16_Emerging Aspects in Car Design

8/6/2019 16_Emerging Aspects in Car Design

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Session 16

design

Session speaker

C. Gopinath

1 M S Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies


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Sustainable use of car through service sector

Car pooling

Carpooling (also known as car-sharing, ride-sharing, lift-sharing), is the

shared use of a car b the driver and one or more assen ers usuall for

commuting. Carpooling arrangements and schemes involve varying degrees

of formality and regularity. Formal carpool projects have been around in a

structured form since the mid-1970s.

Carpoolers use pool member's private cars, or a jointly hired vehicle, for

private shared journeys. The vehicle is not used in a general public transport

capacity such as in car sharing, share taxis or taxicabs. Carpooling is alsodistinct from the use of a company/government or private vehicle by several

pool members but at different times, for economic or other reasons, such as

in a military motor pool, but might involve single occupancy.



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by sharing cars, sharing rental charges, or paying the main car owner. Some-

carpooling and use of public transport, to combat rising traffic congestion.

In wartime car oolin was encoura ed to save oil. In reducin the number

of cars on the road, carpooling decreases pollution and the need for parking

space, and in a global perspective, reduces greenhouse gas emissions.

Shared driving carpooling can also reduce driving stress. A form of ad-hoc

carpooling between strangers is called Slugging. No money changes hands,but a mutual benefit still exists between the driver and passenger(s) making

the practice worthwhile.

In some cases, companies or local authorities will introduce facilities toencourage private carpooling, often as part of wider transport programs.

These can include central listing facilities, defined pick-up points,

preferential parking and general advice. This has increased through use of


the Internet, mobile phones and other software support systems.


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t r party r es are agency may a so prov e serv ces to ena e one o

or regular carpooling in defined areas. In the dynamic ridesharing",

approval by the travelers.

Inflexibility in carpooling can arise in accommodating en-route stops or

changes to working times/patterns. Some larger carpools offer 'sweeper

services' with later running options. A further backup can also be a

'guaranteed ride home' arrangement with a local taxi company.



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Carsharing is a model of car rental where people rent cars for short periods

of time, often by the hour. The organization renting the cars may be a

commercial business or the users may be organized as a democratically-

controlled company, public agency, cooperative, ad hoc grouping. Todaythere are more than six hundred cities in the world where people can

cars are.

s s o ten t e case w t nnovat ons t at spr ng up more or ess

spontaneously in different parts of the world, operations are organized in

,

organizers and users. A small informal start-up may have only one shared

, .

coming into existence, participants are typically city-dwellers whose

trans ortation needs are lar el met b ublic transit walkin or c clin .


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ars ar ng s supporte y t e ew mo ty gen a, w c com nes

transportation Demand Management (TDM) strategies and measures for, ,

of a bouquet of alternative transportation arrangements.

Carsharing is not a substitute for public transport. It does an entirely

,

thus far, it is seen as a complement to scheduled transport service. Many

studies show that carshare users are also relativel heav users of both

conventional public transport and of human powered transport, including

bic cles and walkin .


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ars ar ng ers rom tra t ona car renta s n t e o ow ng ways:

Carsharing is an always-on personal mobility service (with certain

- Self-service reservation, pickup, and return

- ,

- Users are members and have been pre-approved to drive (background

drivin checks have been erformed and a a ment mechanism has been

established)

- Vehicle locations are distributed throughout the service area, and oftenlocated for access by Public transport.

- Insurance and fuel costs are included in the rates.

Some carshare operations (CSOs) cooperate with local car rental firms to

offer best value to their customers (and in particular in situations where

classic rental may be the cheaper option.)


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How it works

The technology of CSOs varies enormously, from simple manual systems

using key boxes and log books to increasingly complex computer-basedsystems with supporting software pac ages that hand e a growing array of

back office functions. The simplest CSOs have only one or two pick-up

po n s, u more a vance sys ems ave a ecen ra ze ne wor o par nglocations (pods) stationed in different areas and located for access by

.

While differing markedly in their objectives, size, business models, levels ofam on, ec no ogy an arge mar e s, ese programs o s are many

features. The more established operations usually require a check of past

.

The vehicle is reserved in advance, usually over the Internet or telephone, .

charge an hourly fee for the time that the car is in use, plus a fee per

mile/km driven.


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- .

returned at the scheduled time, a high penalty is charged, since it may' .

leaving the vehicles on time, in the agreed parking area, clean and in good

condition for the next user.

Goals, advantages, and achievements

Carsharing is a highly decentralized phenomenon which varies in its goals

.

Most carsharing advocates, operators and cooperating public agencies

believe that those who do not drive daily or who drive less than 10,000kilometers (about 6,200 statute miles) annually may find carsharing to be

more cost-e ect ve t an car owners p. n po nt o act, x var at ons up

and down on this figure are reported by operators and others depending on


.alternatives to people that cannot afford car ownership.

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some users, carsharing reduces the dependence on automobiles and

increases usa e of more environmentall friendl forms of trans ortation.

Disadvantages and limitations

Until now, successful carsharing development has tended to be associated

university and other campuses. But now that the concept has started to catch

on with o erations workin toda in more than six hundred cities worldwide) and the technologies and organizational details are beginning to be

mastered, there are ro rams oin on, mainl in Euro e to date, for

providing services in lower density, including some rural areas.

,

advanced from time to time concerning the limitations of carsharing as a


.conclusions:

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that a vehicle can be well used.-

suffering from urban sprawl). Such areas have generally been built for those

who own a vehicle and a resident would not be able to convenientl reach a

central pickup location if there is insufficient public transit.- Carsharing works best as a complement to an adequate public transport

system. Carsharing is less successful in places where there is no suitable

public transport system and significant numbers of people need a car to getto work or for other every day transport needs.

- In the developing world, there are several main currents of resistance to

s ranspor a on concep . y many o servers, nc u ng exper s, s e

to be irrelevant given the scope of the problems that especially the larger

- .


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Since carsharing competes with an idea and mode of life which is largely

supported by the media (not necessarily consciously), entrenched habits and

beliefs, and broadly shared aspirations of many people in many places (thatis owning and driving your own car), it is not an easy idea to gain support

for. On the other hand, as incomes rise in cities and demand for cars follows

su t, cars ar ng can e mar ete as t e g est status car owners p: un ecar owners that can only own one car, carsharing members have access to

,

deals with all the "dirty" work of car maintenance and repair.

The automotive industry has consistently steered clear of carsharing

programs, in part because it is not clear to them how they can turn them into

a profitable business. And of course when people start to share cars, they

will buy correspondingly fewer of them. That said, the industry continues to

eep cars ar ng n s s g s an ere may we come a ay w en ey w

get more actively involved. (Honda and Toyota are certainly the prudent,


- ,major involvement are far from clear.)

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Rec clin materials in car

Renault, SITA and INDRA are trying to ensure the success from both the.

The joint venture, is aimed at speeding up the development of end-of-life

.

vehicles parts for last 20 years and targets 95 percent recovery by 2015 as

ecolo icall and economicall as ossible

All these companies share the same will to improve rates of re-use using

existin methods and rocesses currentl bein investi ated notabl in thefield of recycling materials recovered from end of life vehicles

these players to make further commitments in this domain

enau , w a ew o er au omo e manu ac urers, as een a e

forefront of implementing activities that reduce waste. In 1995, it introduced


lifecycle of vehicles, from their design to the end of their useful life.

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The eco2 strategy for Renault is to take both ecological and economical

many people as possible. The same approach now needs to be applied to the

rec clin and recoverabilit of end-of-life roducts A minimum of 5% of the plastics that make up the models which benefit

from the Renault eco2 appellation are sourced from recycling. In case of the

Laguna III, which is the most recent vehicle to come off the line and whichhas been on sale since Oct 2007, the rate is a record 17% (35kg) and

concerns more than 100 plastic components on every vehicle

For Renault, the main priorities are to reduce the volume and toxicity ofwas e an con ro rea men processes. ur ng e pro uc on p ase,

Renault seeks to reduce metal offcuts from body panels by optimising the

, ,

limit paint sludge, and phase out the use of high-risk substances in industrial

The most recent Renault models are designed to be 95% recyclable. This

means that 95% of the wei ht of the materials used to make Renault


vehicles will be re-used.

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The company has set an even more ambitious objective: to promote

Renault has target to use 50kg of recycled plastics per vehicle by 2015 and

it has alread started to ractice in existin desi n. The dashboard of the

Modus, for example, is made from recycled plastic. The same plastics could

be used in a few years to produce the Renault vehicles of the future.

During this operation, selective sorting of certain components of thevehicle is carried out so that each part can be treated according to the needs

o e appropr a e s ream. very e emen ma e rom a g ven ma er a as o

be easily distinguishable from other parts made from different materials

,

Renault uses a marking system for all the plastic or elastomer components

identified. Steel, and non-ferrous metals are not recycled in the same way as glass.

Out of the observation, monomaterial parts, i.e. elements which, once they

have been dismantled, are only constituted of a single material or of


mater a s w c are compat e w t regar to t e appropr ate recyc ng

stream.

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How it works


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How it works Recycling an end-of-life vehicle is a highly structured operation which is

performed in four stages. First of all, the car is made safe, prepared and

purged. This first phase consists of removing from the end-of-life phaseve c e any componen s a are azar ous or po u ng. e a ery, o ,

hydraulic circuit fluids and any remaining fuel are recovered and transferred

.

The second phase concerns dismantling. Some parts that can be directly

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categories metals, glass, plastics, etc. Next the remains of the car are

shredded and the materials from which the are made are se arated. Thismostly involves separating out steel, aluminium and other ferrous and non-

ferrous metals.

The final phase involves waste remaining after this selection process,which is again gone through to remove any final elements that can be

salvaged. Mixtures of organic materials that cannot be sorted and therefore

cannot be recycled directly are generally incinerated, and are thereby used


as an a erna ve source o energy. n was e o w c no ur er use can emade is sent to technical landfill centres.

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Summary

In this session following emerging aspects in car design were explained

-Consum tion of car in service sector

-Recycling of car materials


Documents

16_Emerging Aspects in Car Design