17. Chapter14 - Urban Infrastructure

Urban Infrastructure

Part 4 Infrastructure Development Initiatives

CHAPTER 14

Section B Planning and Implementation

14 chapter

14 - 1

Urban Infrastructure

14.1 Introduction

Infrastructure plays a pivotal role in supporting the quality of life and

with this in mind, SJER needs to provide the highest standard and

quality of infrastructure and utility services.

As its urban areas continue to expand and develop, there is an

immediate need to improve the infrastructure to support new

development projects. Such infrastructure and utility services need to

be efficient and to be geared towards supporting a clean and high

quality living environment.

14.2 Goals

The objectives with regard to provision of infrastructure are as follows:-

In line with these goals, planning for urban infrastructure needs to take

into consideration the following:■ Projections for population growth – predict growth and distribution

of population and employment to ensure urban infrastructure is

delivered on time.

■ Planning for demand –infrastructure planning needs to be based

on realistic demand projections to optimise the use and efficiency

of the infrastructure.

■ Innovation – seek to implement innovative practices that will

improve service delivery.

The services should be efficient, reliable and integrated, making use of

common facilities and service corridors. The public will be encouraged

to participate in conservation and waste minimisation activities, whilst

the latest technology will be used to ensure minimal environmental

impact.

URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE GOALS:• To optimise use of existing infrastructure.

• To integrate common aspects of infrastructure needs and requirements to ensure planning for sustainable and affordable development to meet the growth of SJER.

• To utilize modern and innovative technology in infrastructure provision to improve service levels and to attain a high quality environment within SJER.

• To control and coordinate all infrastructure and utilities service providers and to set targets for quality waste, water and energy resources within SJER.

14 - 2

SECTION B PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION

B. Current Main Substation and Capacity

The present supply of electric power in the study area is sufficient. Based

on Table 14.2, the capacity of 23 main intake substations could meet

the demand of SJER and produce 2040 MVA with a maximum capacity

of 994MV. Figure 14.1 shows the location of the intake substations in the

study areas.

14.3 Power Supply

The provision of sufficient and uninterrupted electric power is essential to

support urban growth. With this in mind, the generation and distribution

of power needs to be properly planned, making use of the latest

technology as required.

KEY DIRECTION

UI 1: Ensure sufficient supply of power to cater for the growth of

SJER and to support its objective of becoming a world class

sustainable conurbation.

UI 2: To ensure that the reliability of power within SJER meets the

standards set for MSC Cybercities and Cybercentres.

A. Enhance the Reliability of Power Supply

The following proposed targets will be set for SJER i.e.:■ Improve System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI) from

the current 105 minutes/customer/year (2004)1 to less than 20

minutes/customer/year; and

■ System Average Interruption Frequency Indexes (SAIFI) from 1.11

(2004) to less than 0.5

Source: Report on The Performance Of The Electricity Supply Services In Malaysia, Interim Report 1st Half 2004

1 Report on The Performance Of The Electricity Supply Services In Malaysia, Interim Report 1st Half 2004

Name of Cities Performance Index : SAIDI

Name of Cities Performance Index : SAIFI

Johor Bahru

Kuala Lumpur

Putrajaya

Singapore

France

USA

105

99

2

15

52

88

Johor Bahru

Kuala Lumpur

Putrajaya

Singapore

Michigan

London

Japan

New York

1.11

0.84

0.01

0.10

1.35

0.40

0.02

0.99

Table 14.1: Performance Of The Electricity Supply Services

Local Authority PMU Capacity

(MVA) Voltage(kV)

Supply (MVA)

Maximum Demand(MW MD)

Majlis Bandaraya Johor Bahru (MBJB)

Kangkar 2X60 132/22 120.00 65.00

Tebrau 2X60 132/22 120.00 70.00

Stulang Darat 2X45 132/22 90.00 60.00

Majidee 2X60 132/22 120.00 80.00

Tampoi Ind. 2X60 132/22 120.00 60.00

TebrauCentral 2X60 132/22 120.00 60.00

Kempas 2X60 132/22 120.00 60.00

Sub total 810.00 455.00

Majlis Per-bandaran Johor Bahru Tengah (MPJBT)

Tg. Kupang 2X60 132/22 120.00 60.00

Ulu Tiram 2X60 132/22 120.00 60.00

Skudai 2X60 132/22 120.00 70.00

Sub Total 360.00 190.00

Majlis Dae-rah Kulai (MDK)

Saleng 2X30 132/11 60.00 20.00

Seelong 2X30 132/11 60.00 15.00

Bukit Batu 2X30 132/11 60.00 12.00

Johor Tengah ITC 2X30 132/11 60.00 11.00

Senai Hitec 2X30 132/11 60.00 15.00

Sub Total 300.00 73.00

Table 14.2: List of Sub-station (PMU) and Demand (MVA) in SJER, 2003

URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE

CHAPTER 14 | PART 4

14 - 3

As illustrated, the current supply outstrips demand. The capacity from all

the intake substations in SJER in the year 2003 is 1249.50MW compared

to the actual total demand of 653 MW.

Table 14.3: Demand of Power Supply Compared to The Capacity

Usage 2003

Capacity (MW) 1249.50

Demand (MW) 653.00

Balance (MW) 596.50

Source: SJER CDP 2025

Main Sub Station (PMU) 132/22 kV Kangkar Tebrau

C. Projected Demand for Power

Demand for power is projected based on future projections for

economic growth as well as the physical development growth within

the SJER area.

D. Meeting Demand for Power

Consumption of electricity within SJER will increase from 1,334 MW

in 2005 to 2,819 MW by the year 2025. The increase is in line with

the physical development of the area. The Table 14.4 illustrates the

projected growth in demand for power from different user bases

(housing, commercial, industry and street lightings).

TNB’s coverage should extend to 100% of SJER and be sufficient to meet

demand. The reserve margin needs to be maintained at a minimum of

25%.

Local Authority PMU Capacity

(MVA) Voltage(kV)

Supply (MVA)

Maximum Demand(MW MD)

PBT Pasir Gudang (PBTPG)

PGIE 3 x 60 132/22 180 96.63

Tg. Langsat 2 x 60 132/22 120 24.38

PGDT 2 x 60 132/22 120 65.00

Cahaya Baru 2 x 60 132/22 120 48.75

PGPS 1 x 30 132/22 30 14.63

Titan P. Gudang – 132 – 15.50

Titan Tg. Langsat – 132 – 22.27

Antara Steel Mill – 132 – 54.82

Sub Total 570 341.98

GRAND TOTAL 2040.00 994.98

Source : Regional Load Forecast and Load Desegregation Report, 1997-2009

14 - 4


PBPTDJB (con’t)

Industry 14.45 15.72 18.22 22.34 27.92

Sub Total 91.51 99.56 115.39 141.47 176.83

Street Lighting (5%) 4.82 5.24 6.07 7.45 9.3 1

Total (MW) 96.32 104.80 121.46 148.91 186.14

PBTPG

Sector 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Domestic 186.21 202.59 234.81 287.87 359.84

Commercial 111.72 121.56 140.88 172.72 215.90

Industry 55.86 60.78 70.44 86.36 107.95

Sub Total 353.80 384.93 446.13 546.96 683.70

Street Lighting (5%) 18.62 20.26 23.48 28.79 35.98

Total (MW) 372.42 405.19 469.61 575.75 719.68

OVERALL

Sector 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Domestic 667.37 739.67 900.19 1,126.91 1,409.98

Commercial 400.42 443.80 540.11 676.15 845.99

Industry 200.21 221.90 270.06 338.07 423.00

Sub Total 1,268.00 1,405.37 1,710.35 2,141.13 2,678.97

Street Lighting (5%) 66.74 73.97 90.02 112.69 141.00

Total (MW) 1,334.74 1,479.34 1,800.37 2,253.82 2,819.97


MBJB

Sector 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Domestic 221.70 236.77 284.84 350.35 438.64

Commercial 133.02 142.06 170.90 210.21 263.18

Industry 66.51 71.03 85.45 105.10 131.59

Sub Total 421.22 449.87 541.19 665.66 833.41

Street Lighting (5%) 22.17 23.68 28.48 35.03 43.86

Total (MW) 443.39 473.54 569.67 700.70 877.27

MPJBT

Sector 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Domestic 154.17 186.09 245.08 321.79 402.87

Commercial 92.50 111.65 147.05 193.07 241.72

Industry 46.25 55.83 73.52 96.54 120.86

Sub Total 292.93 353.56 465.64 611.39 765.46

Street Lighting (5%) 15.42 18.61 24.51 32.18 40.29

Total (MW) 308.35 372.17 490.15 643.57 805.75

MDK

Sector 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Domestic 57.13 61.82 74.74 92.45 115.56

Commercial 34.28 37.09 44.84 55.47 69.34

Industry 17.14 18.55 22.42 27.73 34.67

Sub Total 108.55 117.45 142.00 175.65 219.57

Street Lighting (5%) 5.71 6.18 7.47 9.24 11.56

Total (MW) 114.26 123.63 149.47 184.90 231.12

PBPTDJB

Sector 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Domestic 48.16 52.40 60.73 74.46 93.07

Commercial 28.90 31.44 36.44 44.67 55.84

Table 14.4: Projection of Power Supply Demand for SJER, 2000-2025


CHAPTER 14 | PART 4

14 - 5

E. Main substation Intake (PMU)

TNB will need to increase the capacity of the main intake to meet the

increase in demand expected up to 2025. The plans for upgrade within

the SJER area are illustrated on the following page.

Table 14.5: Committed Sub-station (PMU) in SJER

Study Area Main Substation Intake (PMU)

Rate (MVA)

Voltan(kV)

Capacity (MVA)

Max. Demand

(MW MD)

Target YearCompletion

Majlis Bandaraya Johor Bahru

(MBJB)

UDA 2 x 60 132/22 120.00 - 2006

Kempas No.2 2 x 60 132/22 120.00 - 2007

Bukit Cagar 2 x 60 132/22 120.00 - 2008

Bakar Batu 2 x 60 132/22 120.00 - 2010

Sub Total 480.00 -

Majlis Perbandaran Johor Bahru

Tengah (MPJBT)

Desa Cemerlang 2 x 60 132/22 120.00 - 2008

Casa Saujana 2 x 60 132/22 120.00 - 2010

Taman Sutera 2 x 60 132/22 120.00 - 2010

Sg. Tiram 2 x 60 132/22 120.00 - 2010

Sub Total 480.00 -

Majlis Daerah Kulai

(MDK)

Asiatic No. 3 2 x 30 132/11 60.00 - 2006

Sri Puteri 2 x 30 132/11 60.00 - 2008

Ladang Swee Lam 2 x 30 132/11 60.00 - 2010

Asiatic No. 4 2 x 30 132/11 60.00 - 2010

Sedenak 2 x 30 132/11 60.00 - 2010

Sub Total 300.00 -

PBT Pasir Gudang (PBTPG)

PGIE T3 1 x 60 132/22 60.00 - 2002

Tg. Langsat 1 2 x 90 132/33 180.00 - 2003

Johor Port 2 x 902 x 30

132/33132/11

180.0060.00

--

20032003

Pasir Putih 2 x 902 x 30

132/33132/11

180.0060.00

--

20102010

Tg. Langsat 2 2 x 902 x 30

132/33132/11

180.0060.00

--

20122012

Sub Total 940.00 -

Grand Total 2,200.00 -


14.4 Development Option/ Program

Common Trenching

It is proposed that common trenching or utility tunnels be adopted

in the SJER. A special committee headed by a utility service provider

should be formed to coordinate this. Detailed utility reserves should be

identified and implemented to ensure future maintenance or capacity

expansion can be carried out without road digging. This should be

implemented as soon as possible, particularly within the central business

district and new mega development areas.

14.5 Renewable Energy/Alternative Power Source

SJER will promote the use of renewable energy/ alternative power

sources, in line with Malaysia’s energy policy i.e. the 5th Fuel Policy:

“..:To supplement the conventional supply of energy, new sources

such as renewable energy will be encouraged. In this regards the fuel

diversification policy which comprises oil, gas, hydro and coal will be

extended to include renewable energy as the fifth fuel, particularly

biomass, biogas, municipal waste, mini-hydro and solar. Of these,

biomass resources such as palm oil and wood waste as well rice husks,

will be used on a wider basis, mainly for electrical generation. Other

potential sources of energy will include palm diesel and hydrogen fuel.”

KEY DIRECTION

UI 3 : SJER will promote the use of Renewable Energy in all new

development projects especially large townships and office

and commercial buildings within the SEC.

New, environmental-friendly methods of generating electricity such

as utilisation of bio-fuels and solar power should be explored. While

SJER has sufficient power till 2025, there should be a move towards

renewable energy sources given the obvious benefits.

14 - 6


14.6 Water Supply

A. Introduction

The current supply of water is adequate in meeting the needs of SJER,

with a reserve of about 100%.

Heavy industries in Pasir Gudang, new industries in Nusajaya and other

industrial areas, as well as the associated population increase will

require that the water supply system (comprising the source, headworks,

transmission, and storage and distribution network) be augmented

significantly.

KEY DIRECTION

UI 4 : Ensure a reliable source of high quality water and preserve

existing water catchments areas that serve SJER.

B. Water Demand

Demand for water within the SJER in the year 2005 was in the region of

537 million litres per day, as illustrated below.

Table 14.6: Existing SJER Water Demand

City Council Water Demand (mld)

MBJB 182.0

MPJBT 175.1

MPKu 51.0

PDJB 69.1

PBTPG 59.8

SJER 537.0


C. Water Resources

Syarikat Air Johor Holdings Berhad (SAJH) is the body responsible for the supply of treated water in SJER. There are six treatment plants, which supply 858 million litres of treated water per day to consumers in SJER. Raw water is sourced from three rivers namely Sungai Layang, Sungai

Johor and Sungai Pulai.

Table 14.7: Existing SJER Water Supply

Treatment Plant Water Supply (mld)

Layang 182.0

Layang Extension 136.0

Sg. Johor - Stage 2 159.0

Lower Pulai Treatment Plant 82.0

Sg. Johor - Stage 3 159.0

Sayong Treatment Plant 140.0

TOTAL 858.0


D. Non-Revenue Water (NRW)

Within SJER, Non Revenue Water (NRW) is very significant. NRW is the

difference between the total volume produced by water treatment

plants and total volume of water legally used. This difference in volume

is generally due to the following:

■ Leakage in distribution pipes, faulty valves and water wastage

due to improper pipe fittings, as well as burst pipes;

■ Operation of fire hydrants and flushing of main pipes;

■ Illegal pipe connection, for instance, tapping illegally from fire

hydrant; and

■ Meter vandalism.

In relation to the above, SAJH has taken various steps to improve

security by putting up fences. SAJH has implemented various programs

to upgrade the old pipes since 1995 and reduced NRW from 47% in

1992 to 27% in year 2000. SAJH has forecast that NRW in the region will

reduce to between 25%-20% in 2010.

E. Existing Water Requirements

From the analysis shown, there is a surplus of water of 149.9 million litre

per day. to cater for immediate needs and development pressure.


CHAPTER 14 | PART 4

14 - 7

Table 14.8: Current Supply and Demand

Item Water Supply (mld)

Water Supply 858.0

Less NRW 20%

Water Demand 537.0

Balance 149.9


F. Future Water Demand

However based on projected population growth, the demand for water

in SJER will reach 1376.7 million litres per day by the year 2025.

Table 14.9: Total Water Demand for SJER, 2000-2025

City CouncilWater Demand Forecast (mld)

2003 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

MBJB 147.6 181.5 199.0 245.5 310.2 415.6

MPJBT 136.3 175.1 217.0 293.2 396.1 530.4

MPKu 42.3 51.0 56.6 70.2 89.2 119.4

PDJB 58.2 69.1 77.2 91.8 115.7 154.9

PBTPG 16.1 59.8 76.4 97.4 116.8 156.4

SJER 400.5 536.5 626.2 798.1 1,028.0 1,376.7


G. Future Water Resources

By the year 2025 the estimated consumption is 1418 million litre per day,

an increase of 44% compared to the consumption in the year 2005.

Table 14.10 shows the projected rate of water consumption till 2025.

Table 14.10: Existing and Proposed Water Treatment Plant

Treatment Plant2003 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Existing:

Layang 182.0 182.0 182.0 182.0 182.0 182.0

Layang Extension 136.0 136.0 136.0 136.0 136.0 136.0

PUB Skudai 75.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Sg. Johor – Stage 2 159.0 159.0 159.0 159.0 159.0 159.0

Lower Pulai Treatment Plant 82.0 82.0 82.0 82.0 82.0 82.0

Sg. Johor – Stage 3 159.0 159.0 159.0 159.0 159.0 159.0

Sayong Treatment Plant 0.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 140.0

Total 793.0 858.0 858.0 858.0 858.0 858.0

Proposed By SAJH: 2003 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Johor Bahru Treatment Plant (Sg. Johor) 0.0 0.0 140.0 140.0 140.0 140.0

Sedili Besar Treatment Plant - Stage 1A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 210.0 210.0

Sedili Besar Treatment Plant - Stage 1B 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 210.0

Total 0.0 0.0 140.0 140.0 350.0 560.0

Grand Total 793.0 858.0 998.0 998.0 1208.0 1418.0


As illustrated, SJER is expected to face water shortages after 2025. Hence,

a new source of water needs to be identified and new water treatment

plants must be planned to meet the demand (refer Table 14.11)

Table 14.11: Difference of Total Demand and Supply

Item 2003 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Water

Supply

Total Supply 793.0 858.0 998.0 998.0 1,208.0 1,418.0

Less NRW 158.6 171.6 149.7 99.8 120.8 141.8

Actual Supply 634.4 686.4 848.3 898.2 1,087.2 1,276.2

Demand 400.6 536.5 626.2 798.1 1,028.0 1,376.7

Balance 233.8 149.9 222.1 100.1 59.2 (100.5)


It is thus recommended that a Water Resource Study be undertaken

to identify new sources of water and the feasibility of constructing new

treatment plants.

14 - 8


KEY DIRECTION

UI 5 : Sustainable use of water resources i.e implementing

measures for more efficient use of water and by encouraging

water recycling and rainwater harvesting

A. Water Sources

Apart from conventional water supply for domestic use from public

distribution system by relevant agency, other potential sources of

water need to be exploited, in particular, rainwater. Guidelines for

incorporation of rainwater harvesting in individual buildings have been

formulated.

B. Rainwater collection and water recycling

Rainwater is collected from downspouts connected to the roof gutters

of a building. A simple device called a roof washer diverts the initial flow

of the rainfall into a storage tank.

Table 14.12: Projected Water Resources From Rainwater harvesting

Year 2003 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025Rainwater Harvesting (mld)

18.7 23.0 26.2 32.5 40.7 51.0


Figure 14.2: Use of Gutter for Rainwater Collection in Residential Building


H. Water Supply Master Plan

▼ Development Option

To overcome the projected water shortage, new sources need to be

found and new treatment plants need to be developed. Based on the

projected increase in demand, a treatment plant with a capacity of

100 million litres per day should be built to meet demand for water in

2025. Other alternatives such as rainwater harvesting and exploitation of

underground water resources should be explored.

14.7 Water Resource Management and Alternative Sources

SJER will adopt an integrated water management system where water

supply and use will be viewed as an integrated cycle. Sources of water,

which include underground water sources, rivers, water catchments

area, lakes and rainwater, are to be is conserved whilst wastewater

from sewerage treatment plants and drainage systems is to be recycled

for suitable purposes.

Figure14.1: Concept of Integrated Water Management


DOMESTIC USEDrinking WaterKitchen UseBathing Washing

DOMESTIC USEBathingWashingToilet FLushingNON-DOMESTIC USEGardeningMunicipalLandscapingCar Washing

DOMESTIC USEToilet Flushing

NON-DOMESTIC USEGardeningMunicipalLandscapingCar Washing

Pipe Water fromWater supplyAgency (SAJ)

Rainwater Recycled Water/Grey Water

SewerageTreatment PlantDrains, Retention

Ponds andCanal System

River System

WaterSources

WaterUse

WasteWater Gutter to collect rainwater

Gutter to collect rainwater




CHAPTER 14 | PART 4

14 - 9

Water tank for domestic water supply from water authority

Water main for domestic use from water authority reticulation system

Rainwater storage tank


Collection pipe from gutter to rainwater storage tank

Rainwater distribution pipe for non-drinking use such as

gardening and toilet flushing.

Figure 14.3: Concept of Rainwater Harvesting For Residential Building


C. Ground Water

Within the study area ground water is projected to represent only 0.2%

of total water supply in the year 2025. Nevertheless, it is important,

particularly for the drinking water industry, Table below shows the

location and capacity of ground water.

Table 14.13: List of Tube Well in SJER

Location Usage Q Depth (m)

Kulai Besar Oil Mill D 10.00 8.00



Larkin Industrial I 10.00 163.00

Larkin Industrial I 10.00 160.00

Kulai Evegreen MW 5.00 200.00

Ocean, U. Tiram MW 6.00 115.82

Ocean, U. Tiram MW 1.00 30.4

Kg. Murni Jaya D 5.00 104.00

Kg. Kuala Kabung D 5.00 124.00

Kg. Air Manis D 5.00 110.00

SM Senai D 10.00 93.00

Location Usage Q Depth (m)

IKBN Skudai D 10.00 75.00

Kg. Seri G. Pulai D 10.00 104.00

Kelab Golf DiRaja D 1.00 30.00

Kg. Sg. Tiram D 5.00 90.00

Kg. Pulai D 5.00 35.00

Kg. Ulu Choh D 5.00 130.00

TOTAL 123


D. Wastewater

The drainage system and the sewerage treatment plant are two sources

of wastewater. Surface run-offs and treated effluent from sewerage

treatment plants shall be disposed in the river systems of the SJER and

can be used as a water source particularly for non-domestic uses such

as municipal landscaping and gardening.

As such, it is paramount that treated effluent discharge into the river

system is properly managed and water quality of rivers are maintained

to the required standards.

E. Construction Cost

Estimates of the cost of developing the water supply system are

based on current year, 2006. The cost in Zone 1, MBJB is expected

to be higher than that of other zones. The cost of the water supply

infrastructure is summarised in the Table 14.14.





14 - 10


Zone 1 – MBJBBil. Project Project Cost (RM) Proposed Agency

1 Constructed of reinforcement concrete water tank 156,122,482 SAJH/Developer

2 Constructed of common trenching 34,335,000 SAJH

3 Constructed new pipelines 1,260,000 SAJH

4 Replace the old pipelines. 37,800,000 SAJH

Total 229,517,482

Zone 2 – MPJBTBil. Project Project Cost (RM) Proposed Agency



3 Constructed new pipelines 1,260,000 SAJH


Total 185,320,052

Zone 3 – MPKuBil. Project Project Cost (RM) Proposed Agency




Total 87,263,176

Zone 4 – PBTDJBBil. Project Project Cost Proposed Agency


Total 155,623,580

Zone 5 - PBT Pasir GudangBil. Project Project Cost (RM) Proposed Agency




Total 112,000,000

Grand Total for Water Supply 769,724,291

Table 14.14: Estimated Water Supply Infrastructure Cost



CHAPTER 14 | PART 4

14 - 11

14.8 Sustainable Drainage System

Sustainable drainage is a way of dealing with surface run-off which

avoids the problems associated with conventional drainage practices.

Conventional drainage is not only more expensive to install and

maintain but it is also designed to move rainwater as rapidly as

possible from the point at which it has fallen to a discharge point,

either a watercourse or a soak way. This would increase risk of flooding

downstream due to sudden increase in water levels from hard standing

areas.

SJER will advocate sustainable drainage systems which will offer more

cost effective solutions that are easy to manage, attractive and resilient

to use. Sustainable drainage systems can be used in both urban and

rural areas. The ‘Manual Saliran Mesra Alam’ or MASMA prepared

by the Drainage and Irrigation Department (JPS) contains a detailed

guide to sustainable drainage; however it is not widely implemented in

Malaysia. Hence, for SJER its key objective is:-

KEY DIRECTION

UI 6: To enforce the use of MASMA guidelines and advocate

use of sustainable drainage system to achieve long term

environmental goals for SJER.

A. The River

There are eight major rivers within the district of Johor Bahru as

registered under ‘National Register of River Basins’. These rivers include

Sungai Skudai, Sg Tebrau, Sungai Kempas and Sungai Johor as shown

Table 14.15 and form a major drainage system, as well as a source of

water for households, industries and agriculture.

Table 14.15: Main Rivers in the SJER

Bil. NameCatchments Area

(ha)Length(Km)

1 Sungai Segget - -

2 Sungai Pontian Kecil - -

3 Sungai Pontian Besar 29,000 47

4 Sungai Kempas - -

Bil. NameCatchments Area

(ha)Length(Km)

5 Sungai Danga 3,000 16

6 Sungai Skudai 39,000 49

7 Sungai Tebrau 39,000 39

8 Sungai Johor 270,000 125

TOTAL 380,000 276

Sources: National Register of River Basins

B. Flooding

There are still many areas subject to floods in the Johor Bahru area and

most are within the river basins of Sungai Tebrau, Sungai Masai, Sungai

Skudai and Sungai Plentong. Based on reports from the Department of

Drainage, almost 8,500 people may typically be displaced during floods.

Some of the flood prone areas are shown in the following table.

Table 14.16: Flood Areas in The River Catchments

No River Location Affected

peopleFlooding

1 Sungai Tebrau

• Kg. Sri Aman• Kg. Tawakal• Kg. Maju Jaya

100 -

2. Sungai Skudai

• Kg. Sri Purnama• Kg. Berembang• Kg. Lembah Jaya• Kg. Laut Bt. 10• Kg. Jaya Sepakat• Taman. Tan Yoke Fong• Kg. Pertanian Kulai• Kg. Separa• Tanah Rezab KTM Bt. 19• Kg. Tasar Senai• Kg. Jaya Sepakat• Kg. Pasir Senai• Kg. Sri Maju

184

3,452

1,502

1,992

-

3. Sungai Masai

• Kg. Sepakat• Kg. Masjid• Kg. Sentosa Damai• Kg. Cahaya Baru

1,116 -

14 - 12


D. Application of MASMA

The MASMA Manual for run-off design promotes environmentally friendly

solutions and should be made applicable to any development in Johor

Bahru.

E. Rehabilitation of Major River and Straits of Johor

Major rehabilitation of rivers such as Sungai Skudai and Sungai Tebrau

should be carried out to prevent erosion and siltation caused by the

construction of major embankment work, to improve water quality.

This work should also be carried out along the coastal areas of SJER

stretching from east to west.

Illegal Squatters Within The Reserveof Sungai Skudai

Example of an Embankment Work

No River Location Affected people

Flooding

4. Sungai Plentong

• Kg. Plentong Baru 120 -

5. Others • Kg. Oren• Jalan Air Molek• Kg. Mohd. Amin• Rumah Murah Melati, Ulu Tiram

500 Every 2 years

TOTAL 8,966

Sources: Laporan Banjir Disember 2001, JPS Johor & Media

The main reason of flooding in this area is due to insufficient capacity to

receive the additional discharge. Some of the rivers meander and as a

result, siltation easily occurs at the river mouth, causing flood. The situation

become worse when there is heavy rain and high spring tide. The rapid

pace of development within the district of Johor Bahru also contributes

to the flooding at the river basin area, as insufficient drainage causes

blockages and flash flood.

The presence of illegal squatters within the river reserve areas, especially

at Sungai Skudai and Sungai Tebrau, can also contribute to flooding, as it

impedes maintenance work by the drainage department. In addition this

results in unpleasant views along the rivers and poor water quality due to

the disposal of domestic waste by the illegal squatters.

C. New Target of Projection and Commitment

The rate of land conversion in SJER is quite high. As sites cleared for

development, this may result in an increase in surface run off and peak

flows that can easily cause flooding; especially at the river estuary. Many

rivers have been narrowed due to land development and subsequent

earthworks, and may need to be widened and maintained. In relation

to this there must be sufficient river reserve to ensure effective river

management. The reserve could be used for recreational purposes and

to provide more green areas.

Rain water harvesting

Gravel Trench’

Soakaway Pit’ Porous road

surface

Swale

Gross pollutant Trap

(GPT) Traps waste

Grass area Absorbs rain water

into the ground

Retention Pond and ‘Wetland’

Retain surface run-off water

water

Figure 14.4: Application of Sustainable Drainage



CHAPTER 14 | PART 4

14 - 13

F. Retention and Detention Pond

The application of MASMA standards in SJER will result in a greater

emphasis on providing retention and detention ponds or lakes to

improve water quality, minimize flooding and improve the quality of the

environment. The water in the ponds or lakes can be used to dilute rivers

especially during dry season.

G. Installation of Silt Traps

Silt traps should also be constructed in many tributaries especially at the

new development areas.

H. Guidelines for Sustainable Storm Water Drainage & Flood Mitigation

• Install trash racks or screens to trap debris/litter;

• Allow for buffer strips and grass swales to protect water source

from contamination by nearby development precinct.;

• Install GPT and oil/grease traps in major drains at strategic

locations;

• Install series of bio-retention /infiltration porous systems for storm

water to get back into the ground;

• Install buried drainage pipes to cater for major storm; and

• Install water collection equipment, storage and pump for recycle

storm water as non-potable water.

For land under development which has a gradient of less than 30º

but greater than 25º, geo-technical analysis, analysis on contour and

drainage pattern and an EIA study should be included. All hill slopes

have to be closely turfed after cutting.

14.9 Sewerage

The Department of Sewerage Southern Region (JPP) is the government

agency responsible for the management of sewerage in the District

of Johor Bahru. Meanwhile operation and maintenance services is

carried out by a concession company, Indah Water Konsortium (IWK).

The process of taking over maintenance work has been carried out

progressively by JPP since 1995. Untill now only the areas under the City

Council of Johor Bahru and areas outside of Municipality Councils have

not been taken over.

KEY DIRECTION

UI 7 : The need for sustainable sewerage system in SJER.

UI 8 : All new housing development to be connected to the eco-

friendly centralized sewerage system (CSS).

UI 9 : All land made available for Sewerage Treatment Plants must

be primarily reserved and designated for public purposes.

A. Existing Sewerage System

Sewerage waste in the District of Johor Bahru comes from both public

and private sewerage plants, individual septic tanks (IST), primitive

systems (villages and illegal squatters) and untreated discharge

from households. As Indah Water Konsortium is only responsible for

maintaining public treatment plants, many other forms of treatment

plants are currently not properly maintained.

Sewerage Treatment Plant at Taman Suria Johor Bahru

14 - 14


Table 14.18: Location of Treatment Plants and PE in MPJBT

No Location Treatment Plans Population Equivalent, PE

Category No

1 Taman Jaya IT 3 960

2 Taman Skudai Baru OP 2 23875

NPS 5 22515

3 Taman Damai Jaya OP 1 1500

4 Desa Skudai OP 1 2600

EA 2 5580

5 Taman Abadi IT 1 2082

6 Taman Sri Putri OPPS 1 6735

NPS 1 3810

7 Impian Mas SBR 1 5725

8 Taman U. Tun Aminah ITPS 13 12731

IT 8 7560

9 Taman Selesa Jaya AL 2 9150

NPS 3 3000

10 Lima Kedai CST 24 1695

EA 1 1275

11 Taman Timur OP 1 1580

AB 1 485

12 Taman Tan Sri Yaakob OD 1 5863

13 Taman Melawati EA 1 2705

14 Taman Sri Orkid SBR 1 3520

15 Taman Mutiara Rini EA 1 4375

16 Taman Jaya Mas SBR 1 2201

NPS 1 200

17 Taman D’ Utama EA 1 755

18 Taman Permata EA 1 680

19 Taman Sutera AS 1 6220

NPS 1 6785

20 Taman Perling OPPS 1 9910

NPS 1 3540

21 Taman Sri Pulai OP 1 11630

NPS 2 2000

22 Taman Universiti OPPS 1 6590

OP 3 25760

NPS 2 2000

B. Public and Private Treatment Plants

There are more than 797 treatment plants all over SJER. This is indicated

in the table below:

Table 14.17: Location of Treatment Plants and Population Equivalent, PE in MBJB

No LocationTreatment Plans Population

Equivalent, PECategory Nos

1 Flat Jln Lumba Kuda IT

2 Taman. Sentosa OP 1 11530

3 Taman. Sri Tebrau IT 54 270

4 Flat Stulang Laut RBC

5 Taman Permas Jaya - Fasa 1 OP 2 22030

6 Taman Desa Harmoni OD 1 7085

7 Taman Suria OP/IT 1 5195

8 Taman Perbadanan Islam IT 145 725

9 Taman Gembira OP 1 2560

10 Taman Delima OP 1 3545

11 Taman Siantan OD 1 2800

12 Taman Kempas OP 1 5365

13 Taman Bukit Kempas OP 1 2065

14 Taman Anggerik OP 1 5160

15 Kg. Dato’ Onn IT 164 820

16 Taman Dato’ Onn IT 88 440

17 Taman Perindustrian Tampoi Jaya IT 112 560

18 Kg. Dato’ Onn Jaafar IT 47 235

19 Flat Larkin FBDA

20 Taman Per.Ringan Summerwell IT 171 855

21 Bandar Baru Uda OD 1 10375

22 Taman Kolam Air FBDA/EA 1 625

23 Taman Megah Ria OD 1 17095

24 Taman Kota Puteri OP 1 10430

25 Taman Rinting OP 1 13285

TOTAL 797 123,050

Source: Majlis Bandaraya Johor Bahru, 2003Note: PE = Population Equivalent


CHAPTER 14 | PART 4

14 - 15

No Location Treatment Plans Population Equivalent, PE

Category No

23 Taman Teratai OPPS 1 6240

24 Bandar Kangkar Pulai OD 1 14000

25 Pulai EA 1 1380

26 Taman Bkt. Tiram OP 1 2460

27 R. Murah Kg. Oren CST 32 2856

28 Taman Desa Jaya OPPS 2 13678

OP 1 8190

29 Taman Puteri Wangsa OD 3 31786

NPS 1 3240

30 Taman Bkt. Jaya UASB 1 6345

31 Taman Desa Cemerlang OD 2 20120

NPS 2 11670

32 Taman Desa Tebrau OD 1 3261

33 Taman Pelangi Indah SBR 1 27333

NPS 1 875

34 Taman Gaya NPS 1 870

TF 1 1375

35 Taman Ria ITPS 3 1300

UASB 1 804

36 R. Awam Plentong CST 4 615

37 Bdr. Sri Alam OP 3 17318

OD 1 4264

NPS 4 13400

EA 1 21430

38 Taman Perind. Sri Plentong EA 1 3892

39 Taman Bkt. Indah EA 1 19125

TOTAL 163 449,459

Sources : IWK, Unit Perancangan Wilayah Selatan, 2002 Note : PE = Population Equivalent

Table 14.19: Location of Treatment Plants and PE in MPKu

Bil Location

Treatment Plans Population Equivalent,

PECategory Bil

1 R. A. Kulai OP 1 785

5 Taman Manis OD 1 5200

6 Taman Sentul HK 1 790

7 Taman Sri Sentosa SBR 1 600

8 Taman Damai EA 1 1670

9 Taman Saleng Indah EA 1 1565

10 Taman Puteri Kulai OD 1 2705

OP 1 1790

11 Taman Ria EA 1 794

12 Taman Bintang Uta. (Fasa 2A)

EA 1 1025

13 Bandar Indahpura – Zon 28

EA 1 9905

14 Taman Mutiara ITPS 1 845

15 Taman Angkasa EA 1 1780

16 Taman Desa Kulai EA 1 1780

17 Taman Muhibbah OD 1 5745

NPS 2 4735

18 Kaw. Perindustrian Senai 3 OD 1 2500

19 Kaw. Per. Murni Senai TF 1 878

20 Taman Sepakat Jaya BF 1 760

21 Taman Makmur OPPS 1 2370

22 Kaw. Per. Senai 3 & 4 EA 1 1185

23 R. A. Kelapa Sawit CST 13 1140

TOTAL 40 60,727

Sources: IWK, Unit Perancangan Wilayah Selatan, 2002 Note: PE = Population Equivalent

14 - 16


E. Projection of Land Required for Sewerage Treatment Plan

The future sewerage treatment system shall be mechanical and a total

land area of 195 acres will be required by the year 2025.

Table 14.22: Projected Land Requirements for Sewerage Treatment Plants

City Council Required Land For Sewerage Treatment Plan (acres)

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

MBJB 26 30 32 38 47 59

MPJBT 24 29 35 46 60 75

MPKu 8 8 9 11 14 17

PDJB 10 11 12 14 18 22

PBTPG 3 10 12 15 18 22

SJER 72 88 100 124 156 195

Note: Land for Mechanical Sewerage Treatment Plant

F. Proposal For Eco-Friendly Sewerage Treatment

The proposed sewerage treatment system for SJER combines both

primary and biological treatment in order to ensure effluent complies

with Standard A of the Environmental Quality Regulations (Sewage

and Industrial Effluent), 1979 and Class 1 of the National Water Quality

Standard before being discharged into any rivers or water bodies.

The Up Flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket/Continuous Sequencing Batch

Reaction (UASB/CSBR) treatment system shall be adopted for primary

treatment.

The UASB reactor is an anaerobic biological treatment system requiring

no energy to operate. The sewage is anaerobically digested with

potential Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) reductions of 50% to 70%.

Methane gas generated from the process shall be stored to be used to

generate power for the plant.

C. Individual Septic Tank (IST)

Table 14.20: IST in the SJER, 2002

Local AuthorityIST

Bil PE

Majlis Bandaraya Johor Bahru 10,534 52,670

Majlis Perbandaran Johor Bahru Tengah 31,693 158,465

Majlis Daerah Kulai 16,211 81,055

TOTAL 58,438 292,190

Sources: IWK, Unit Perancangan Wilayah Selatan, 2002 Note: PE = Population Equivalent

D. Existing Requirements

SJER lacks a modern sewerage system and most households rely on

individual septic tanks in the city of Johor Bahru. This is main source of

pollution for many of the rivers in SJER and measures need to be taken

to resolve this issue.

Table 14.21: Demand of Sewerage System in the SJER

Local Authority Population Equivalent, PE

Existing Demand Balance

Majlis Bandaraya Johor Bahru

175,720 577,413 -401,693

Majlis Perbandaran Johor Bahru Tengah

607,924 521,354 86,570

Majlis Daerah Kulai 141,782 161,326 -19,544

TOTAL 925,426 1,260,093

Sources: Source: SJER CDP 2025


CHAPTER 14 | PART 4

14 - 17

Figure 14.5: Example of a Centralised Mechanical Sewerage System


Examples of Centralised Mechanical Sewerage System

G. Industrial Waste

The handling of industrial sewage must also follow the set guidelines

and policies. A detailed study must be conducted for all industrial

facilities which discharge industrial waste. All samples from the operator

or the owner of the industrial facility must be handed over to the local

authorities for control purposes.

H. Proposed Sewerage Treatment and Its Cost

Majidee, Bandar Nusajaya, Kulai and Tanjung Langsat have been

identified for proposed centralised sewerage treatment plant. These

sites are located within the various local planning authority areas and

will cost a total of RM 339,575.000.

Table 14.23: Proposed Project Cost for Sewage System

Zone 1 – MBJB

No. Project Location Project Cost Proposed Agency

1 Proposed main sewerage pipe lines

9,450,000 JPP/IWK

2 Proposed manhole 4,725,000 JPP/IWK

3 Proposed central mechanical sewerage treatment plan

Majidee 126,000,000 JPP/IWK

Total 140,175,000

Zone 2 – MPJBT



4,410,000 JPP/IWK

2 Proposed manhole 2,205,000 JPP/IWK


Bandar Nusajaya

63,000,000 JPP/IWK

Total 69,615,000

Zone 3 – MPKu



1,890,000 JPP/IWK

2 Proposed manhole 945,000 JPP/IWK


Kulai 63,000,000 JPP/IWK

Total 65,835,000

Zone 5 - PBT Pasir Gudang



900,000 JPP/IWK

2 Proposed manhole 50,000 JPP/IWK

R GE

SludgePumpingChamber

Pumping main from Vacum Station/Pumping Station

CoarseScreen Fine

Screen

Grit/GreaseRemovalChamber

AnaerobicUpflow SludgeBlanket Reactor

SBRTank

U.VDisinfect

Ion

By Pass Line

SludgeDryingBeds Sludge

Storage

Disposal/ReuseRotary

DrumThickene Centrifu

air pipe

air flow

Equalisationon tank

Waste Activated

Sludge

Waste Sludge

Wetland forEffluent Polishing

FinalEffluent

14 - 18


Table 14.24: Generated Solid Waste in Johor Bahru

ItemSolid Waste (Tone/year)

Demand of Sanitary

landfill (acre)

Existing Sanitary

land(acre)

Balance Sanitary Land

(acre)

Domestic 146,146 80.3 n/a n/a

Industry & Commercial 43,844 24.1 n/a n/a

TOTAL 189,990 104.3 212.5 108.2

Table 14.25: Sanitary Landfill in Johor Bahru

Sanitary Landfill Area(acre) Life Span Method of Disposal

Seelong Selatan, Km 23, Jalan Tiram-Kulai 212.5 5 years (2008) Sanitary Landfill

Sources: SUKJ Cawangan Kerajaan Tempatan, 2003

C. Transfer Station

Within SJER, before waste is sent to the centralized waste disposal area

at Seelong Selatan, it is kept temporarily at a transfer station in Jalan

Taruka, Larkin, Johor Bahru. The waste is then transferred in large 12

tonne-capacity containers to Seelong Selatan which is about 12 km

away. This transfer station has the capacity to store and transfer waste

of approximately 856 tonnes per day.

D. Recycle

In order to reduce the environmental impact of waste disposal,

recycling has been introduced. This has reduced non bio-gradable

waste disposed at the disposal site.

There are 108 recycling centres within Johor Bahru City Council and

Majlis Perbandaran Johor Bahru Tengah, each providing different

containers to separate paper, tin cans and glass.


Tanjung Langsat

63,000,000 JPP/IWK

Total 63,950,000

Grand Total for Sewerage System

339,575,000


14.10 Solid Waste

Solid Waste is increasingly becoming an important urban challege.

If left unchecked, solid waste could lead to severe environmental

degradation. Solid waste generated in housing, commercial and

industrial areas should be collected according to clear schedules to

avoid unnecessary odour and pollution. It will also help to prevent

open burning. Solid waste must also be managed from source and

upon collection must be sorted, recycled and disposed of in a safe,

environmentally sensitive manner.

KEY DIRECTION

UI 10 Set targets for waste reduction

UI 11 Create a balanced waste-management strategy i.e. a no

net/export level of solid waste by 2025.

A. Existing Situation

The collection and disposal of solid waste in SJER is handled by Southern

Waste Management Sdn. Bhd. (SWM) except for the Pasir Gudang area

which is handled by Pasir Gudang Local Authority. The collection and

disposal of toxic waste is supervised by the Department of Environment

and all scheduled toxic waste is send to Bukit Nenas for disposal.

B. Solid Waste Disposal

A total of 189.990 tonnes of solid waste is generated each year in SJER.

Currently this solid waste is disposed in 212.5 acres of landfill areas within

SJER. With the current waste generated, there is a balance of 108.2

acres of land left at current landfill sites.


CHAPTER 14 | PART 4

14 - 19

Transfer Station Jalan Taruka, Larkin

Table 14.26: Location of Recycling Centres in Johor Bahru

Local Authority Locations

Majlis BandarayaJohor Bahru

1. ESSO, Jalan Kebun Teh2. Bandar baru UDA3. Bangunan D’ Stulang4. Gerai Makan Hutan Bandar5. Injaya Sdn. Bhd. – stesyen minyak 6. Jabatan Lanskap MBJB7. BP Jalan Tebrau8. kompleks bebas Cukai9. Kompleks kedai Permas Jaya10. Kompleks Tun Abdul Razak11. Shell Jalan Sawmill12. Maktab Sultan Abu Bakar13. City Square14. Pejabat Kesihatan Daerah15. Pejabat MBJB16. Pejabat Penguasa MBJB17. Pejabat SUK Johor18. MOBILE Jalan Sri Pelangi19. CALTEX Jalan Tun Razak20. Pintu masuk Kompleks Kastam21. Pintu keluar Kompleks Kastam22. Plaza Angsana23. Pondok Menunggu Bas Hadapan MBJB24. Puasat Penjaja Taman Sri Tebrau25. Restoren Singgah Selalu26. RTM Johor Bahru27. Sek. Agama BBU28. Sek. Keb. Air Molek29. Sek. Keb. BBU II30. Sek. Keb. Convent JB31. Sek. Keb. Jenis (T) Jalan Yahya Awal32. Sek. Keb. Kg. Pasir


33. Sek. Keb. Khir Johari34. Sek. Keb. Kompleks UDA35. Sek. Keb. Larkin 136. Sek. Keb. Nong Chik37. Sek. Keb. Taman Pelangi38. Sek. Keb. Taman Puteri39. Sek. Keb. Temenggung Abd. Rahman 140. Sek. Keb. Temenggung Abd. Rahman 241. Sek. Men. Keb. (P) Sultan Ibrahim42. Sek. Men. Keb. Aminuddin Baki43. Sek. Men. Keb. BBU44. Sek. Men. Keb. Sultan Ismail45. Sek. Men. Keb. TUTA46. Sek. Ren. Jenis Keb. (C) Foon Yeu 147. Seng Motor Sdn. Bhd.48. Sithiam Brothers Sdn. Bhd.49. Tandas Awam Stulang Laut50. Tapak Penjaja51. XTRA Hypermarket

Majlis Perbandaran Johor Bahru Tengah

1. Giant Cash & Carry Sdn. Bhd.2. Pengawas Pengurusan Harta MPJBT3. Pusat Beli Belah4. Sek. Agama Bandar Selesa Jaya5. Sek. Agama Sri Perling 26. Sek. Agama TUTA7. Sek. Agama Taman Universiti 18. Sek. Keb. Gelang Patah9. Sek. Keb. Kangkar Pulai10. Sek. Keb. Skudai Baru11. Sek. Keb. Skudai Batu 1012. Sek. Keb. Sri Perling 213. Sek. Keb. Taman Damai Jaya14. Sek. Keb. Desa Cemerlang15. Sek. Keb. Desa Jaya16. Sek. Keb. Johor Jaya 117. Sek. Keb. Johor Jaya 218. Sek. Keb. Mutiara Rini19. Sek. Keb. Taman Perling20. Sek. Keb. Taman Puteri Wangsa21. Sek. Keb. Selesa Jaya22. Sek. Keb. Sri Skudai23. Sek. Keb. TUTA 124. Sek. Keb. TUTA 225. Sek. Keb. Taman Universiti 126. Sek. Keb. Taman Universiti 227. Sek. Keb. Taman Universiti 428. Sek. Keb. Ulu Tiram29. Sek. Men. Agama Johor Jaya30. Sek. Men. Keb. Dato’ Pengawa Timur31. Sek. Men. Keb. Gelang Patah32. Sek. Men. Keb. Skudai Baru33. Sek. Men. Keb. Sri Perling 234. Sek. Men. Keb. TUTA35. Sek. Men. Keb. Skudai36. Sek. Men. Keb. Sri Perling37. Sek. Men. Keb. Johor Jaya 138. Sek. Men. Keb. Johor Jaya 239. Sek. Men. Keb. Mutiara Rini40. Sek. Men. Keb. Sri Pulai41. Sek. Men. Keb. Taman Universiti42. Sek. Men. Keb. Ulu Tiram

14 - 20


Table 14.28: Projected Land Requirements for Solid Waste Disposal - Sanitary Landfill

Item 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 Total (acre)

Domestic 65.3 80.3 91.3 113.4 142.1 177.9 670.2

Industry & Commercial 19.6 24.1 27.4 34.0 42.6 53.4 201.1

Total 84.8 104.3 118.6 147.5 184.7 231.3 871.3

Existing Sanitary Land n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a 212.5

Additional Sanitary Land until Year 2025 (658.8)


Table 14.29: Projected Land for Incinerator

Item 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 Total (acre)

Domestic 13.1 16.1 18.3 22.7 28.4 35.6 134.0

Industry & Commercial 3.9 4.8 5.5 6.8 8.5 10.7 40.2

Total 17.0 20.9 23.7 29.5 36.9 46.3 174.3

Existing Sanitary Land 212.5

Balance 38.25


F. Proposal

A centralised waste disposal system using waste-to-energy plants is

proposed to manage solid waste disposal in SJER, to address limited

land resources and to allow for extraction of energy from solid waste

disposed.

Recycling centres must be increased in number and should be located

at convenient public places to encourage a higher rate of recycling

among local communities.

All industries that generate toxic waste must be licensed by the

Department of Environment and by local authorities.

There should be sufficient waste disposal sites and a study should be

conducted to identify suitable locations.


(con’t)43. Sek. Ren. Jenis Keb. (C) Kuo Kuang 144. Sek. Ren. Jenis Keb. (C) Meng Terk45. Sek. Ren. Jenis Keb. (C) Ching Yeh46. Sek. Ren. Jenis Keb. (C) Kuo Kuang 247. Sek. Ren. Jenis Keb. (C) Masai48. Sek. Ren. Jenis Keb. (C) Pei Hua49. Sek. Ren. Jenis Keb. (C) Ping Ming50. Sek. Ren. Jenis Keb. (C) Plentong51. Sek. Ren. Jenis Keb. (C) Pu Sze52. Sek. Ren. Jenis Keb. (C) Ulu Tiram53. Sek. Ren. Jenis Keb. (T) Ladang Rini54. Sek. Ren. Jenis Keb. (T) Masai55. Sek. Ren. Jenis Keb. (T) TUTA56. Sek. Ren. Jenis Keb. (T) Kangkar Pulai57. Terminal Bas TUTA


E. Projected Generation of Solid Waste

Solid waste generation is expected to increase with an expanding

population base and increasing economic activity. As an indication,

waste generated by commercial and industrial activity generally hovers

at around 30% of domestic waste generated.

Table 14.27: Projected Generation of Solid Waste in SJER

Item 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Domestic (tone/year) 118,854 146,146 166,201 206,561 258,790 324,000

Industry & Commercial (tone/year)

35,656 43,844 49,860 61,968 77,637 97,200

TOTAL 154,510 189,989 216,062 268,529 336,426 421,200



CHAPTER 14 | PART 4

14 - 21

D. Solid Waste Management Project and Its Cost

Sustainable waste management shall be implemented at three levels

namely at the domestic/household, community and city levels. This

involves separation at source (recycling) and using waste as alternative

energy source.

Table 14.30: Projected Cost for Solid Waste Management

Bil. Project Location Proposed Agency Project Cost

1 Proposed transfer station for non toxic waste

Jalan Taruka, Nusajaya

SWM/SJER 20,000,000

2 Proposed transfer station for toxic waste

Pasir Gudang SJER 20,000,000

3 Proposed recycle centre

SJER 20,000,000

4 Proposed central incinerator

Seelong SJER 126,000,000

5 Maintenance and improvement on existing ex-waste disposal site

Tiram, Pasir Gudang, Kulai, Jalan Taruka

SWM/SJER 40,000,000

Grand Total for Solid Waste 226,000,000


▼ Waste Separation at Source

Separation at source shall be implemented at household and

community level. At the household level, each residential unit shall be

equipped with two waste bins segregating wet and dry waste. This shall

be incorporated in the design of the units. In addition, grinders shall be

incorporated with kitchen sinks so that food waste shall first be meshed

before being disposed off into the sewerage system.

At the community level, recycling centre shall be located at community

centres and recycling bins at strategic location.

▼ Waste To Energy Plant

One long-term objective is to convert waste into an alternative source

of energy. A Waste to Energy plant needs to be constructed within SJER.

A waste to energy plant burns waste to produce electricity and in this

manner, it will reduce the amount of waste that needs to be buried in

landfills, while producing electricity that can be sold to the main grid.

Japan burns 62% of its solid waste by means of waste to energy plants,

while Switzerland burns 58% and USA 14% .

New technology is emerging such as thermal technology which

produces less pollution than traditional incinerators. The new plants are

also able to treat clinical waste and hazardous waste which can only

be destroyed by very high temperatures.

▼ Eco Friendly Landfill

Landfill technology has also evolved whereby landfill sites are lined,

well-treated and managed to ensure no leakage. SJER intends to adopt

such systems.

14 - 22


14.11 Information and Communication Technology

In line with the government’s objective of promoting information and

communication technology (ICT) usage, this will be an area of focus for

SJER.

A. Existing Situation

The tables illustrate the rate of internet penetration and ICT usage in

Malaysia.

Table 14.31: Internet (Dial-Up) Customers in Malaysia, (1995-2001)

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Customer

(million)0.014 0.064 0.205 0.405 0.668 1.659 2.115 2,614

Growth (%) - 357.7 220.3 97.6 64.9 148.4 27.5 23.6

Penetration 0.1 0.3 0.9 1.8 2.9 7.1 8.8 10.5

Sources: Suruhanjaya Komunikasi Dan Multimedia, 2001

Table 14.32: Selected Information ICT in Malaysia, (1995-2000)

Legend 1995 2000

Telex customers 6,578 3,105

Personal computers 610,000 2,200,000

Personal computer for every 1,000 population 29.5 95.7

Telephone line for every 1,000 population 161.07 204.76

Telephone customers 3,332,447 4,650,410

Mobile phone 700,000 2,265,000

Total internet customers 13,064 1,157,384

Total internet users 30,000 4,000,000

Sources: Suruhanjaya Komunikasi dan Multimedia, PIKOM, World Development Report, 1999/2000 and World Competitiveness Yearbook, 2000.

Johor State has 78,000 Internet users in the year 2000, with a penetration

rate of 3% (based on the total population size). This is very low

compared to Kuala Lumpur and Selangor, which have penetration

rates of 10% and 8% respectively.

Example of Land fill sites in New Zealand which is also used partly as a Park

Landfill gas collection well

Final cap

Landfill gasmonitoring probe

Groundwatermonitoring well

Groundwater table

Undisturbed foundation

Completed cell

Leachatecontainment

liner

Leachateextraction

riser

Leachate removalto treatment

/disposal

Perimeterdrainage

Landfillgas flared

Landfill gas asenergy source Final vegetated profile

Completedlandfill

Operatinglandfill

Working face

Surface waterdiversion barrier

Stormwater from construction to ponds

Excavated base grade

Landfill gasmonitoring probe

Groundwatermonitoring well

Cleanstormwaterdiversion

Existinglandform

Daily/intermediate

cover

Leachatecollection

system


CHAPTER 14 | PART 4

14 - 23

Table 14.33: Internet User by State, 2000

State Customer %Customer in 1,000

population

Selangor 335,262 38.2 84.9

W. P. Kuala Lumpur 134,870 15.4 103.9

Johor 77,747 8.8 30.3

Pulau Pinang 63,648 7.3 51.9

Perak 55,345 6.3 27.3

Sarawak 43,219 5 21.5

Sabah 40,692 4.6 16.6

Kedah 28,494 3.2 18.1

Negeri Sembilan 22,373 2.6 27.0

State Customer %Customer in 1,000

population

Pahang 21,682 2.5 18.0

Melaka 17,234 2 28.6

Kelantan 16,101 1.8 12.5

Terengganu 15,041 1.7 17.1

Perlis 3,710 0.4 18.7

Wilayah Persekutuan Labuan 1,355 0.2 19.2

Malaysia 876,773* 100 39.5

Sources: Suruhanjaya Komunikasi Dan Multimedia, 2000Note: * Maxisnet not included

B. Existing ICT Infrastructure

The quality of SJER’s ICT infrastructure is relatively poor in comparison

with the existing infrastructure at the Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC).

Johor (in addition to Penang) is targeted to have a comparable quality

of infrastructure by 2010 under the second phase of the MSC national

roll out plan. This should help to drive adoption of high speed internet

access, or broadband.

The level of ICT adoption in SJER can be measured through three

different indicators, which are the ownership of personal computers,

the rate of Internet access and also the level of IT literacy.

C. Personal Computer Ownership

The number of personal computers in SJER in 2003 stood at 305,227,

which implies a penetration of 24.4% of the total population of SJER. This

is expected to increase to 775,415 by the year 2025.

Table 14.34: Number of PC Owners in SJER, 2003

Local Authority PC Owner

Majlis Bandaraya Johor Bahru (MBJB) 138,140

Majlis Perbandaran Johor Bahru Tengah (MPJBT) 107,500

Pihak Berkuasa Perancang Tempatan Daerah Johor Bahru (PBPTDJB) 35,011

Majlis Daerah Kulai (MDK) 12,479

PBT Pasir Gudang (PBTPG) 12,097

TOTAL 305,227


Table 14.35: Projected PC Ownership in SJER, 2003-2020

Local Authority 2003 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

MBJB 138,140 155,960 166,565 200,378 246,465 308,574

MPJBT 107,500 126,850 153,108 201,643 264,757 331,476

MDK 12,479 13,814 14,947 17,996 22,261 27,827

PBPTDJB 35,011 38,127 41,482 48,078 58,943 73,679

PBTPG 12,097 15,000 18,675 23,213 27,044 33,859

TOTAL 305,227 349,752 394,778 491,309 619,471 775,415


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E. ICT literacy

The number IT literate users in SJER is 251,967, which translates into 20.1%

of the total population in 2003 and this is expected to increase to 80% in

the year 2025.

Table 14.38: IT Literacy Rate, 2003

Local Authority IT Literate

Majlis Bandaraya Johor Bahru (MBJB) 103,605





TOTAL 251,967


F. Proposal

The development of the ICT infrastructure in SJER should be inline with

the vision and strategy of the State of Johor’s ICT blueprint. As far

as the ICT infrastructure is concerned, private sector participation is

encouraged, through the implementation of new and cost-effective

technology. It is also important that access to worldwide network is

made available. To promote a participative society, an awareness

initiative is necessary to ensure an effective utilisation of infrastructure. It

is proposed that:

■ The broadband coverage is increased to meet the State’s target

for 100% broadband in Homes,

■ The application of wireless Internet technology is enhanced; inline

with the State vision for a Wireless City,

■ further initiatives in the MSC rollout, subsequent to the creation of

a Cybercentre at Menara MSC Cyberport, Johor Bahru

■ Proposed village ICT (k-Centre) in community centres within SJER.

D. Internet Penetration

With regards to Internet usage, 143,064 people had access to the

Internet in 2003 and this is expected to increase to 373,275 by the year

2025.

Table 14.36: Number of Internet Users in the SJER, 2003

Local Authority Internet Owner

Majlis Bandaraya Johor Bharu (MBJB) 62,163





TOTAL 143,063


Table 14.37: Projected Internet Usage in the SJER, 2003-2020

Local Authority 2003 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

MBJB 62,163 70,182 74,954 90,170 110,909 138,858

MPJBT 60,200 71,036 85,740 112,920 148,264 185,627

MDK 4,118 4,559 4,932 5,939 7,346 9,183

PBPTDJB 9,803 10,675 11,615 13,462 16,504 20,630

PBTPG 6,780 8,407 10,467 13,010 15,157 18,977

TOTAL 143,064 164,859 187,709 235,501 298,181 373,275



CHAPTER 14 | PART 4

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14.12 Gas Supply

Natural gas is used primarily for power generation (65%) in Malaysia. 24%

of natural gas produced is used in heavy industry, 4% is used in housing,

commercial and industrial areas and the remaining 7% is exported.

Petronas Gas Berhad is responsible for the transmission of gas and for

ensuring sufficient supply of gas.

Figure 14.6: Gas Distribution in Malaysia

Source: Gas Malaysia Berhad

The supply and distribution of gas for commercial purposes is fairly

advanced, with gas being supplied via pipelines to factories and other

gas consumers. Natural gas is distributed by Gas Malaysia Berhad

through a medium pressure piping system placed along road reserves.

The natural gas is obtained from the Petronas Supply Centre in the east

coast of Malaysia and these pipes run to the southern region of Johor,

supplying gas to Johor Bahru, Pasir Gudang and Singapore.

This study of gas supply and distribution in the SJER area mainly

concentrates on the consumption of gas by the housing, commercial

and industrial sectors.

A. Existing Gas Supply in SJER

Natural gas is supplied mainly to the industrial areas in Plentong, Tebrau,

Larkin, Tampoi, Kulai and Senai. However, the ‘City Gas System’ has

not been extended to non industrial consumers, and most houses and

restaurants use gas distributed in small cylinders, while hotel and some

industrial users receive gas in bulb shaped cylinders. As of today there

are four odoriser stations which are in Kulai, Senai, Permas Jaya and

Pasir Gudang, with a total capacity of 177,100 (sm2/Hr).

Table 14.39: Odouriser Stations and its Capacity

Location Odoriser Station Capacity (sm2/Hr)Johor Bahru Permas Jaya Odoriser Station 70,000

Senai Senai Odoriser Station 8,100

Kulai Kulai Odoriser Station 29,000

Pasir Gudang Pasir Gudang Odoriser Station 70,000

TOTAL 177,100

Source: Gas Malaysia Berhad, 2003

B. Supply and Demand

Demand for gas is currently quite low and expected to remain so.

Demand for gas in year 2010 is projected at only 88 units (cubic metre).

Table 14.40: Projected Demand for Gas (cubic metre)

Location Sector 2002 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Plentong, Tebrau, Larkin, Tampoi

Domestic 0 - - - - -

Commercial 0 9 34 44 57 75

Industry 0 19 30 39 51 66

Senai

Domestic - - - - - -

Commercial - - - - - -

Industry 1 8 14 18 24 31

Kulai


Commercial - - - - - -

Industry 1 1 1 1 2 2

Pasir Gudang


Commercial 1 2 3 3 4 6

Industry 2 5 7 8 11 14

TOTAL 5 44 88 115 149 194

Sources: Gas Malaysia Berhad, 2003

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D. Gas Supply Strategies

It is recommended that a strategic plan should be prepared by SJER

to identify all the utility providers. The gas distribution system should

cover major development areas such as Tanjung Pelepas Port, Pasir

Gudang Port, Johor Bahru City Centre and Senai Cargo Hub, as well as

supporting development areas, such Bandar Nusajaya and Danga Bay.

SJER should promote the use of piped gas in new development areas,

especially for high-rise housing, mixed use development projects and

projects within 2 km of the existing reserve pipeline. Pipelines should

also be connected to Bandar Nusajaya, Pasir Gudang Port and PTP

to support these mega township developments. Common trenching

should be used where possible, to be implemented in stages, so that

future maintenance work or upgrades can be done systematically

without digging up roads.

C. System Development

The following recommendations are proposed:■ Provide gas piping system for all sectors (industrial, commercial

and residential);

■ Extend area of coverage for “City Gas System”; and

■ Gas pipes should use the common “service utility tunnel”.

As a minimum, Gas Malaysia should implement a gas piping network in

future large developments. A comprehensive piping system in housing

areas should also be promoted.


CHAPTER 14 | PART 4

14 - 27

Figure 14.7: Drainage, Solid Waste and Sewerage


14 - 28


Figure 14.8: Telecommunication, Water Supply, Gas Supply and Power Supply Facilities


Documents

17. Chapter14 - Urban Infrastructure