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Streamflow
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14-01-28
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Streamflow analysis and modelling
Streamflow analysis
• Analysis of streamflow data is important aspect of hydrology – describes flow regime – enables comparison between rivers – predicts possible future river flow
• The most important methods of streamflow analysis are: – hydrograph analysis – flow duration curves – frequency analysis
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Stream Hydrograph • Hydrograph – a plot of stream discharge at a point over time
– Records fluctuations in discharge or stream height over time – Useful tool to monitor stream behavior remotely
• Creating the Hydrograph - plot discharge or stage on the vertical axis; plot time on the horizontal axis
Stream Hydrograph
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Stream Hydrograph
Stream Hydrograph
Fraser River at Steveston
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Stream Hydrograph
Stream Hydrograph
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Stream Hydrograph
Hydrograph
Q = volume of water passing a plane in a unit of time
Q
watershed
Q = stream discharge
• a plot of stream discharge at a point over time
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Hydrograph • Stream discharge is influenced by five important components
– Channel width – Channel depth – Velocity – Gradient – Bed roughness
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Stream Discharge (Q)• Five important
conditions:
– Channel width
– Channel depth
– Velocity
– Gradient
– Bed roughness
Q = v x A (depth x width)
A
v
Discharge (m3/s) = width (m) × depth (m) × velocity (m/s)
water cross section x velocity
30 m3/s 180 m3/s
Stream Flow Continuity
Q = v A
• Given constant discharge
–Reduction in area ==> faster flow
–Changes in slope and roughness influence velocity and mustbe compensated by change in area
• A balance of driving
and resisting forces
determines the nature
of river flow :
Driving force = water weight x sin(bed slope)
Resisting force = river-bed area x river-bed shear stress
Q = v x A (depth x width) Discharge (m3/s) = width (m) x depth (m) x velocity (m/s)
Hydrograph • Base flow occurs during times with no significant precip
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Hydrograph • Base flow occurs during times with no significant precip
Q = stream discharge Time
Hydrograph
QQ (cfs)
Base Flow is sustained streamflow in between rain events
base flow
Hydrograph
Austin Creek
In lowland streams, baseflow is primarily sustained by groundwater
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Hydrograph
In mountain streams, baseflow is primarily sustained by snowmelt, glacier melt, and groundwater
Deming Glacier and the Middle fork of the Nooksack River
Photo by John Scurlock
Hydrograph • Storm flow occurs during and immediately after significant rainfall events
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Hydrograph • Rising limb represents increase in discharge due to gradual build-up of
storage in catchment
Hydrograph • Rising limb represents increase in discharge due to gradual build-up of
storage in catchment
Q = stream discharge
Q
Time
Hydrograph
Q (cfs) rising flow
rain
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Hydrograph • Receding limb represents withdrawal of water from storage build-up
during early phase
Hydrograph • Receding limb represents withdrawal of water from storage build-up
during early phase
Q = stream discharge
Q
Time
Hydrograph
Q (cfs)
receding flow
rain stops
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Hydrograph • Base flow occurs during times with no significant precip
Q = stream discharge Time
Hydrograph
QQ (cfs)
Base Flow is sustained streamflow in between rain events
base flow
Hydrograph • Most often the recessional limb is broader than rising limb thus most
flood hydrographs are skewed
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Hydrograph • Lag period between peak rainfall and peak discharge
Hydrograph • Peak flood discharge is highest point on hydrograph when greatest
amount of water is in river
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Hydrograph • Bankfull discharge occurs when river is just contained within its banks
Hydrograph • Basin lag refers to the time needed for water to discharge through the basin • The larger the basin the slower the discharge will be, the lower the peak will
be • Floods are more frequent in small basins, but also dissipate faster; in large
basins floods are less frequent, but when they occur it can take a long time to discharge all the water
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Hydrograph
Flood Hydrograph • Flood hydrographs show reaction of streams to excess inflow often due
to access rainfall
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Stream Hydrograph • Hydrographs allow easy comparison between rivers, but also between
years or extended periods for the same river
Stream Hydrograph • Hydrographs allow easy comparison of river behaviour due to
changes in its catchment
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Stream Hydrograph
Stream Hydrograph
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