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8/2/2019 167232-Instructions of Rheometer
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TP nomer 5
http://www.aquarium.org.hk/attach/167232-Instructions.doc&sa=
U&ei=G_eQT8bxO4rnrAfUn6GFBQ&ved=0CBsQFjAE&sig2=WB_9V
_oz5qo1v_xj_aBqTA&usg=AFQjCNG9N5H4GejX27DbBLecKtI7Wzug1g
Hand Refractometer Instructions Operating
SERIES
Style Model Range Resolution Size Weight
Salinity/ATC REF 211 0-100;
1.000~1.070 sg
1; 0.001 29x40x190mm 220g
NAME OF COMPONENTS
1. Prism 2.Cover plate 3.Correct screw 4.Mirror tube 5.Eyepiece (Adjusting ring of diopter)
METHOD OF OPERATION
1. Aim the front end of the refractometer to the direction of bright light, and adjust the adjusting ring of
diopter 5 until the reticle can be seen clearly.
2. Adjustment of null
Open the cover plate 2, drop distilled water one or two drops on the surface of the prism. Cover the
cover plate, rotate and adjust the correcting screw 3 to make the light/ dark boundary coincide with null
line.
(Salinity/ATC Model should adjust at 20 environmental temperature)
3. Open the cover plate 2 and clean the water on the prism and cover plate by soft cotton flannel, thendrop one or two drops liquid which is needed to be checked on the prism surface and cover the cover
plate. The corresponding dial reading of the light/dark boundary can get the percent of the salt content
of the liquid.
4. The carved line on the left of scale indicates the specific gravity of the sodium chloride liquor.
5. After measurement, please clean directly the liquid which had been measured on the surface of prism
by soft cotton flannel. After drying, please keep appropriately in store.
ATTENTIONS AND MAINTENANCE
1. Adjust the null liquid and specimen should be under the same temperature, if the temperature varied
greatly, the null point should be adjusted once per 30 minutes. Effect of temperature on the refractive
index of glass is very small, but big enough for most of the liquid and plastic material there is to know
its index. Due to the high temperature optical density of a substance is reduced, the refractive index
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decreases. Change per C ranged from 5.10-5 to 5.10-4. Careful measurements up to the fourth
decimal is only meaningful if thoroughly well known temperature.
2. After usage, dont use water to wash the instrument.
3. As it is a kind of precision optical instrument, you should hand it gently and take good care of it. Dont
touch and scratch the optical surfaces. It should be kept in the environment of dry, clean and non-
corrosiveness air, so as to prevent the surface of it turning mouldy and foggy. Please avoid strong shock
during transportation.4. If the consumers use the instrument in accordance with the mentioned method of usage, it guarantee
that instrument cant break down. The optical performance cant change.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/ 29535809/ Apakah-Indeks-Bias-Itu
APAKAH INDEKS BIAS ITU??
Indeks bias suatu zat adalah perbandingan kecepatan cahaya dalam hampa
udara terhadap kecepatan cahaya
dalam zat tersebut, atau perbandingan sinus sudut datang terhadap sinus sudut
bias. Harga indeks bias
berubah-ubah tergantung pada panjang gelombang cahaya dan suhu.
Indekst bias nD
t adalah indeks bias terhadap udara yang diukur pada suhu t C, menggunakan
sinar natrium.
Jika tidak dinyatakan lain, gunakan refraktometer Abbe. Indeks bias diukur dalam
batas suhu + 0.2 C dari
suhu yang dinyatakan pada masing-masing monografi atau jika suhu tidak
dinyatakan, indeks bias diukur
pada suhu 20 C + 0.2 C.
PRINSIP KERJA REFRAKTOMETERRefractometer adalah alat yang digunakan untuk mengukur kadar /
konsentrasi bahan terlarut misalnya : Gula, Garam, Protein dsb. Prinsip
kerja dari refractometer sesuai dengan namanya adalah dengan
memanfaatkan refraksi cahaya. Seperti terlihat pada Gambar di bawah ini
sebuah sedotan yang dicelupkan ke dalam gelas yang berisi air akan
terlihat terbengkok. Pada Gambar kedua sebuah sedotan dicelupkan ke
dalam sebuah gelas yang berisi lauran gula. Terlihat sedotan terbengkok
lebih tajam. Fenomena ini terjadi karena adanya refraksi cahaya. Semakin
tinggi konsentrasi bahan terlarut (Rapat Jenis Larutan), maka sedotan akan
semakin terlihat bengkok secara proporsional. Besarnya sudutpembengkokan ini disebut Refractive
Index (nD). Refractometer ditemukan oleh Dr. Ernst Abbe seorang ilmuwan
dari German pada
permulaan abad 20.
Adapun prinsip kerja dari refractometer dapat digambarkan sebagai
berikut :
1. Dari gambar dibawah ini terdapat 3 bagian yaitu : Sample, Prisma dan
Papan Skala.
Refractive index prisma jauh lebih besar dibandingkan dengan sample.2.Jika sample merupakan larutan dengan konsentrasi rendah, maka sudut
refraksi akan lebar
http://www.scribd.com/doc/%E2%80%8B29535809/%E2%80%8BApakah-Indeks-Bias-Ituhttp://www.scribd.com/doc/%E2%80%8B29535809/%E2%80%8BApakah-Indeks-Bias-Itu8/2/2019 167232-Instructions of Rheometer
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dikarenakan perbedaan refraksi dari prisma dan sample besar. Maka pada
papan skala sinar
aakan jatuh pada skala rendah.
3.Jika sample merupakan larutan pekat / konsentrasi tinggi, maka sudut
refraksi akan kecil
karena perbedaan refraksi prisma dan sample kecil. Pada gambar terlihar
sinarb
jatuh
TP nomer 3
http://www.scribd.com/doc/ 89076191/Rheo-Meter
TP nomer 10
54771167-Kohesi-Adalah-Gaya-Tarik-Menarik-Antara-Partikel-Partikel-Yang-Sejenis
http://www.scribd.com/doc/ 54771167/ Kohesi-Adalah-Gaya-Tarik-Menari k-Antara-Partikel-
Partikel-Yan g-SejenisKohesi adalah gaya tarik menarik antara partikel partikel yang sejenis.
Kohesi
http://www.scribd.com/doc/%E2%80%8B89076191/Rheo-Meterhttp://www.scribd.com/doc/%E2%80%8B54771167/%E2%80%8BKohesi-Adalah-Gaya-Tarik-Menari%E2%80%8Bk-Antara-Partikel-Partikel-Yan%E2%80%8Bg-Sejenishttp://www.scribd.com/doc/%E2%80%8B54771167/%E2%80%8BKohesi-Adalah-Gaya-Tarik-Menari%E2%80%8Bk-Antara-Partikel-Partikel-Yan%E2%80%8Bg-Sejenishttp://www.scribd.com/doc/%E2%80%8B89076191/Rheo-Meterhttp://www.scribd.com/doc/%E2%80%8B54771167/%E2%80%8BKohesi-Adalah-Gaya-Tarik-Menari%E2%80%8Bk-Antara-Partikel-Partikel-Yan%E2%80%8Bg-Sejenishttp://www.scribd.com/doc/%E2%80%8B54771167/%E2%80%8BKohesi-Adalah-Gaya-Tarik-Menari%E2%80%8Bk-Antara-Partikel-Partikel-Yan%E2%80%8Bg-Sejenis8/2/2019 167232-Instructions of Rheometer
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dipengaruhi oleh kerapatan dan jarak antarpartikel dalam zat. Dengan
demikian, kamu
pasti tahu bahwa gaya kohesi zat padat lebih besar dibandingkan dengan
zat cair dan gas
Gaya kohesi mengakibatkan dua zat bila dicampurkan tidak akan saling
melekat. Contoh peristiwa kohesi adalah : Tidak bercampurnya air dengan
minyak, tidakmelekatnya air raksa pada dinding pipa kapiler, dan air pada daun talas.
Adhesi adalah gaya tarik menarik antara partikel partikel yang tidak
sejenis. Gaya adhesi
akan mengakibatkan dua zat akan saling melekat bila dicampurkan.
Contohnya :
Bercampurnya air dengan teh/kopi, melekatnya air pada dinding pipa
kapiler, melekatnya
tinta pada kertas, dll. (Ada 3 kondisi yg mungkin terjadi jika kita mencampurkan 2
macam zat
1.1. Jika gaya kohesi antar partikel zat yang berbeda lebih besar daripada
gaya
adhesinya, kedua zat tidak akan bercampur. Contohnya, minyak kelapa
dicampur dengan air.
2. Jika gaya adhesi antar partikel zat yang berbeda sama besar dengan
gaya
kohesinya, kedua zat akan bercampur merata. Contohnya, air dicampur
dengan alkohol.
3. Jika gaya adhesi antar partikel zat yang berbeda lebih besar daripadagaya
kohesinya, kedua zat akan saling menempel. Contohnya, air yang
menempel pada kaca.
Akibat adanya kohesi dan adhesi, terjadi beberapa peristiwa menarik dalam
fisika
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SURFACE TENSION APPLICATIONS
ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY
http://www.firp.ula.ve/ archivos/cuadernos/ 02_Chap_Kanicky_Shah.pdf
Theres so much energy resources that exist in this world, but one that have the most
attractive side is the petroleum that remaining in depleted well. To recover and have use of it,
many of technology has been developed. The most common and well known technologies is
the surfactant polymer flooding. But still, te regain the remaining petroleum thats trapped
inside the well is an challenge to technologies and scientific department. Furthermore,
enhanced oil recovery technologies are usually very expensive because
enormous quantities of costly chemicals are injected into an oil well and
are completely lost during the process. depleted oil wells still contain
approximately 65% of theoriginal oil in place. The surfactant-polymer method is basically used to
produce oil from exhausted petroleum well by injecting a slug of surface
active agents into the reservoir. This agent is injected to lower and
decrease the interfacial tension and this will build the formation of oil
bank. The polymer slug prevents water from penetrating the oil bank
There also exists a need to avoid surfactant aggregate structures such as
lamellar liquid crystals which exhibit high viscosity (2932). System
parameters should be such that mixing between the fluids in the
surfactant, oil and polymer slugs does not occur. A dispersion of surfactant
and oil would form an undesired emulsion, while a dispersion of surfactant
and polymer, if incompatible, could lead to phase separation, which would
decrease the effectiveness of the process. Interfacial tensions can reach
ultra-low values at low as well as high surfactant concentrations At low
surfactant concentrations, the system appears to be a two-phase one,
namely oil and brine in equilibrium with each other. A small change in the
surfactant concentration around this region could strongly affect the
interfacial tension. Such a
change in surfactant concentration might occur due to adsorption of
surfactant molecules Surface charge density is another parameter thatcan strongly and favourably affect the displacement efficiency of oil. To
support the surfactant-polymer methods, theres also the foaming of the
oil bank and acid fracturing of oil well. The foaming have a concept
involves the unique of rheogilical properties , the most usual is carbon
dioxide. Surfactants are used to overcome some of the disadvantagesthat
the CO2 flooding system offers. The crucial disadvantage of CO2 flooding
is the low viscosity of liquid CO2 when compared to the heavy fractions in
the oil. A low viscosity implies a higher mobility and this means a
possibility of CO2 leakage via finger formation or channelling. Surfactants
are used to decrease this higher mobility by enhancing foam stability. The
surface tension is properly needed and used as the basic concept of
http://www.firp.ula.ve/%E2%80%8Barchivos/cuadernos/%E2%80%8B02_Chap_Kanicky_Shah.pdfhttp://www.firp.ula.ve/%E2%80%8Barchivos/cuadernos/%E2%80%8B02_Chap_Kanicky_Shah.pdf8/2/2019 167232-Instructions of Rheometer
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Laporan Praktikum Pengantar Teknik Kimia
Modul 4
Penentuan kadar Protein dengan analisa volumetri
Nama Praktikan : Michael Renaldo W.P.
NRP : 6210063
Nama Partner : Kevin Kurnia
NRP : 6210089
Nama Partner : Evandi
NRP : 6210021
Nama Asisten :
Tanggal Praktikum : 19 April 2012
Tanggal Pengumpulan : 24 April 2012
Shift : Pagi
Jurusan Teknik Kimia
Fakultas Teknologi Industri
Universitas Katolik Parahyangan
Bandung
2012
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