing s of the spec ies of Haen to -p ro teus , P lasnuo d ium , L eucocy tozo on an d Trypano-soma th at occur in b ird s. E ach spe cie s o f pa rasi te isfo llow ed b the au thority fo r the spec ies and thety pe hos t a nd fam ily .

A n ind ex to th e fam ilies an d ge tse ra o f av ian h ostsg rea tly ass ists in the lo ca tion of th e d lesired av ianspecies.

T o re ite ra te m y fe elin gs abou t th is v o lu um e a s m en-t ioned its th e beg in n in g o f th is re siesv , it is a ba rga info r the p ric e and is go ing to be in valuuab le to para-sito lo g is ts from a rou nd the sv orld .

E llis C . G re in er , Dep a r tmen t of Preven tive Medic ine ,College of Veterin ary M ed icin e, U niv ersi ty of F lo rid a,G a ine sv i lle , F lo rid a 32 610 , U SA .