167232-Instructions of Rheometer

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TP nomer 5

http://www.aquarium.org.hk/attach/167232-Instructions.doc&sa=

U&ei=G_eQT8bxO4rnrAfUn6GFBQ&ved=0CBsQFjAE&sig2=WB_9V

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Hand Refractometer Instructions Operating

SERIES

Style Model Range Resolution Size Weight

Salinity/ATC REF 211 0-100;

1.000~1.070 sg

1; 0.001 29x40x190mm 220g

NAME OF COMPONENTS

1. Prism 2.Cover plate 3.Correct screw 4.Mirror tube 5.Eyepiece (Adjusting ring of diopter)

METHOD OF OPERATION

1. Aim the front end of the refractometer to the direction of bright light, and adjust the adjusting ring of

diopter 5 until the reticle can be seen clearly.

2. Adjustment of null

Open the cover plate 2, drop distilled water one or two drops on the surface of the prism. Cover the

cover plate, rotate and adjust the correcting screw 3 to make the light/ dark boundary coincide with null

line.

(Salinity/ATC Model should adjust at 20 environmental temperature)

3. Open the cover plate 2 and clean the water on the prism and cover plate by soft cotton flannel, thendrop one or two drops liquid which is needed to be checked on the prism surface and cover the cover

plate. The corresponding dial reading of the light/dark boundary can get the percent of the salt content

of the liquid.

4. The carved line on the left of scale indicates the specific gravity of the sodium chloride liquor.

5. After measurement, please clean directly the liquid which had been measured on the surface of prism

by soft cotton flannel. After drying, please keep appropriately in store.

ATTENTIONS AND MAINTENANCE

1. Adjust the null liquid and specimen should be under the same temperature, if the temperature varied

greatly, the null point should be adjusted once per 30 minutes. Effect of temperature on the refractive

index of glass is very small, but big enough for most of the liquid and plastic material there is to know

its index. Due to the high temperature optical density of a substance is reduced, the refractive index


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decreases. Change per C ranged from 5.10-5 to 5.10-4. Careful measurements up to the fourth

decimal is only meaningful if thoroughly well known temperature.

2. After usage, dont use water to wash the instrument.

3. As it is a kind of precision optical instrument, you should hand it gently and take good care of it. Dont

touch and scratch the optical surfaces. It should be kept in the environment of dry, clean and non-

corrosiveness air, so as to prevent the surface of it turning mouldy and foggy. Please avoid strong shock

during transportation.4. If the consumers use the instrument in accordance with the mentioned method of usage, it guarantee

that instrument cant break down. The optical performance cant change.

http://www.scribd.com/doc/ 29535809/ Apakah-Indeks-Bias-Itu

APAKAH INDEKS BIAS ITU??

Indeks bias suatu zat adalah perbandingan kecepatan cahaya dalam hampa

udara terhadap kecepatan cahaya

dalam zat tersebut, atau perbandingan sinus sudut datang terhadap sinus sudut

bias. Harga indeks bias

berubah-ubah tergantung pada panjang gelombang cahaya dan suhu.

Indekst bias nD

t adalah indeks bias terhadap udara yang diukur pada suhu t C, menggunakan

sinar natrium.

Jika tidak dinyatakan lain, gunakan refraktometer Abbe. Indeks bias diukur dalam

batas suhu + 0.2 C dari

suhu yang dinyatakan pada masing-masing monografi atau jika suhu tidak

dinyatakan, indeks bias diukur

pada suhu 20 C + 0.2 C.

PRINSIP KERJA REFRAKTOMETERRefractometer adalah alat yang digunakan untuk mengukur kadar /

konsentrasi bahan terlarut misalnya : Gula, Garam, Protein dsb. Prinsip

kerja dari refractometer sesuai dengan namanya adalah dengan

memanfaatkan refraksi cahaya. Seperti terlihat pada Gambar di bawah ini

sebuah sedotan yang dicelupkan ke dalam gelas yang berisi air akan

terlihat terbengkok. Pada Gambar kedua sebuah sedotan dicelupkan ke

dalam sebuah gelas yang berisi lauran gula. Terlihat sedotan terbengkok

lebih tajam. Fenomena ini terjadi karena adanya refraksi cahaya. Semakin

tinggi konsentrasi bahan terlarut (Rapat Jenis Larutan), maka sedotan akan

semakin terlihat bengkok secara proporsional. Besarnya sudutpembengkokan ini disebut Refractive

Index (nD). Refractometer ditemukan oleh Dr. Ernst Abbe seorang ilmuwan

dari German pada

permulaan abad 20.

Adapun prinsip kerja dari refractometer dapat digambarkan sebagai

berikut :

1. Dari gambar dibawah ini terdapat 3 bagian yaitu : Sample, Prisma dan

Papan Skala.

Refractive index prisma jauh lebih besar dibandingkan dengan sample.2.Jika sample merupakan larutan dengan konsentrasi rendah, maka sudut

refraksi akan lebar
http://www.scribd.com/doc/%E2%80%8B29535809/%E2%80%8BApakah-Indeks-Bias-Ituhttp://www.scribd.com/doc/%E2%80%8B29535809/%E2%80%8BApakah-Indeks-Bias-Itu


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dikarenakan perbedaan refraksi dari prisma dan sample besar. Maka pada

papan skala sinar

aakan jatuh pada skala rendah.

3.Jika sample merupakan larutan pekat / konsentrasi tinggi, maka sudut

refraksi akan kecil

karena perbedaan refraksi prisma dan sample kecil. Pada gambar terlihar

sinarb

jatuh

TP nomer 3

http://www.scribd.com/doc/ 89076191/Rheo-Meter

TP nomer 10

54771167-Kohesi-Adalah-Gaya-Tarik-Menarik-Antara-Partikel-Partikel-Yang-Sejenis

http://www.scribd.com/doc/ 54771167/ Kohesi-Adalah-Gaya-Tarik-Menari k-Antara-Partikel-

Partikel-Yan g-SejenisKohesi adalah gaya tarik menarik antara partikel partikel yang sejenis.

Kohesi
http://www.scribd.com/doc/%E2%80%8B89076191/Rheo-Meterhttp://www.scribd.com/doc/%E2%80%8B54771167/%E2%80%8BKohesi-Adalah-Gaya-Tarik-Menari%E2%80%8Bk-Antara-Partikel-Partikel-Yan%E2%80%8Bg-Sejenishttp://www.scribd.com/doc/%E2%80%8B54771167/%E2%80%8BKohesi-Adalah-Gaya-Tarik-Menari%E2%80%8Bk-Antara-Partikel-Partikel-Yan%E2%80%8Bg-Sejenishttp://www.scribd.com/doc/%E2%80%8B89076191/Rheo-Meterhttp://www.scribd.com/doc/%E2%80%8B54771167/%E2%80%8BKohesi-Adalah-Gaya-Tarik-Menari%E2%80%8Bk-Antara-Partikel-Partikel-Yan%E2%80%8Bg-Sejenishttp://www.scribd.com/doc/%E2%80%8B54771167/%E2%80%8BKohesi-Adalah-Gaya-Tarik-Menari%E2%80%8Bk-Antara-Partikel-Partikel-Yan%E2%80%8Bg-Sejenis


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dipengaruhi oleh kerapatan dan jarak antarpartikel dalam zat. Dengan

demikian, kamu

pasti tahu bahwa gaya kohesi zat padat lebih besar dibandingkan dengan

zat cair dan gas

Gaya kohesi mengakibatkan dua zat bila dicampurkan tidak akan saling

melekat. Contoh peristiwa kohesi adalah : Tidak bercampurnya air dengan

minyak, tidakmelekatnya air raksa pada dinding pipa kapiler, dan air pada daun talas.

Adhesi adalah gaya tarik menarik antara partikel partikel yang tidak

sejenis. Gaya adhesi

akan mengakibatkan dua zat akan saling melekat bila dicampurkan.

Contohnya :

Bercampurnya air dengan teh/kopi, melekatnya air pada dinding pipa

kapiler, melekatnya

tinta pada kertas, dll. (Ada 3 kondisi yg mungkin terjadi jika kita mencampurkan 2

macam zat

1.1. Jika gaya kohesi antar partikel zat yang berbeda lebih besar daripada

gaya

adhesinya, kedua zat tidak akan bercampur. Contohnya, minyak kelapa

dicampur dengan air.

2. Jika gaya adhesi antar partikel zat yang berbeda sama besar dengan

gaya

kohesinya, kedua zat akan bercampur merata. Contohnya, air dicampur

dengan alkohol.

3. Jika gaya adhesi antar partikel zat yang berbeda lebih besar daripadagaya

kohesinya, kedua zat akan saling menempel. Contohnya, air yang

menempel pada kaca.

Akibat adanya kohesi dan adhesi, terjadi beberapa peristiwa menarik dalam

fisika


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SURFACE TENSION APPLICATIONS

ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY

http://www.firp.ula.ve/ archivos/cuadernos/ 02_Chap_Kanicky_Shah.pdf

Theres so much energy resources that exist in this world, but one that have the most

attractive side is the petroleum that remaining in depleted well. To recover and have use of it,

many of technology has been developed. The most common and well known technologies is

the surfactant polymer flooding. But still, te regain the remaining petroleum thats trapped

inside the well is an challenge to technologies and scientific department. Furthermore,

enhanced oil recovery technologies are usually very expensive because

enormous quantities of costly chemicals are injected into an oil well and

are completely lost during the process. depleted oil wells still contain

approximately 65% of theoriginal oil in place. The surfactant-polymer method is basically used to

produce oil from exhausted petroleum well by injecting a slug of surface

active agents into the reservoir. This agent is injected to lower and

decrease the interfacial tension and this will build the formation of oil

bank. The polymer slug prevents water from penetrating the oil bank

There also exists a need to avoid surfactant aggregate structures such as

lamellar liquid crystals which exhibit high viscosity (2932). System

parameters should be such that mixing between the fluids in the

surfactant, oil and polymer slugs does not occur. A dispersion of surfactant

and oil would form an undesired emulsion, while a dispersion of surfactant

and polymer, if incompatible, could lead to phase separation, which would

decrease the effectiveness of the process. Interfacial tensions can reach

ultra-low values at low as well as high surfactant concentrations At low

surfactant concentrations, the system appears to be a two-phase one,

namely oil and brine in equilibrium with each other. A small change in the

surfactant concentration around this region could strongly affect the

interfacial tension. Such a

change in surfactant concentration might occur due to adsorption of

surfactant molecules Surface charge density is another parameter thatcan strongly and favourably affect the displacement efficiency of oil. To

support the surfactant-polymer methods, theres also the foaming of the

oil bank and acid fracturing of oil well. The foaming have a concept

involves the unique of rheogilical properties , the most usual is carbon

dioxide. Surfactants are used to overcome some of the disadvantagesthat

the CO2 flooding system offers. The crucial disadvantage of CO2 flooding

is the low viscosity of liquid CO2 when compared to the heavy fractions in

the oil. A low viscosity implies a higher mobility and this means a

possibility of CO2 leakage via finger formation or channelling. Surfactants

are used to decrease this higher mobility by enhancing foam stability. The

surface tension is properly needed and used as the basic concept of
http://www.firp.ula.ve/%E2%80%8Barchivos/cuadernos/%E2%80%8B02_Chap_Kanicky_Shah.pdfhttp://www.firp.ula.ve/%E2%80%8Barchivos/cuadernos/%E2%80%8B02_Chap_Kanicky_Shah.pdf


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Laporan Praktikum Pengantar Teknik Kimia

Modul 4

Penentuan kadar Protein dengan analisa volumetri

Nama Praktikan : Michael Renaldo W.P.

NRP : 6210063

Nama Partner : Kevin Kurnia

NRP : 6210089

Nama Partner : Evandi

NRP : 6210021

Nama Asisten :

Tanggal Praktikum : 19 April 2012

Tanggal Pengumpulan : 24 April 2012

Shift : Pagi

Jurusan Teknik Kimia

Fakultas Teknologi Industri

Universitas Katolik Parahyangan

Bandung

2012


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Documents

167232-Instructions of Rheometer