16 Synopsis

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    1/56

    1

    EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON PERFORMANCE

    AND EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF DIESEL ENGINE

    USING BIO-DIESEL AS AN ALTERNATE FUEL

    A SYNOPSIS

    Submitted

    in the partial fulfillment of the requirements for

    the award of the degree of

    DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

    In

    FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

    By

    CH.S.NAGA PRASAD

    [Reg. No. 0603PH1501]

    Under the esteemed guidance of

    Dr. K.VIJAYA KUMAR REDDY

    DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

    JNTUH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, HYDERABAD 500085

    RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CELLJAWAHARLALNEHRUTECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

    KUKATPALLY, HYDERABAD,

    INDIA.

    JANUARY - 2010.

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    2/56

    2

    ABSTRACT

    Petroleum based fuels play a vital role in rapid depletion of conventional

    energy sources along with increasing demand and also major contributors of

    air pollutants. Major portion of todays energy demand in India is being met

    with fossil fuels. Hence it is high time that alternate fuels for engines should be

    derived from indigenous sources. As India is an agricultural country, there is a

    wide scope for the production of vegetable oils (both edible and non-edible)

    from different oil seeds.

    The present work focused only on non-edible oils as fuel for engines, as

    the edible oils are in great demand and far too expensive. The past work

    revealed that uses of vegetable oils for engines in place of diesel were

    investigated. Though the concerned researchers recommended the use of

    vegetable oils in diesel engines, there was no evidence of any practical

    vegetable oil source engines.

    The present investigations are planned after a thorough review of

    literature in this area. Experiments are carried out in a more popular petter

    type single cylinder, water cooled engine. Major problems associated with

    vegetable oils are higher viscosities, lower heating values, raise in

    stoichiometric fuel air ratio and thermal cracking. The author has focused on

    utilization of five non-edible oils, their blends with diesel and respective Methyl

    esters in diesel engines. The neat oil blends with diesel were heated before

    entering into combustion chamber. The heating value depends on the increase

    in percentage of neat oils in mixture to reduce the viscosity of the fuel.

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    3/56

    3

    The performance parameters of the test engine Viz. Brake thermal

    efficiency, Volumetric efficiency are decreased, Brake specific fuel consumption

    and Exhaust gas temperature are increased for all neat oils compared to

    diesel. Emission parameters of engine such as Carbon monoxide, Carbon

    dioxide, Un-burnt hydrocarbons and Smoke are increased, but Nitrogen oxides

    are decreased for all neat oils and their blends compared to diesel. This

    variation is observed due to high viscosity coupled with lower heating value of

    the fuels.

    All neat oils are converted into their respective methyl esters through

    trans-esterification process. In this process, the performance parameters of

    engine such as Brake thermal efficiency and Volumetric efficiency are slightly

    decreased, Brake specific fuel consumption and Exhaust gas temperature are

    increased compared to diesel for all bio-diesels. Emission parameters of engine

    such as Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide, Un-burnt hydrocarbons and Smoke

    are reduced, but Nitrogen oxides increased for all bio-diesels compared to

    diesel. This trend is observed due to complete combustion of the bio-diesels, as

    the viscosity is reduced.

    From the experimentation, it is observed that 25% of neat oil mixed with

    75% of diesel is the best suited blend, without heating and without any

    modification of the engine. Methyl ester of Linseed oil is the better

    performing fuel due to better performance and lower emissions compared to

    other chosen methyl esters.

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    4/56

    4

    NOMENCLATURE

    T1, T3 Inlet water temperatures (0c)

    T2 Outlet engine jacket water temperature (0c)

    T4 Outlet calorimeter temperature(0c)

    T5 Exhaust gas temperature before calorimeter (0c)

    T6 Exhaust gas temperature after calorimeter (0c)

    F1 Fuel flow dp (differential pressure) unit

    F2 Air intake dp(differential pressure) unitPT Pressure transducer

    N Rpm decoder

    Wt. Load

    EGA Exhaust gas analyzer (5 gases)

    SM Smoke meter

    D Diesel

    LS Linseed oilLS(N) Neat Linseed oil

    CaO(N) Neat Castor oil

    PS(N) Neat Palm stearin

    MA(N) Neat Mahua oil

    NM(N) Neat Neem oil

    CS(N) Neat Cotton seed oil

    RB(N) Neat Rice bran oilBP Brake power

    bsfc Brake specific fuel consumption

    EGT Exhaust Gas Temperature

    CO Carbon monoxide

    CO2 Carbon dioxide

    UHC Un-burnt hydro carbons

    NOx Nitrogen oxides

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    5/56

    5

    MELS Methyl ester of Linseed oil

    MECaO Methyl ester of Castor oil

    MEPS Methyl ester of palm stearin

    MEMA Methyl ester of Mahua oil

    MENM Methyl ester of Neem oil

    MERB Methyl ester of Rice bran oil

    MECON Methyl ester of Coconut oil

    CHAPTER I

    INTRODUCTION

    1.1. Introduction:

    India is one of the fastest developing countries with a stable economic

    growth, which multiplies the demand for transportation in many folds. Fuel

    consumption is directly proportionate to this demand. India depends mainly

    on imported fuels due to lack of fossil fuel reserves and it has a great impact

    on economy. India has to look for an alternative to sustain the growth rate.

    Bio-diesel is a promising alternative for our Diesel needs. With vast

    vegetation and land availability, certainly bio-diesel is a viable source of fuel

    for Indian conditions. Recent studies and research have made it possible to

    extract bio-diesel at economical costs and quantities. The blend of Bio-

    diesel with fossil diesel has many benefits like reduction in emissions,

    increase in efficiency of engine, higher Cetane rating, lower engine wear, low

    fuel consumption, reduction in oil consumption etc. It can be seen that the

    efficiency of the engine increases by the utilization of Bio-diesel. This will

    have a great impact on Indian economy.

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    6/56

    6

    Diesel fuels have deep impact on the industrial economy of a country.

    These are used in heavy trucks, city transport buses, locomotives, electrical

    generators, farm equipments, underground mine equipments etc. The

    consumption of diesel fuels in India for the period 2007-08 was 28.30

    million tons, which was 43.2% of the consumption of petroleum products.

    This requirement was met by importing crude petroleum as well as

    petroleum products. The import bill on these items was 17,838 crores. With

    the expected growth rate for diesel consumption more than 14% per annum,

    shrinking crude oil reserves and limited refining capacity, India is likely to

    depend more on imports of crude petroleum and petroleum products.

    1.2. History of vegetable oils:

    India is importing crude petroleum & petroleum products from Gulf

    countries. Indian scientists searched for an alternate to diesel fuel to

    preserve global environment and to withstand economical crisis. So,

    vegetable oils from plants both edible, crude non-edible and Methyl esters

    (Bio-diesels) are used as alternate source for Diesel oil. Bio-diesel was found

    as the best alternate fuel, technically and environmentally acceptable,

    economically competitive and easily available.

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    7/56

    7

    CHAPTER 2

    LITERATURE SURVEY

    The oils that are extensively studied include Sunflower, Soya bean,

    Peanut, Rapeseed, Rice bran, Karanji etc.,[1,2]. One of the disadvantages of

    using these oils in diesel engines is nozzle deposits, which drastically affects

    the engine performance and emissions. The refining processes of vegetable

    oil gives better performance compared to crude vegetable oil[3,4,5,6].

    Goering et al [7] studied the characteristic properties of eleven

    vegetable oils to determine which oils would be best suited for use as an

    alternative fuel source. Of the eleven oils tested, corn, rapeseed, sesame,

    cottonseed, and soyabean oils had the most favourable fuel properties.

    There is an improvement in the engine performance when these

    modified vegetable oils are used instead of base vegetable oils [8,9,11,12].

    This improvement in performance is attributed to good atomization of these

    modified fuels in the injector nozzle and a significant reduction in the

    viscosity.

    The performance of the non-edible oils like Rice bran oil [15] and

    cotton seed oil [14] was found satisfactory.

    The idea of using vegetable oils as fuel for diesel engines is not a new one.

    Rudolph Diesel used peanut oil as fuel in his engine at Paris Exposition of

    1900.However, despite the technical feasibility, vegetable oil as fuel could

    not get acceptance, as it was more expensive compared to petroleum fuels.

    Later the various factors as stated earlier, created renewed interest of

    researchers in vegetable oil as substitute fuel for diesel engines. The density

    and viscosities of the blends increased with the increase of biodiesel

    concentration in the fuel blend. It also reduces the filter clogging and

    ensures smooth flow of oil. Some of the researchers[10,13] conducted the

    experiments on diesel engine using non-edible vegetable oils used as

    alternate fuels and found maximum Brake thermal efficiency, BSFC and

    emissions like CO,HC also increased without any engine modification. The

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    8/56

    8

    uses of biodiesel [16] in conventional diesel engines result in substantial

    reduction in the emission of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and

    particulate. Neat oil is converted into Methyl ester of oil (biodiesel) using

    trans-esterification process. Methyl and ethyl ester of Karanja oil [17] can

    also be used as fuel in compression ignition engine without any engine

    modification. Higher viscosity is responsible for various undesirable

    combustion properties of Neat vegetable oils. Four well known techniques

    are proposed to reduce the viscosity levels of vegetable oil namely dilution,

    Pyrolysis, Micro emulsion and Trans esterification [18].

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    9/56

    9

    Chapter III

    PROPERTIES OF VEGETABLE OILS USED IN TEST ENGINE

    3.1 INTRODUCTION

    The general morphology of oil plants and seeds and availability of oils are

    explained. Combustion parameters such as density, viscosity, flash point,

    fire point, cetane number and calorific value of all types of chosen oils and

    their blends with diesel oil are presented in this chapter. Effect of blending

    vegetable oil with diesel on viscosity is discussed. Effect of heating on

    viscosity of oils and their blends with diesel is studied in this chapter.

    3.2. GENERAL MORPHOLOGY OF PLANTS AND THEIR SEEDS

    3.2.1 Linseed oil: Linseed oil, other wise known as flax seed oil or simply

    flax oil. Its scientific name is Linum usitatissimum, (or)Linaceae. The

    yellowish drying oil is derived from dried ripe seeds of flax plant through

    pressing and extraction. It is available in varieties such as Cold Pressed,

    alkali refined, sun Bleached, sun thickened, and polymerized (stand oil)

    marketed as flaxseed oil. Linseed oil is the most commonly used carrier in

    oil paint. Several coats of linseed oil acts as the traditional protective coating

    for the raw willow of a cricket bat. Fresh, refrigerated and unprocessed,

    linseed oil is used as nutritional supplement. It is available in Asian

    countries.

    3.2.2 Castor oil: Castor oil (or) ricinus oil is non-volatile fatty oil extracted

    from Castor bean seeds. It varies in colour from colour less to greenish. It

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_usitatissimumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drying_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_painthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crickethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutritional_supplementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutritional_supplementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crickethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_painthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drying_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linaceaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linum_usitatissimum
  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    10/56

    10

    has two derivatives known as blown castor and hydrogenated oil.

    Hydrogenated castor oil is used in textiles, paints, varnishes, plastics,

    cosmetics, fibers, hair oils and drying oils. It is also used in traditional

    medical purpose. This oil also serves as a pregnant woman during delivery.It

    is available in India and African countries.

    3.2.3 Palm Stearin oil:

    Palm oil has pleasant odour and taste. It is stable and resistant to

    rancidity. The colour of palm oil varies from yellow to deep orange. Inter

    esterification of palm oil produces two fractions. Palm oil obtained at low

    melting point called Olein and the oil obtained at high melting point called

    Stearin. Oil palm fruits are oval-shaped sessile drupes. Palm oil contains

    some triglyceride species, which are completely saturated. The iodine value

    of palm oil is lower (44-58) when compared to other vegetable oils because of

    high proportion of saturated fatty acids.

    Palm oil is solid at ambient temperature and fluid in tropical and

    subtropical climates with certain fractions held in crystalline form. It is

    used in manufacturing plastics, fibers and soaps. It is available in Asia,

    Africa, Indonesia, Nigeria and Malaysia.

    3.2.4 Mahua oil: Scientific name of Mahua oil is Madhuka indica,

    botanical name is Madura long folia. It is derived from a tropical tree

    belonging to the family Sapotaceae. The other Vernacular names of Mahua

    are Madhukha in Sanskrit, Maduca or butter tree in English, Mohua in

    Hindi, Mahuva In Urdu, Ireppa (or) Elippa in Malayalam, Ippa (or) Ippachittu

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    11/56

    11

    in Telugu, Monda in Marathi. Almost all parts of this tree, which includes

    leaves, flowers, roots, bark, latex juice, seed and are known to possess

    medicinal properties. So, it is widely used in traditional medicine.

    The leaves of Mahua are astringent and they are used in embrocation. The

    bark is used for rheumatism, ulcers and diabetic mellitus. It is used to cure

    burning sensation in the body, debility emaciation, respiratory diseases,

    rheumatism and thirst. It is considered useful in snake bite and fish poison

    cases. Flowers can be used to treat cough, cold and bronchitis. Flowers are

    largely used in processing distilled liquors. The roots are applied to cure

    ulcers. In vetenary medicine, it is used to treat stomach ache in horses.

    Leaves are used as cattle fodder and green manure. The last, but not least is

    the bio-diesel properties of Mahua seed oil. The methanolic extract of

    flowers, leaves, stem and stem bark has been reported to posses

    antibacterial activity against B anthracis, B pumilus, viz Cholera, xanth etc.

    It is available in Asian and western countries.

    3.2.5 Neem oil:

    The scientific name of Neem isazadirachta indica. It belongs to the family

    meliaceae. The kernels contain 40% to 50% of an acrid bitter greenish yellow

    to brown oil with strong disagreeable garlic like odour. This bitter taste is

    due to the presence of sulphur containing compounds like Nimbin, Nimbidin

    and Nimbosterol. It is rich in oleic acid, followed by Stearic, Palmitic and

    Linolenic acids. The oil is used for illumination, soap making,

    pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and medicinal fields (Ayurvedic medicine).The

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    12/56

    12

    purified oil is used in manufacturing disinfect able and emulsifying agents

    which are used as insecticidal sprays. Neem oil is available in India and

    West Africa.

    Table :3.1. Specifications of the test rig.

    Number of cylinders 01Number of Strokes 04

    Fuel Diesel

    Rated Power 5.2 KW/7 hp @ 1500 RPM

    Cylinder bore & Stroke 87.5 & 110 mm

    Compression Ratio 17.5:1Dynamometer arm length 185 mm

    Dynamometer Type Eddy current

    Type of cooling Water cooled

    Table 3.2. Comparison of combustion characteristics of vegetable oilsused

    property Linseed Castor Palmstearin

    Mahua Neem Diesel

    Density(gm/cc)at400C

    0.929 0.956 0.918 0.917 0.919 0.830

    Viscosity(cst) 22.2 52 39.6 36 34 5.0

    Flash point(0C) 241 320 220 273 300 57

    Fire point(0C) 260 345 280 301 325 65

    Calorificvalues(KJ/Kg)

    39307 36000 37500 39600 35200 42000

    Cetane number 34.6 42.3 42 45 38 50

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    13/56

    13

    CHAPTER IV

    EXPERIMENTAL WORK

    4.1 INTRODUCTION

    The details of the experimental set up are presented in this chapter. The

    information about the engine, components, instrumentation and controls

    used in test engine are described.

    4.2 EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP

    The various components of experimental set up are described below. Fig.4.1

    shows line diagram & Fig.4.2 shows the photograph of the experimental set

    up. The important components of the system are

    (i)The engine(ii)Dynamometer(iii)Smoke meter

    (iv)Exhaust gas analyzer4.2.1 The Engine:

    The Engine chosen to carry out experimentation is a single cylinder, four

    stroke, vertical, water cooled, direct injection computerized Kirloskar make

    CI Engine. This engine can withstand higher pressures encountered and

    also is used extensively in agriculture and industrial sectors. Therefore this

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    14/56

    14

    engine is selected for carrying experiments. The specifications of the engine

    given in Appendix I. Fig. 4.3 and 4.4 show the actual photos of the C.I.

    Engine and its attachments.

    4.2.2 Dynamometer:

    The engine has a DC electrical dynamometer to measure its output. The

    dynamometer is calibrated statistically before use. The dynamometer is

    reversible i.e., it works as monitoring as well as an absorbing device. Load is

    controlled by changing the field current. Eddy-Current Dynamometer's

    theory is based on Eddy-Current (Fleming's right hand law). The

    construction of eddy-current dynamometer has a notched disc(rotor) which

    is driven by a prime mover(such as engine, etc.) and magnetic poles(stators)

    are located outside with a gap. The coil which excites the magnetic pole is

    wound in circumferential direction. When current runs through exciting

    coil, a magnetic flux loop is formed around the exciting coil through stators

    and a rotor. The rotation of rotor produces density difference, then eddy-

    current goes to stator. The electromagnetic force is applied opposite to the

    rotational direction by the product of this eddy-current.

    4.2.3 Smoke meter:

    Smoke measurement is made using an OPAX2000II/DX200P of Neptune

    Equipment Pvt. Ltd. Ahmedabad. The measurement is based on the

    principle of light absorption by particle. Photo electronic smoke detectionis

    based on the principle of optical detection. It is also known as the

    "scattered" light principle. An alarm condition occurs when smoke particles

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    15/56

    15

    enter the light path and a part of the light is "scattered" by reflection and

    refraction onto a sensor. This type of detector is best for areas where dense

    smoke may occur, as in ductwork.

    The equipment allows test on a continuous mode, average and peak levels.

    The measured operating values are shown as three digital either in light

    absorption coefficient that is in ABS K units from 0.00 to 9.99 are in Bosch

    units (or) in percentage from 0% to 99.9%.The measurements are made in

    Bosch units at continuous mode. Fig.4.7 shows the actual photo of smoke

    meter attached to the engine at the exit.

    4.2.4 Exhaust Gas Analyzer:

    All emissions like Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide,Un-Burnt

    Hydrocarbons, Nitrogen oxide and unused oxygen are found in 5 gas

    emission analyzer of model 5G -10 , PLANET EQUIPMENT is used. In

    this cable one end is connected to the inlet of the analyzer and the other end

    is connected at the end of the exhaust gas outlet. Continuous charging of

    the analyzer is essential to work in an effective way.Fig.4.5 and 4.6 show the

    actual photos of Exhaust Gas Analyzer attached to engine at the exit.The

    measuring method is based on the principle of light absorption in the

    infrared region, known as "non-dispersive infrared absorption".The

    broadband infrared radiation produced by the light source passes through a

    chamber filled with gas, generally methane or carbon dioxide. This gas

    absorbs radiation of a known wavelength and this absorption is a measure

    of the concentration of the gas. There is a narrow bandwidth optical filter at

    http://www.habmigern2003.info/future_trends/infrared_analyser/ndir/IR-Absorption-GB.htmlhttp://www.habmigern2003.info/future_trends/infrared_analyser/ndir/IR-Absorption-GB.html
  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    16/56

    16

    the end of the chamber to remove all other wavelengths before it is

    measured with a pyro-electric detector.

    4.3. Experimental Programme:

    The experiments are conducted for variable loads like 0.2, 1,2,3,4 and 5.2

    KW at rated speed, with injection pressure of 210 bar and cooling water exit

    temperature at 650C. Three blends of all types of vegetable oils such as 25%,

    50%, 75% and 100% (neat oils) are used in this experimentation. The

    vegetable oils and their blends with diesel are heated externally to a required

    temperature as stated earlier before injecting into the test cylinder. The

    engine was sufficiently warmed up and stabilized before taking all the

    readings. All the observations recorded were replicated thrice to get a

    reasonable value. The performance parameters such as Brake Thermal

    Efficiency(B.Th.), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption(bsfc), Exhaust Gas

    Temperature(EGT) and Volumetric efficiency(Vol.) Emission parameters

    such as Carbon Monoxide(CO),Carbon Dioxide(CO2),Un-burnt Hydro

    carbon(UHC) (UHC),Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)and Smoke are evaluated .These

    performance and emission parameters of oils are compared to those of pure

    diesel.

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    17/56

    17

    Fig.4.1.Line diagram of Experimental setup

    Fig .4.2. Experimental setup with Instrumentation

    Dynamometer

    Engine

    Calorimete

    T1

    T2

    T3

    F1

    F2

    T5 T6

    T4

    PT

    N

    SMEGA

    Rota meters

    Control

    PanelCompu

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    18/56

    18

    Fig. 4.3. Experimental set up of computerized C.I. Engine

    Fig. 4.4. Experimental set up of computerized C.I. Engine with smoke

    meter

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    19/56

    19

    Fig. 4.5. Five gas emission analyzer

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    20/56

    20

    Fig. 4.6. Five gas analyzer with display

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    21/56

    21

    Fig. 4.7. Smoke meter

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    22/56

    22

    CHAPTER- V

    EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON FIVE TYPES OF

    VEGETABLE OILS IN THE TEST ENGINE5.1. Introduction

    Five different types of chosen vegetable oils and their blends with

    diesel are tried on the test engine with an objective to examine their

    suitability as alternate fuels. Since the viscosity of vegetable oil is high and

    leads to increase in droplet size, which has an impact on combustion.

    Therefore preheating of oil is essential. The oils used in the test engine are

    pre heated to certain temperature before entering into the combustion

    chamber. Five different types of vegetable oils and their notations are given

    below.

    Type of oil Notation

    Linseed oil LS

    Castor oil CaO

    Palm Stearin PS

    Mahua oil MA

    Neem oil NM

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    23/56

    23

    A series of load tests are carried out on Diesel engine with computerized

    test Engine, using vegetable oils and their blends. Five Gas Emission

    Analyzer and Smoke meter are attached to the engine.

    The performance parameters such as Brake Power(BP), Brake thermal

    efficiency (B.th), Brake specific Fuel consumption(bsfc), Exhaust Gas

    temperature(EGT), the emission parameters such as Carbon Monoxide(CO),

    Carbon dioxide(CO2),Un-burnt hydrocarbons(UHC), Nitrogen oxides(NOx)

    and Smoke Opacity(Smoke) are evaluated and analyzed from graphs.

    Neat Vegetable oils and their blends with diesel, which yield better

    performance and Emission parameters, are identified.

    Performance parameters of these chosen oils are compared to those of other

    neat oils available in literature like Cottonseed oil and Rice bran oils for

    validation.

    5.2. Results and discussions

    The experimental investigations are carried out using the above said oils

    and their blends on the test engine. The detailed analyses of these results

    are discussed in this section.

    5.2.1 Engine Performance and Emission parameters of Linseed Oil and

    its Blends:

    5.2.1.1. Brake Thermal Efficiency:Fig 5.1. Shows the variation of Brake

    Thermal Efficiency with Brake power output for Linseed oil and its blends

    with Diesel in the test engine. Brake thermal Efficiency for 25% blend of

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    24/56

    24

    Linseed oil is very close to that of Diesel. Maximum Brake thermal efficiency

    is obtained at 4 kw load. Brake thermal efficiency for 25% and neat linseed

    oil is lower by 10.41% and 34.60% respectively compared to diesel at rated

    load. This is attributed to lower calorific value, high viscosity coupled with

    density of the fuel.

    5.2.1.2. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption: Fig 5.2. Shows the variation

    of brake specific fuel consumption with Brake power output for Linseed oil

    and its blends in the test engine. 25% blend of Linseed oil has the lowest

    BSFC compared to its other blends. bsfc for 25% blend of linseed oil is

    slightly higher than that of diesel. At rated load, bsfc of Neat linseed oil is

    0.325 Kg/kw-hr, where as for diesel it is 0.210 Kg/Kw-hr. At rated load,

    bsfc of neat linseed oil is higher by 54.76% compared to diesel. This

    observed phenomenon is due to higher viscosity of the fuel.

    5.2.1.3. Exhaust Gas Temperature: Fig 5.3 shows the variation of

    Exhaust Gas temperature with Brake power output for Linseed oil and its

    blends in the test engine. EGT for 25 % blend of Linseed oil is lower at no

    load and higher at rated load. However all other blends of Linseed oil have

    higher EGT compared to diesel. 25% blend of Linseed oil has higher

    performance than other blends due to reduction in Exhaust heat loss.

    5.2.1.4. Volumetric Efficiency: Fig.5.4 shows the variation of

    volumetric efficiency with Brake power output for Linseed oil and its blends

    with Diesel in the test engine. Volumetric efficiency for 25% blend of

    Linseed oil is almost same as diesel. Diesel has high Volumetric efficiency

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    25/56

    25

    compared to all other blends. Volumetric efficiency of Neat Linseed oil is

    75.20% at rated load and that of diesel is 75.35%. Volumetric efficiency of

    neat linseed oil is lower by 0.19 % compared to diesel at rated load. This is

    due to higher exhaust gas temperature released after the combustion

    process.

    5.2.1.5. Carbon Monoxide: Fig 5.5 shows the variation of Carbon

    monoxide emissions with Brake power output for Linseed oil and its blends

    with Diesel in the test engine. CO emission for 25% blend of Linseed oil is

    compared with diesel at all loads. Neat Linseed oil has the highest CO

    emission for all loads compared to all other blends. CO emission for Neat

    Linseed oil at rated load is higher by 96% compared to diesel. This is the

    result of incomplete combustion of the fuel.

    5.2.1.6. Carbon Dioxide: Fig .5.6 shows the variation of Carbon Dioxide

    emission with Brake power output for Linseed oil and its blends with Diesel

    in the test engine. 25% blend of Linseed oil has lower CO2 emission

    compared to all other blends. Neat Linseed oil has the highest CO2

    emission for all loads. CO2 emission for Neat Linseed oil at rated load is

    higher by 19.18% compared to Diesel. Excess supply of oxygen is the

    influencing criterion.

    5.2.1.7. Un-burnt Hydrocarbons: Fig 5.7 shows the variation of Un-burnt

    hydro carbon emission with Brake power output for Linseed oil and its

    blends with Diesel in the test engine. 25% blend of Linseed oil has lower

    UHC emission compared to all other blends for all loads. UHC emission for

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    26/56

    26

    25% blend and Neat Linseed oil is 79 ppm and 89ppm, where as for diesel

    it is 74 ppm. UHC emission for 25% blend and neat linseed oil at rated load

    is higher by 6.75% and 20.27% respectively compared to diesel. In this

    phenomenon formation of rich airfuel mixture plays a vital role.

    5.2.1.8. Nitrogen oxides: Fig. 5.8 shows the variation of Nitrogen Oxide

    emission with Brake power output for Linseed oil and its blends with Diesel

    in the test engine. Diesel has higher NOx emission compared to all other

    blends. NOx emission for 25 % blend of Linseed oil is well compared with

    diesel at all loads. NOx emission for 25% blend of Linseed oil at rated load

    is 55 ppm, where as for diesel it is 58 ppm. The difference is 3 ppm. i.e.

    Linseed oil NOx emission is lower by 5.45% compared to diesel. Lower peak

    combustion temperature in the combustion chamber influences this factor.

    5.2.1.9. Smoke: Fig.5.9 shows the variation of Smoke emission with

    Brake power output for Linseed oil and its blends with Diesel in the test

    engine. 25% blend of Linseed oil has lower Smoke emission compared to all

    other blends and slightly higher than diesel. Neat Linseed oil has the

    highest smoke opacity compared to all other blends for all loads. Smoke

    emission for 25% blend is compared to diesel. Smoke emission for 25%

    blend and neat Linseed oil at rated load is higher by 8.43%and 31.32%

    respectively compared to Diesel. The effect of incomplete combustion leads

    to oils available in the literature.

    ** The remaining four oils such as Castor, Palm Stearin, Mahua and Neem

    oils are also showing the same type of trend as Linseed oil in observation

    for the performance and emission characteristics for neat oils and Diesel.

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    27/56

    27

    Fig. 5.1. Variation of Brake Thermal Efficiency with Brake

    Power for Linseed oil and its Blends.

    Fig. 5.2.Variation of Brake Specific Fuel Consumption with

    Brake power for Linseed oil and its Blends.

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    28/56

    28

    Fig. 5.3. Variation of Exhaust Temperature with Brake power

    For Linseed oil and its Blends

    Fig. 5.4. Variation of Volumetric Efficiency with Brake

    Power For Linseed oil and its Blends

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    29/56

    29

    Fig. 5.5. Variation of Carbon Monoxide with Brake power for

    Linseed oil and its Blends

    Fig. 5.6. Variation of Carbon Dioxide with Brake power for

    Linseed oil and its Blends

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    30/56

    30

    Fig. 5.7 Variation of UN Burnt Hydro Carbons with Brake

    Power for Linseed oil and its Blends

    Fig. 5.8. Variation of Nitrogen Oxides with Brake power for

    Linseed oil and its blends

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    31/56

    31

    Fig. 5.9. Variation of Smoke with Brake power for

    Linseed oil and its Blends

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    32/56

    32

    Conclusions for Neat oils

    Brake thermal efficiency for Neat Castor, Palm stearin, Linseed, Neemand Mahua oil is lower by 25.21%, 27.06%, 34.60%, 22.55% and

    27.56% respectively compared to diesel. This is due to lower calorific

    value and high viscosity of the oils.

    Neat Castor, Palm stearin, Linseed, Mahua and Neem oil, bsfc ishigher by 45.23%,40.47%,54.76%,40.47% and 47.61% respectively

    compared to diesel at rated load. This is result of high viscosity of the

    fuels.

    EGT for Neat Castor, Palm stearin, Linseed, Mahua and Neem oil ishigher compared to diesel.

    CO emission for Neat Castor oil, Palm stearin oil, Linseed oil, Mahuaoil and Neem oil is higher by 79.48%, 58.97%, 96%, 58.97% and

    61.53% respectively compared to diesel at rated load. This is

    attributed to incomplete combustion of the fuels.

    CO2 emission for Neat Castor oil ,Palm stearin oil , Linseed oil, Mahuaoil and Neem oil is higher by 20.93%,19.18%,19.18%,16.86%,20.73%

    respectively compared to diesel at rated load. This is a result of excess

    availability of oxygen during combustion.

    UHC emission for Neat Castor oil, Palm stearin oil, Linseed oil, Mahuaoil and Neem oil is higher by 27.02%, 32.43%, 20.27%, 28.37% and

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    33/56

    33

    20.27% respectively compared to diesel at rated load. This is because

    of rich air-fuel mixture.

    NOx emission for neat Castor oil, Palm stearin oil, Linseed oil, Mahuaoil and Neem oil is lower by 52%, 64%, 44%, 60% and 64%

    respectively compared to diesel at rated load. This is result of

    incomplete combustion of fuels.

    Smoke emission for Neat Castor oil, Palm stearin oil, Linseed oil,Mahua oil and Neem oil is higher by 41.92%, 28.19%,31.32%, 26.50%

    and 26.50% respectively compared to diesel at rated load. This is due

    to incomplete combustion of the fuels.

    25% blend of chosen Non edible vegetable oils with 75% of diesel isused as alternate fuel in C.I. Engine without pre heating of the oil

    before entering into combustion chamber as per the analysis of graphs

    The performance and emissions for 25% blend of Linseed oil is betterthan that of all other blends and is alternate fuel to diesel in

    C.I.Engine.

    25% blend of Castor oil has better performance with lower emissionsthan those of other blends. Hence a blend up to 25% without

    preheating of oil is used in place of diesel in C.I.Engine.

    25 % blend of Palm Stearin oil has better performance with loweremissions compared to other blends. Hence a blend up to 25%

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    34/56

    34

    without preheating of oil is used as alternate to diesel fuel for diesel

    engine.

    Better performance of Neat Maua oil and its blends at 25% and 50%makes the oil much superior to other oils under test. Hence it is

    considered as better performing oil and it is suitable at 25% blend

    without preheating before entering into combustion chamber of the

    diesel engine.

    Neem oil at 25% blend without preheating is also suitable in place ofdiesel.

    Further to improve the performance and to reduce the emissions ofLinseed, Castor, Palm sterin, Mahua and neem oils, it is proposed to

    use esterified oils.

    The performance and emission parameters of Linseed, Castor, Palmstearin, Mahua and Neem oils are better than Jatropha and Pongamia

    oils available in the literature.

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    35/56

    35

    CHAPTER VI

    EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF ESTERS OF

    VEGETABLE OILS

    6.1. INTRODUCTION:

    In the previous chapter it is observed that the engine working with neat

    oils of Linseed, Castor, Palm Stearin, Mahua and Neem is releasing higher

    Smoke, CO, and Un-burnt HC with lower Performance compared to diesel.

    In view of improving the performance and reducing the emissions, an

    attempt is made by using Methyl Ester of Linseed (MELS) oil, Methyl Ester of

    Castor (MECaO) oil, Methyl Ester of Palm Stearin (MEPS) oil, Methyl Ester of

    Mahua (MEMA) oil and Methyl Ester of Neem (MENM) oil is used as fuel. In

    the present investigation Methyl esters of respective oils are prepared using

    Trans-esterification in the laboratory. Their properties are compared to

    those of diesel and Neat oils. The performance and emission parameters of

    the diesel engine with MELS, MECaO, MEPS, MEMA and MENM oils are

    evaluated at variable loads. These results are compared to diesel. These

    results also compared with results of Methyl Ester of Rice Bran (MERB) and

    Coconut (MECON) oils available in the literature for validation.

    6.2. ESTERIFICATION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF OILS USED IN TEST ENGINE

    In the transesterification, one ester is converted into another. The reaction is

    done by either with acid or base catalyst with methanol. Simple molecular

    representation of trans-esterification reaction is shown below. As typically

    practised, a basic catalyst such as sodium hydroxide is used to convert

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    36/56

    36

    glycerol-based trimesters (or) tri glycerides, which convert fats and oils into

    methanol-based monoesters (or) methyl esters yielding free glycerol as a

    byproduct. A stoichiometric material balance yields the following simplified

    equation.

    Fat oil + 3 Methanol ------- 3 Methyl ester + Glycerol

    1000kg 107.5kg 1004 .5 kg 103 kg.

    CH2COOR1 CH3COOR1 CH2 __ OH

    (Catalyst)

    CHCOOR2 + 3 CH3OH ------------------> CH3COOR2 + CH ___OH

    (NaOH)

    CH2COOR3 CH3COOR3 CH2 __ OH

    Triglycerides Alcohol Mixture of Glycerin

    (Vegetable oil) Fatty Esters

    Simple Representation of Trans- esterification Reaction

    The mass flow shown in the case of complete conversion of stearic acid into

    triglyceride. It is a simple process. At room temperature the reaction

    proceeds for the conversion of 90-97%, in excess of methanol, approximately

    in one hour. The remaining 3-10% is glycerol, mono/di/triglycerides and

    free fatty acids.

    An experimental set up is created in the laboratory to prepare Methyl ester

    of all types of oils. For preparing Linseed oil 12% of methanol with 0.5% of

    sodium hydroxide on mass basis are taken and mixed thoroughly. One liter

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    37/56

    37

    of Neat Linseed oil and methanol, sodium hydroxide mixture are poured into

    an air tight flask. The mixture is stirred rigorously and heated at a constant

    temperature of 650C for 90 minutes, and then it is allowed to cool over night

    without stirring in a separating funnel. Two layers are formed. The bottom

    layer consists of glycerol and the top layer is Ester. Glycerol is removed by

    opening the cock, leaving methyl ester in the funnel.

    Similarly 13%, 15%, 17% and 19% of Methanol, and 0.5% sodium

    hydroxide mixture are added to one liter of Neat Castor oil, Neat Palm

    stearin, Neat Mahua oil and Neat Neem oil respectively. Then the mixture is

    heated at constant temperature of 650C for 60, 90,120 and 150 minutes for

    Castor, Palmstearin, and Mahua and Neem oils respectively. Then these are

    allowed to cool and settle over night before the process of separation.

    6.3. CHARACTERIZATION OF METHYL ESTER OF DIFFERENT TYPE OF

    OILS USED IN TEST ENGINE.

    The important physical and chemical properties of methyl Ester of Linseed

    oil, Methyl Ester of Castor, Methyl Ester of Palm stearin, Methyl Ester of

    Mahua and Methyl Ester of Neem oil are determined as per Indian standard

    instrumentation in the fuels and lubricants laboratory. Determination of

    density, calorific value, viscosity, flash point and fire point are conducted

    using H ygrometer, Bomb calorimeter, Red wood viscometer and Ables

    apparatus respectively. The properties of methyl ester of five types of oils

    used are compared to diesel, neat oils and Methyl Esters of different types of

    oils available in literature shown in Table6.1

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    38/56

    38

    The results show that, trans-esterification improves the important fuel

    properties for different types of oils such as specific gravity, viscosity and

    flash point. The properties of MELS, MECaO, MEPS, MEMA, and MENM oils

    are compared to those of other esters.

    The comparison shows that methyl esters have relatively closer fuel

    properties with those of diesel.

    Methyl ester of Linseed oil is substantially reduced from a value of 22.2 cst

    to 7 cst approximately, 3.17times lower than that of Neat Linseed oil. The

    calorific value of methyl ester of Linseed oil is 4.52% lower than that of

    diesel, because of its oxygen content. The density of MELS is lower by 6.22%

    compared to diesel. The flash point of MELS is higher compared to diesel.

    Hence this fuel is safer to store and to transport compared to diesel.

    The viscosity of MECaO oil is reduced from 52 cst to 10 cst, which is

    approximately 5.2 times lower than that of neat Castor oil. The calorific

    value of MECaO is lower by 8.09% and density is higher by 4.19% compared

    to diesel.

    The viscosity of MEPS is reduced from 39.6 cst to 9 cst, which is

    approximately 4.4 times lower compared to Neat Palm srearin oil. The

    calorific value of MEPS is lower by 8.21% and density is higher by 5.38%

    compared to diesel.

    The viscosity of MEMA is reduced from 36 cst to 8 cst, which is

    approximately 4.5 times lower compared to Neat Mahua oil. The calorific

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    39/56

    39

    value of MEMA is lower by 7.96 % and density is higher by 4.67% compared

    to diesel.

    The viscosity of MENM is reduced from 34 cst to 7.2 cst, which is

    approximately 4.72 times lower compared to Neat Neem oil. The calorific

    value of MENM is lower by 11.53% and density is higher by 4.55% compared

    to diesel.

    6.4. Results and Discussions: The experimental investigations are carried

    out in test engine using Methyl Ester of Linseed oil, Methyl Ester of Castor

    oil, Methyl Ester of Palm stearin oil, Methyl Ester of Mahua oil and Methyl

    Ester of Neem oil. The detailed analysis and their results are discussed and

    presented in this chapter.

    6.4.1. Engine Performance and Emission parameters of Methyl ester of

    Linseed oil :

    6.4.1.1. Brake Thermal Efficiency: For Fig. 6.1. Shows the variation of

    Brake Thermal Efficiency with Brake Power for Diesel, Neat Linseed oil and

    Methyl Ester of Linseed oil in the test engine. For all range of loads of

    engine, Brake Thermal Efficiency of Methyl ester of Linseed oil and diesel are

    compared. Maximum Brake thermal efficiency is obtained at 4 kw load.

    Brake Thermal efficiency for 100% Methyl Ester of Linseed oil is 24.87%,

    where as for diesel it is 34.10 % at 4 Kw load. Brake thermal efficiency for

    methyl ester of linseed oil is lower by 27.06 % compared to diesel. This is

    attributed to high density and low calorific value of Methyl Ester of Linseed

    oil.

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    40/56

    40

    6.4.1.2. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption: Fig.6.2. Shows the variation

    of Brake Specific Fuel Consumption with Brake Power for Diesel, Neat

    Linseed oil and Methyl Ester of Linseed oil in the test engine. For all loads

    of operation, Methyl Ester of Linseed oil has higher bsfc compared to diesel.

    At rated load, bsfc for 100% Methyl Ester of Linseed Oil is 0.305 Kg/kw-hr,

    where as for diesel it is 0.210 Kg/kwhr. At rated load, methyl ester of

    Linseed oil is higher by 45.23% compared to diesel. Delay in ignition process

    causes this difference.

    6.4.1.3. Exhaust Gas Temperature: Fig6.3.Shows the variation of Exhaust

    Gas Temperature with Brake power for Diesel, Neat Linseed Oil and Methyl

    Ester of Linseed Oil in the test engine. For all loads, Methyl Ester of Linseed

    oil has higher EGT compared to diesel and lower compared to Neat Linseed

    oil.

    6.4.1.4. Volumetric Efficiency: Fig 6.4.Shows the variation of Volumetric

    Efficiency with Brake power for Diesel, Neat Linseed oil and Methyl Ester of

    Linseed oil in the test engine. Methyl Ester of Linseed oil has lower

    Volumetric Efficiency compared to diesel for all range of loads. Volumetric

    Efficiency for Methyl Ester of Linseed Oil at rated load is 75.10%, where as

    for diesel it is 75.90%.Volumetric efficiency of MELS is lower by 1.05%

    compared to diesel at rated load. A high-retained exhaust gas temperature

    will heat the incoming fresh air and lowers the volumetric efficiency.

    6.4.1.5. Carbon Monoxide: Fig.6.5.Shows the variation of Carbon

    Monoxide emission with Brake Power for Diesel, Neat Linseed oil and Methyl

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    41/56

    41

    Ester of Linseed oil in the test engine. Methyl Ester of Linseed oil has lower

    CO emission compared to diesel and 100% Neat Linseed oil. At rated load,

    CO emission for Methyl Ester of Linseed Oil is 0.98%, where as for diesel it

    is 4.95%. CO emission for MELS is lower by 80.20% compared to diesel and

    76.94% lower compared to neat Linseed oil. This is a result of complete

    combustion of the fuel.

    6.4.1.6. Carbon Dioxide: Fig6.6.Shows the variation of Carbon Dioxide

    emission with Brake power for Diesel, Neat Linseed oil and Methyl Ester of

    Linseed oil in the test engine. At rated load, CO2 emission for Methyl Ester of

    Linseed Oil is 1.33%, where as for diesel it is 1.46%. CO2 emission for MELS

    is higher by 8.90% compared to diesel at rated load. This is due to the

    excess presence of oxygen in bio-diesel molecular structure.

    6.4.1.7. Un-Burnt Hydro Carbons: Fig.6.7.Shows the variation of Un-

    Burnt Hydro Carbon emission with Brake Power for Diesel, Neat Linseed oil

    and Methyl Ester of Linseed Oil in the test engine. At rated load, UHC

    emission for Methyl Ester of Linseed Oil is 48 ppm, where as for diesel it is

    74 ppm. UHC emission for MELS is lower by 35.13% compared to diesel at

    rated load. This is because of complete combustion of the fuel due to excess

    amount of Oxygen present in the Bio-diesel structure.

    6.4.1.8. Nitrogen Oxides (NOx): Fig. 6.8.Shows the variation of Nitogen

    Oxide emission with Brake Power for Diesel, Neat Linseed Oil and Methyl

    Ester of Linseed oil in the test engine. At rated load, the NOxa emission for

    Methyl Ester of Linseed oil is 39ppm, where as for diesel it is 25 ppm, NOx

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    42/56

    42

    emission for MELS is higher by 56% compared to diesel at rated load. This

    is attributed to high availability of Oxygen in bio-diesel structure.

    6.4.1.9. Smoke: Fig. 6.9. Shows the variation of Smoke emission with

    Brake Power for Diesel, Neat Linseed oil and Methyl Ester of Linseed Oil in

    the test engine. At rated load, Smoke emission for Methyl Ester of Linseed

    oil is 2.65 Bosch smoke units, where as for diesel it is 4.15 Bosch smoke

    units. Smoke emission for MELS is lower by 36.14% compared to diesel at

    rated load. This is due to complete combustion of the fuel.

    From previous discussions, it is stated that the performance parameters

    such as Brake Thermal Efficiency, Volumetric Efficiency, Exhaust Gas

    Temperature of MELS are higher compared to diesel. Emission parameters

    such as CO, UHC, and Smoke of Methyl Ester of Linseed oil are lower

    compared to diesel. Which indicate that the effective combustion of Methyl

    Ester of Linseed oil, which has taken place in early stage of exhaust stroke.

    This is due to decrease in viscosity of Methyl Ester of Linseed oil, which

    improves the spray formation and decrease in flash point. It increases the

    volatility, thereby effective combustion and reduction in emissions are

    obtained. This is reflected by increase in Brake thermal efficiency and

    reduction in exhaust temperature compared to Neat Linseed oil.

    ** The remaining four oils such as Castor, Palm Stearin, Mahua and Neem

    oils are also showing the same type of trend as Linseed oil in observation

    for the performance and emission characteristics for neat oils, Methyl ester

    of respective oils and Diesel.

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    43/56

    43

    Fig. 6.1. Variation of Brake Thermal Efficiency with Brake

    Power for Diesel, Linseed and Methyl Ester of

    Linseed oil

    Fig. 6.2. Variation of Brake Specific Fuel Consumption with

    Brake power for Diesel, Linseed and Methyl Ester of

    Linseed oil

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    44/56

    44

    Fig. 6.3. Variation of Exhaust Gas Temperature with Brake power for

    Diesel, Linseed and Methyl Ester of Linseed oil

    Fig. 6.4. Variation of Volumetric efficiency with Brake power for

    Diesel, Linseed and Methyl Ester of Linseed oil

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    45/56

    45

    Fig. 6.5. Variation of Carbon Monoxide with Brake power

    For Diesel, Linseed and Methyl Ester of Linseed oil

    Fig. 6.6. Variation of Carbon Dioxide with Brake power for Diesel,

    Linseed and Methyl Ester of Linseed oil

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    46/56

    46

    Fig. 6.7. Variation of Un Burnt Hydro Carbons with Brake power for

    Diesel, Linseed and Methyl Ester of Linseed oil.

    Fig. 6.8. Variation of Nitrogen Oxides with Brake power for

    Diesel, Linseed and Methyl Ester of Linseed oil

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    47/56

    47

    Fig. 6.9. Variation of Smoke with Brake power for Diesel, Linseed and

    Methyl Ester of Linseed oil

    Fig. 6.10. Bio Diesel samples

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    48/56

    48

    CHAPTER VII

    CONCLUSIONS

    7.1 CONCLUSIONS OF THE PRESENT WORK

    Considering the need for alternate fuels, the experimental investigations are

    carried out in the present work in order to run the existing diesel engines

    with non-edible vegetable oils. For this purpose five different non-edible

    vegetable oils and their blends Viz; Linseed oil, Castor oil, Palm Stearin oil,

    Mahua oil and Neem oils are tried in a popular petter type, 4 stroke water

    cooled diesel engine. Physical and chemical properties of the above

    mentioned oils were determined. The performance and emission parameters

    of five chosen neat oils and their blends were evaluated. These results are

    compared to those of diesel. Thus their suitability as an alternative fuel is

    examined. These results are also compared to the other neat vegetable oils

    available in the literature for validation. All the oils are esterified i.e.

    converted into their respective methyl Esters (bio-diesel) using methanol,

    NaOH as catalyst. The important properties of five respective Methyl Esters

    oils are determined. The Performance and Emission parameters of Bio-

    diesels are evaluated and compared to those of Diesel. Later these results of

    Bio-diesel are compared to those of Methyl Esters available in the literature

    for validation. Thus better performing Bio-diesel among them is selected.

    The detailed conclusions drawn from the present investigations are

    discussed in the corresponding chapters 5 & 6. Some of the important

    conclusions are as follows:

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    49/56

    49

    Performance parameters of engine such as Brake thermal efficiency,Volumetric efficiency are decreased, Brake specific fuel consumption

    and Exhaust gas temperature are increased for all neat oils and their

    blends compared to those of diesel. This is because of high viscosity

    coupled with lower heating value of the fuels.

    Emission parameters of engine such as CO, CO2, UHC and Smoke areincreased for all neat oils and their blends compared to Diesel. This is

    due to lower calorific value and high viscosity coupled with density of the

    fuels chosen.

    Brake Thermal Efficiency for MEMA, MECaO, MEPS, MENM and MELSoils is reduced by 24.73%, 20.10%, 26.65%, 20.07% and 31.31%

    respectively compared to diesel at the rated load. This is because of

    lower Calorific value and higher viscosity coupled with density of the

    fuel.

    Brake Specific Fuel Consumption for MEMA, MECaO, MEPS, MENM andMELS oils is increased by 19.06%, 35.71%, 40.47%, 33.33% and

    45.23% respectively compared to diesel at rated load and is result of

    delay in ignition process.

    At rated load, Exhaust gas Temperature for MEMA, MECaO, MEPS,MENM and MELS oils is increased by 6.25%, 4.16%, 5.20%, 8.33% and

    4.16% respectively compared to diesel.

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    50/56

    50

    Volumetric Efficiency for MEMA, MECaO, MEPS, MENM and MELS oilsis higher compared to diesel and neat oils. A lower exhaust temperature

    leads to a higher volumetric efficiency. This is because, the temperature of

    the retained exhaust gases will be higher when the exhaust gas

    temperature rises. A high-retained exhaust gas temperature will heat the

    incoming fresh air and lowers the Volumetric efficiency.

    CO Emission for MEMA, MECaO, MEPS, MENM and MELS oils isreduced by 48.71%, 80.60%, 78.78%, 59.09% and 80.20 respectively

    compared to diesel at the rated load. This is due to complete combustion

    of the fuel.

    Un-burnt hydrocarbons for MEMA, MECaO, MEPS, MENM and MELSoils are reduced by 35.13%, 66.21%, 32.43%, 39.18% and 35.13%

    compared to diesel at the rated load. This is because of the excess

    oxygen present in the bio-diesel.

    NOx Emission for MEMA, MECaO, MEPS, MENM and MELS oils isincreased by 28.39%, 29.31%, 80%, 64%, and 56% respectively

    compared to diesel at the rated load. The reason for this trend is the

    availability of excess oxygen in bio-diesel, resulting complete

    combustion.

    Smoke Emission for MEMA, MECaO, MEPS, MENM and MELS oils isreduced by 51.80%, 39.75%, 24%, 3.61% and 36.14% respectively

    compared to diesel at the rated load. This is the result of complete

    combustion of fuel and low aromatics in the biodiesel mixture.

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    51/56

    51

    Brake thermal efficiency of the engine is slightly decreased for MethylEsters of oils compared to diesel and slightly improved compared to

    Neat vegetable oils used at all loads .

    Emission parameters of engine such as CO,CO2,UHC and smoke forMethyl Esters of all respective oils are decreased compared to diesel, but

    NOx is increased at all loads. This is the result of complete combustion

    of the fuel.

    Neat oils of Mahua, Castor, Palm Stearin, Linseed and Neem oils aresubstituted as alternative to diesel with pre heating before entering into

    combustion chamber except for 25% blend of all respective oils.

    Methyl Esters produced from Mahua, Castor, Palm Stearin, Linseed andNeem oils are proved technically feasible and used as alternative to

    diesel.

    Methyl Esters of Mahua, Castor, Palm Stearin, Linseed oils are cheaper.But Methyl Ester of Neem oil is costlier compared to diesel at present.

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    52/56

    52

    Appendix-I

    Engine Specifications:

    Product: Engine test setup 1 cylinder, 4 stroke, Diesel (Computerized)

    Product code: 224

    Engine: Make Kirloskar, Model TV1, Type 1 cylinder, 4 stroke Diesel, watercooled, power 5.2 kW at 1500 rpm, stroke 110 mm, bore 87.5 mm. 661 cc,CR 17.5

    Dynamometer: Type eddy current, water cooled, with loading unit

    Propeller shaft With universal joints

    Air box: M S fabricated with orifice meter and manometer

    Fuel tank: Capacity 15 lit with glass fuel metering column

    Calorimeter: Type Pipe in pipe

    Piezo sensor: Range 5000 PSI, with low noise cable

    Crank angle sensor: Resolution 1 Deg, Speed 5500 RPM with TDC pulse.

    Engine indicator: Input Piezo sensor, crank angle sensor, No of channels 2,Communication RS232.

    Engine interface: Input RTDs, Thermocouples, Air flow, Fuel flow, Loadcell, Output 0-5V, No of channels 8.

    Temperature sensor: Type RTD, PT100 and Thermocouple, Type K

    Load sensor: Load cell, type strain gauge, range 0-50 Kg

    Fuel flow transmitter: DP transmitter, Range 0-500 mm WC

    Rota meter: Engine cooling 40-400 LPH; Calorimeter 10-100 LPH

    Pump: Type MonoblockAdd on card: Resolution12 bit, 8/16 input, Mounting PCI slot

    Software:Engine soft Engine performance analysis software

    Overall dimensions: W 2000 x D 2500 x H 1500 mm

    Optional: Computerized Diesel injection pressure measurement

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    53/56

    53

    APPENDIX- II

    Uncertainty analysis for 5 gas analyzer:

    Emissionparameter

    Displayed Data Measurement of resolution

    CO 0-15% 0.11%

    CO2 0-20% 0.01%

    UHC 0- 30,000 ppm 1 ppm

    NOx 0-5000 ppm 1 ppm

    Smoke 0- 9.99 BSU 0.1 BSU

    Emissionparameter

    Measurement Accuracy

    CO 0.00 to 10.00% - (+/_ 0.02 abs / +/_ 3% rel)

    10.01 to 15.00% ( +/_ 0.3 abs / +/_ 3 % rel)

    CO2 0.00 to 16.00% - (+/_ 0.3 abs / +/_ 3% rel)

    16.01 to 20.00% ( +/_ 5% abs rel)

    UHC 0 to 2000 ppm - (+/_ 4 ppm / +/_ 3% rel)

    2001 to 15.000 ( +/_ 5% rel)

    15001 to 30,000 ( +/_ 8% rel)

    NOx 0 to 4000 ppm- (+/_ 25 ppm abs / +/_ 3% rel)

    4000 to 5000 ppm ( +/_ 5 % rel)

    Smoke 0- 9.99 (+/_ 0.25% rel)

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    54/56

    54

    PAPERS PUBLISHED AND COMMUNICATED

    Journals:

    1. Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine with castor

    oil, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol.2, No.10 (Oct 2009),

    PP.25-31.

    2. Performance evaluation of a low heat rejection C I Engine using vegetable

    oils, International Journal of Multi.displ.Research & Advcs in Engg.

    (IJMRAE), Vol.1, No. I, November 2009, PP. 53-70.

    3. Performance and Emission characteristics of a Diesel engine with

    Linseed Oil, Technology Spectrum Journal (Accepted).

    Conferences:

    International:

    1. Study of performance & Emission characteristics of a virgin oil in a semi

    adiabatic engine, International Conference on I.C. Engines (ICONICE)

    Dec.2007, JNTU, Hyderabad. PP.130-135.

    2. Experimental study of Emission characteristics of a Palm oil fuelled 5 hp

    Kirloskar Diesel Engine, International Conference on I.C. Engines

    (ICONICE) Dec.2007, JNTU, Hyderabad. PP. 192-196.

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    55/56

    55

    REFERENCES

    [1] Niehaus, R.A., Georing, C.E., et al., Cracked Soybean Oil as a Fuel forDiesel Engine, ASAE Paper NO.85-1560, ASAE, St.Joseph, MI, 1985

    [2] M.L. Schlick, M.A. Hanna and J.L. Schnstock., Soybean and SunflowerOil Performance in a Diesel Engine, Trans. ASAE 31(5), 1988, PP:1345-1349.

    [3] Sapvan S.M., Nasjuki H.H., Azlan, A., Use of Palm Oil as Diesel FuelSubstitute, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part-A,Journal of Power and Energy, Vol.210, N1, 1996, PP:47-53.

    [4] Rosca Radu and Zugravel Mircea, The Use of Sunflower Oil in DieselEngines, SAE Paper No.972979, 1997.

    [5] Cigizoglu, K. Baris, Ozaklam Turgon, Karaosmanuglu. Use of SunflowerOil as an Alternative Fuel for Diesel Engines, Energy Sources, Vol. 19, 6,July, 1997, P.559-566.

    [6] Machacon HTC, Seiichi Shiga, Takao Karasawa, Hisao Nakamura,Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engne Fueled withCoconut Oil Diesel Fuel Blend, Journal Biomass Bioenergy, 2001, (20).PP: 63-69.

    [7]C.E. Goering, A.W. Schwab et al., Fuel Properties of Eleven VegetableOils, Trans. ASAE, 25 (4-6), 1982, PP:1472-1477.

    [8] Harrington, K.J., Chemical and Physical Properties of Vegetable OilEsters and their Effect on Diesel Fuel Performance, Biomass, 9, PP:1-17,1986.

    [9] Srinivasa Rao, R and Gopala Krishna, K.V., Esterified Vegetable Oils asFuels in Diesel Engines, XI National Conference on I.C. Engines &Combustion, PP: 171-179, 1989.

    [10]O.D. Hebbal, K. Vijaya Kumar Reddy and K. Rajagopal, April (2006).Performance characteristics of a diesel engine with Deccan Hemp oil, Fuel.

    [11] Srinivas, R.P., and Gopalakrishnan, K.V., Vegetable Oils and theirMethyl esters as Fuels for Diesel Engines, Indian Journal of Technology,(29)PP: 292-297, 1991

    [12] Scholl, K.W and S.C. Sorenson., Combustion of Soybean Oil MethylEster in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine, SAE Paper No.930934,Warrendale, PA., 1993

    [13] S. Choudhury,P. K Bose, 2007, Karanja or Jatropha A better optionfor an alternative fuel in CI engine, International Conference On ICEngines(ICONICE), Hyderabad.

  • 8/3/2019 16 Synopsis

    56/56

    56

    [14] Leenus JesuMartin .M, prithviraj.D, Chandrasekaran.S, Tamilporai.P;2005, Effect of Cotton Seed oil and Diesel Blends on the performance andemission of a compression ignition engine. Proceedings of 19 Th NationalConference on I.C.engines and combustion, Annamalai University, PP:101-

    105.

    [15] Nag raja. A.M, Prabhu kumar.G.P, 2005, performance of Diesel, NeatBiodiesel and 20% Biodiesel A comparative study. Proceedings of 19 ThNational Conference on I. C. engines and combustion, Annamalai University,PP:503-508.

    [16] Avinash Kumar Agarwal, 2007, Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel)applications as fuels for internal combustion engines, Progress in Energyand Combustion Science, (33)PP: 233271

    [17] B. Baiju, M.K. Naik, L.M. Das , (2009) , A comparative evaluation ofcompression ignition engine characteristics using methyl and ethyl esters ofKaranja oil , Renewable Energy,(34)PP: 16161621.

    [18] Ramdas AS, Jayaraj S, Muraleedhran C, 2004, use of vegetable oils onIC Engines fuelsA review . Renewable .Energy, (29) PP: 727 -742.