150804 IC Road Maintenance Quality Final Report ENG

iC consulenten LLC Reytarskaya str., 37, 3rd floor, Kyiv, 04053, Ukraine T: +38 044 38 44 337 www.ic-consulenten.com.ua

Assessment of Quality of Road Maintenance Works in Ukraine

Client

NGO My Road & Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine

Document title

Road Maintenance Quality in Kiev Region: Final Report 04.08.2015

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iC consulenten Road Maintenance Quality in Kiev Region: Final Report 04.08.2015

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DOCUMENT CONTROL SHEET PROJECT NUMBER:

Project number 52xUA004

PREPARED BY:

iC consulenten Ziviltechniker GesmbH Schnbrunner Strasse 297, A-1120 Vienna Tel: +43 1 521 69 0 Fax: +43 1 521 69 180 E-Mail: [email protected] iC consulenten LLC Reytarskaya str, 37, 3rd floor, Kyiv 04050, Ukraine Phone: +38 044 38 44 337 E-Mail: [email protected]

PREPARED FOR:

NGO My Road & Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine Roman Khmil

DATE:

04.08.2015

EDITOR:

James Mathews;Oleksii Melnyk

Date Revision No. Editor Checked by Approved by Signature

24/07/ 2015 Rev. 0 Mathews/ Melnyk Useini Woetzinger

03/08/ 2015 Rev. 1 Mathews/ Melnyk Useini Woetzinger


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CONTACT SHEET

Full legal name of Organisation: iC consulenten Ziviltechniker GesmbH

Trading Name (if different from above): ---

Country of Registration: Austria

Address of registered office: Schnbrunner Strasse 297 1120 Wien

Postal address (if different from above): ---

Telephone number: +43 1 521 69 256

country code city code Number

Fax number: +43 1 521 69 180

country code city code number

Main contact person for this project: Mr James Mathews

Main contact persons position in the Organisation:

Project Manager

Contact persons email address: [email protected]

Website of the Organisation: www.ic-group.org

Full legal name of Organisation: iC consulenten LLC

Trading Name (if different from above): ---

Country of Registration: Ukraine

Address of registered office: ave. Heorgiya Gongadze 20, 04215 Kyiv, Ukraine

Postal address (if different from above): Reytarskaya str., 37, 3rd floor, Kyiv 04053

Telephone number: +38 044 38 44 337

country code city code Number

Fax number:

country code city code number

Main contact person for this project: Elena Rybak

Main contact persons position in the Organisation:

Managing Director

Contact persons email address: [email protected]

Website of the Organisation: http://ic-consulenten.com.ua/


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CONTENT

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ 1

1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 4

1.1. Roles and Responsibilities .......................................................................................................... 5

1.2. Cooperation ................................................................................................................................ 5

1.3. Scope of work ............................................................................................................................. 6

1.4. Report structure ......................................................................................................................... 7

1.5. Sites visited ................................................................................................................................. 7

1.6. Map location ............................................................................................................................... 8

1.7. Site visit schedule, roads, contractors, supervisors, description of the road condition. ........... 9

1.8. Information received ................................................................................................................ 11

1.9. Meetings held ........................................................................................................................... 11

2. Methodology of the study .............................................................................................. 13

2.1. Methodology of the roads selected for Inspections. ............................................................... 13

2.2. Methodology of assessment and inspection ............................................................................ 14

2.3. Changes in study methodology and project scope. ................................................................. 15

2.4. List of Ukrainian standards and rules for repair works ............................................................ 15

2.5. Assessment of documents received. ........................................................................................ 16

2.6. Assessments of the selection procedure and methodology of Repair methods ..................... 18

3. Findings and Results ....................................................................................................... 19

3.1. Quality inspection results summary ......................................................................................... 19

3.2. Assessments of the completed repairs .................................................................................... 30

3.3. ore samples ............................................................................................................................ 33

3.4. Quantity cross check of performed works ............................................................................... 35

3.5. Summary ................................................................................................................................... 35

4. Recommendations.......................................................................................................... 40

4.1. Definition of scope and methodology of repair works............................................................. 40

4.2. Procurement of road maintenance .......................................................................................... 44

4.3. High-level economic analyses of Ukrainian road maintenance techniques ............................. 45

4.3.1. Economic viability of patch repairs and resurfacing ................................................................ 45

4.3.2. Economic analysis of two maintenance strategies for a sample road kilometre ..................... 46

4.3.3. Assumptions ............................................................................................................................. 47

4.3.4. Results and provisional conclusions ......................................................................................... 49

5. Methodology for forthcoming road maintenance inspection programme for international Consultants .................................................................................................................... 51

6. Conclusions .................................................................................................................... 52

7. Appendices .................................................................................................................... 54


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7.1. APPENDIX 1. Register of Documents Received ........................................................................ 54

7.2. APPENDIX 2. Minutes of meetings ........................................................................................... 59

7.3. APPENDIX 3. Example site visit check list ................................................................................. 66

7.4. APPENDIX 4. Terms of reference for future road maintenance quality Inspection contracts . 68

7.5. APPENDIX 5. Photos of site inspections ................................................................................... 71

7.6. References and Bibliography .................................................................................................... 97

TABLES

Table 1: Site visit schedule, roads, contractors, supervisors, description of the road condition. ........ 10 Table 2: Works performed .................................................................................................................... 35 Table 3: Typical road deformations and destructions, causes and solutions ....................................... 36 Table 4: Standards requirements and road conditions ......................................................................... 39 Table 6: Typical economic road user costs vs. road roughness levels. ................................................. 48 Table 7: Cost-Benefit Analysis results: M01 sample section ................................................................. 50

FIGURES

Figure 1: Map location ............................................................................................................................ 8 Figure 2: Locations of inspected section ............................................................................................... 29 Figure 3: Patch repair ............................................................................................................................ 30 Figure 4: Lack of gravel, used for spray injection method .................................................................... 32 Figure 5: Spray injection method .......................................................................................................... 32 Figure 6: Cracks repair with crack master material and covered with stone screening dust ............... 33 Figure 7: Thickness of the patch repair layers ....................................................................................... 34 Figure 8: Preventative maintenance and correct repair ....................................................................... 37 Figure 9: Investigation and assessment process ................................................................................... 41 Figure 10: Maintenance Treatment Options for Flexible Pavements with Asphalt Base ..................... 42 Figure 11: Patch procedure ................................................................................................................... 43


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

iC consulenten (the Consultant) was awarded the service contract by the NGO My Roads on June 15, 2015 for a one month pilot project in the Kiev region Assessment of Quality of the Road Maintenance Works (the Project). The Project commenced on June 22, 2015 as the first documentation was received from Ukravtodor.

iC consulenten formed an independent team consisting of an International Expert and a Ukrainian Expert to support the regional road administrations in performing quality /performance inspections for road rehabilitation/maintenance works.

During the Project, nine roads of the Kyiv region were inspected, which included 22 spot checks of performed works and two sites with ongoing works. Inspections covered three types of roads: International, National and Regional (Territorial), and included those with larger scope of works, different contractors and all types of repair works performed during the inspected period.

During the Project, the co-operation between the Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine, Ukravtodor and the Consultant has been very positive and productive.

A significant finding during the Project was that the patch repair overall has a good quality. Three, four, five-year-old patches and older are still in place and in relatively good condition. The Consultant team noted that the majority of patch repairs were in good condition and that the ones that had failed had done so because the surrounding road had continued to fail or because the road base layer had failed under the patch repair. However, the spray injection repair was being over-used and/or used in inappropriate applications such as filling deep or large potholes. Also in many cases, stone or gravel was not being added to the repair, which will reduce the expected life of the repair. This type of repair was often starting to fail after just 1 or 2 years.

This demonstrates that the construction quality of the asphalt patch repairs is sound and that the repairs are achieving and exceeding their expected design life of 5 years. The problem however is that in many cases the road is simply failing around the patch repair.

During site inspections, the core samples were visually evaluated. From a visual assessment of the core samples, it can be seen that asphalt mixtures used for repair works at some sections have small size gravel with particles less than 15mm that correspond to the standard requirements to have thickness of the compacted layer not less than a ratio of 2.5 times the diameters of the largest gravel size. However, in another sections, the used asphalt mixture has particles with diameter around 25mm that does not correspond to either the Ukraine or the international standards.

Through the course of the site investigations, the Consultant team noted that in general, all roads have very similar problems. Many sections of roads have structural cracks and rutting which indicate a failure at the foundation of the road and wearing course is fatigued and in a worn-out state.

The inability of the current road maintenance repairs to effectively repair the damaged road is causing the road to continue to fail. Which in turn will increase the amount of repairs required and the severity of the failure each passing year.


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The Consultant team consider that a fundamental problem lies with the prescription and usage of types of repair works, which only offer short-term partial solutions and are not preventing the continued decline of the quality of the road in the medium to long-term. Emergency and ongoing small repair works in many instances should be substituted with Capital repairs.

The Consultant suggests that a procedure is established to more accurately detail the scope, quantity and location of maintenance repair works required.

It is recommend to further develop the requirements for execution of reports on performed works compiled by the contractors. This will enable Ukravtodor to better inspect the completed works, cross check estimates of material used, check that the specified material and maintenance technique has been implemented in the required location.

The Consultant recommends that road condition inspection methods are implemented to develop the scope of repair works required documents. These scope of repair works required documents could then be used to estimate the financial cost of repair works required and accurately specify them. This will also enable Ukravtodor to easier crosscheck and verify the repair works undertaken by the contractors.

It is also apparent that the majority of the repairs undertaken in recent months were only shallow repairs of 5-6cm depth. These shallow repairs do not solve the problems with the roads base course or foundations. Consequently, these shallow repairs will not prevent the road from deteriorating faster than it would do if it were properly maintained.

It is the Consultants understanding that there is currently no set procedure contained in the Ukrainian standards to define and control how maintenance works are specified and defined. Although the standards contain information on the types of pavement investigation works to be undertaken, there is no guidance on how this survey information is to be interpreted and how the appropriate maintenance solution is to be chosen and specified.

It is recommend to implement a defined set of procedures and methodology that will:

1. Provide a maintenance assessment process: Data survey and pavement investigation results to be interpreted and analysed;

2. Decision making during evaluation of road conditions to define type of repair; 3. Pavement treatment design. Selection of the appropriate road maintenance

procedure and design of the repair.

The Consultant team was made aware of the limited financial budget available for highway maintenance works and that this has directly impacted on the type and scope of the maintenance works being undertaken. The Consultant has considered this contributing factor throughout the study and all of the Consultants findings and recommendations were made with this fact in mind.

The Consultant has undertaken a high level cost comparison and of different road maintenance scenarios:

a basic analysis of economic viability regarding the share of road surface repaired by annual patching versus resurfacing of larger areas;


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a more comprehensive (yet still high-level) economic analysis for two maintenance/reconstruction scenarios for a sample kilometre on the Ukrainian M01 road comparing the respective costs and benefits for a 20 year operation period.

Based on the 5 years of useful life typically assumed for patch repairs and the according price data, our findings suggest that patching is preferable as long as the road area being patched within this period does not exceed 54% of the total road surface. Put differently, if each year, the average annual amount of road surface being patched exceeds some 11% in a given section, then it would be more economical to choose resurfacing as the primary method of maintaining the road surface.

The Consultant has noted that on many sections of road, more than 11% of the surface is being patched each year. Consideration should be given to assessing the area of road needed to be patched that year and also assessing the likely area of road which will need to be patched the next year, in a given section. Proper planning and coordination of road maintenance could lead to the selection of road maintenance methods, which can deliver a more cost effective solution.

Also, that reconstructing certain stretches of the M01 (this road was taken only as an example for the analyses) are economically preferable to continuing the current practice of patching and re-patching.


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1. INTRODUCTION

The Ukraine Government is looking for solutions, which will help to improve the Ukrainian roads conditions. As a part of reforms in the road sector of Ukraine, the Ministry of Infrastructure, NGO My Road implemented a Pilot Project to investigate and report on the quality of the road maintenance in the Kiev region. This involved the inspection of rehabilitation works in progress, the retrospective inspection of already implemented works (during March-May 2015), the reporting of findings, analysis and recommendations on the quality of the road maintenance works. If this pilot project is successful then the Ukraine Government has indicated that it intends to expand the investigation of road maintenance quality to include all regions of Ukraine.

As this is initially to be considered as a pilot project, consequently the task description and methodology has been adjusted as the project developed in accordance with the initial findings and the availability of information.

iC consulenten was awarded the service contract by My Roads on the 15th June 2015 for a 1 month pilot project in the Kiev region. The Project commenced on the 22nd June, 2015 as the first documentation was received from Ukravtodor.

iC consulenten formed an independent team of experts consisting of an International expert and a Ukraine Expert to support the regional road administrations in performing quality /performance inspections for road rehabilitation/maintenance works.

This report will summarise the findings from the teams visual inspection of recently completed road maintenance and comment on the quality of the repairs in relation to Ukraine and international standards. This report will also comment on the appropriateness of the type of repair undertaken and suggest possible improvements to the procurement and implementation of road maintenance.

Additionally, this report will also provide comment on the cost benefit analysis of a comparison of different road maintenance methods and scenarios.

In accordance with the agreed Terms of Reference, the Consultant has not undertaken a financial investigation into the costs of the road maintenance but has instead focused on the quality of the maintenance.

The Consultant team was made aware of the limited financial budget available for highway maintenance works and that this has directly impacted on the type and scope of the maintenance works being undertaken. The Consultant has considered this contributing factor throughout the study and all of the Consultants findings and recommendations were made with this fact in mind.


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1.1. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

The table below identifies the Ministry of Infrastructure representatives, the Consultants Key Experts and the Ukravtodors staff members who have been involved in this study.

Company Name Function

Ministry of Infrastructure

Roman Khmil Client

Ministry of Infrastructure

Oleksii Zaryckyi Ministry representative

iC consulenten Mr. James Mathews International Highway Engineer

iC consulenten Mr. Oleksiy Melnyk Ukraine Highway Engineer

iC consulenten Ms. Elena Rybak Principal client contact/ Director iC Ukraine

iC consulenten Ms. Galina Teriohina Project Assistant

iC consulenten Ms. Irina Omelianenko

Translator / Project administrator

Ukravtodor Oleg Fedorenko Head of Ukravtodor road service and safety

Ukravtodor Oleg Slobodyan (OS), Deputy of the head of Road Service department in Kyiv region

Ukravtodor Volodymyr Sarancha First Deputy to the Head of Road Service in Kiev region

Ukravtodor Sergey Oshkalo Head of the Quality assurance, technical control and new technologies department in Kyiv region

Ukravtodor Anatoliy Zynka Head of Ukravtodor innovation development and costing department

Ukravtodor Maxim Pogrebniak Head of economic monitoring of financial and economic department

Ukravtodor Vitaliy Stiozhka Deputy Director, State enterprice Center for scientific and technical support of road works and certification of road products (SE DorCentr)

Ukravtodor Manitskyy Eugene Supervisor for production unit "Kyiv Regional Road Management M01

Ukravtodor Manitskyy Eugene Supervisor for production unit "Kyiv Regional Road Management N 07

Ukravtodor Gaydamaka Maxim Supervisor for production unit "Kyiv Regional Road Management M 03

Ukravtodor Gaydamaka Maxim Supervisor for production unit "Kyiv Regional Road Management T10-18

Ukravtodor Peristyy Alexander Supervisor for production unit "Kyiv Regional Road Management N 01

Ukravtodor Gaydamaka Maxim Supervisor for production unit "Kyiv Regional Road Management N 08

Ukravtodor Anatoly Kirichenko Supervisor for production unit "Kyiv Regional Road Management M 07

1.2. COOPERATION

The Consultant would like to mention that the co-operation between the Ministry of Infrastructure, Ukravtodor and the Consultant has been very good throughout the project with all meetings being very productive. All of the representatives of the Ministry and Ukravtodor have endeavoured to provide us with the information we requested in a reasonable time frame. Representatives of the Ukravtodor have escorted


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us on site visits to personally provide additional technical information on the roads and the road maintenance.

1.3. SCOPE OF WORK

The Consultant`s assessment of the quality of road maintenance works in the Kiev region included the following activities: Visual inspection of completed repairs, which were undertaken in the period March - May and are within the contractors 1-year warrantee period.

The following tasks were undertaken:

Visual evaluation of the suitability of the construction materials used for patch hole fill works.

Visual assessment of the quality of the repair and the methodology undertaken.

Visual assessment of the suitability/ appropriateness of the repair works undertaken.

Visual evaluation of the amount of repairs undertaken on the specified section of road.

Selection of a small number of repairs to be core drilled and analysed in a laboratory. Core drilling and laboratory to be organised by a third party.

Cross check of amounts and type of work undertaken against the Reports on Performed Tasks for the corresponding section of road.

Assessment of how the repairs of pot holes comply with relevant EU standards and Ukraine standards such as Classification of Works for Service of Public Roads and repairing of Public Roads, Types of repairs and Lists of Works.

Spot check inspection of ongoing repair works.

The following tasks were planned to be undertaken:

Assessment of methodology and equipment used.

The Contractor will be required to reopen a completed repair to allow the Consultant to inspect the quality of the repair.

Assessment of how the Classification of Works for Service of Public Roads and Repairing of Public Roads - SOU 42.1-37641918-105:2013 Repairing of Public Roads, Types of Repairing and List of Works - GBN G-1.218-182:2011 repairs comply with relevant EU standards and Ukrainian standards such as Classification of Works for Service of Public Roads and repairing of Public Roads, Types of repairs and Lists of Works.

Visual assessment of the suitability/ appropriateness of the repair works undertaken.

Visual evaluation of the amount of repairs undertaken on the specified section of road.

Visual evaluation of the suitability of the construction materials used for patch hole fill works.


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1.4. REPORT STRUCTURE

The Consultant has prepared this report to present on the findings, assessment and recommendations following the inspection works undertaken. For each site inspection that was performed, a brief inspection report was prepared. This report includes the following information for the Kiev region:

A description of the section of roads inspected and corresponding dates along with the details of the sub-contractor who undertook the repairs for the section.

A summary of the findings from each section of the roads inspected

The Consultants assessments based on the visual inspections, which will include comment on; methodology, materials, quantity of repairs and compliance with EU and Ukraine standards.

A selective assessment of the key materials used based on the material certificates (passports) provided by the contractor. Material certificates are to be supplied to the Consultant prior to the commencement of the Consultants works.

The Engineers assessment of the core samples and the laboratory analysis. This will comment on the material used, method and quality of the repair.

Assessment of how the repairs of pot holes comply with relevant EU standards and Ukraine standards such as Classification of Works for Service of Public Roads and repairing of Public Roads, Types of repairs and Lists of Works.

Based on the results of the visual inspection, the core samples, observing on going repairs, this report comments on the compliance of the repairs of pot holes with EU and Ukraine standards such as Classification of Works for Service of Public Roads and Repairing of Public Roads - SOU 42.1-37641918-105:2013 Repairing of Public Roads, Types of Repairing and List of Works - GBN G-1.218-182:2011. this report will also report on the results of a cross check against the Contractors Report on Performed Works and this will assess descriptions of the repair works undertaken.

This report comments on the general effectiveness of the repairs undertaken on each section of road. The Consultant will make recommendations and suggested alternative methods of repair, which may be more appropriate and fit for purpose.

This report outlines a suggested method statement, which will set out, based on the Consultants experience during this pilot project, the scope of works and methodology for the forthcoming road maintenance inspection programme to be undertaken by international Consultants.

1.5. SITES VISITED

As the methodology and programme for the site visits was developed, a site visit schedule was created, that includes different locations, categories of the roads, different contractors, and different types of repair works. The Consultant team visited three classes of the road international, national, and territorial, class 1, 2 and 3 roads, different locations and distance form Kyiv, different directions North, South, East, West, and checked 6 different contractors. Table 1 below shows details of site visit schedule, road names, contractors, supervisors and general description of the road condition.


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1.6. MAP LOCATION

Figure 1: Map location Legend:

Day 1. 2015/06/24 Day 2. 2015/06/25 Day 3. 2015/06/25 Day 4. 2015/06/29 Day 5. 2015/06/30 Day 6. 2015/06/01


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1.7. SITE VISIT SCHEDULE, ROADS, CONTRACTORS, SUPERVISORS, DESCRIPTION OF THE ROAD CONDITION.

Date Road Name

Road Category

Contractors names Supervisor Road description

1 24.06.2015 -01 1

Subsidiary production unit "Kyiv Regional Road Management (publicly-traded corporation, public corporation)" "Roads of Ukraine" affiliated organization "Brovary Road maintenance Department"

Manitskiy Eugen

Road is very badly cracked, surface course is fretting and has many small shallow holes. Road is not rutting and is relatively even which suggests that the road foundation is not overloaded. Fatigue cracking may indicate structural failure of base course, which is being accelerated by water ingress.

2 24.06.2015 -07 (N-07)

2

Subsidiary production unit "Kyiv Regional Road Management (publicly-traded corporation, public corporation)" "Roads of Ukraine" affiliated organization "Brovary Road maintenance Department"

Manitskiy Eugen

Road is cracked, surface course is fretting and has some shallow potholes. Road is even and not undulating or rutting. Approx. 40% of the road surface in this section has been patched over the last few months

3 25.06.2014 -03, 1

Subsidiary production unit "Kyiv Regional Road Management (publicly-traded corporation, public corporation)" "Roads of Ukraine" affiliated organization "Kiev Road maintenance Department"

Gaydamaka Maksym

Road was repaired with surface dressing in 2001 in this section. In general uneven. At the connection point with Northbound P03 large area (3026,36 m2) have been repaired in April, 2015. Sections of the resurfaced carriageway are already rutting, suggesting a problem with the base course layers. At the tight radius turnaround areas structure of new (2015) repaired patches is already cracking and rutting.

4 25.06.2015 10-18 3

Subsidiary production unit "Kyiv Regional Road Management (publicly-traded corporation, public corporation)" "Roads of Ukraine" affiliated organization "Zgurovsky Regional road department"

Gaydamaka Maksym

Road is cracked along both sides and across the road. Cracks are unevenly distributed on the sections - some areas with high density, some areas has no cracks. Cracks extend out from potholes. Asphalt patch in a small areas along cracked sections. In newly repaired areas cracked asphalt is still unrepaired. Road is rutting along cracked areas.

5 26.06.2015 -01 (N-01)

2

Subsidiary production unit "Kyiv Regional Road Management (publicly-traded corporation, public corporation)" "Roads of Ukraine" affiliated organization "Concha-Zaspivsk Road maintenance Department"

Peristyi Olexandr

Road is cracked, surface course is fretting. Road is even and not undulating or rutting. Old and new patches cover the road. Road in the past have been treated with slurry mixture. In some areas big spaces (over 20m2) recently been repaired.


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Table 1: Site visit schedule, roads, contractors, supervisors, description of the road condition.

Date Road Name

Road Category

Contractors names Supervisor Road description

6 29.06.2015 -05 1

Subsidiary production unit "Kyiv Regional Road Management (publicly-traded corporation, public corporation)" "Roads of Ukraine" affiliated organization "Bila Tserkva Road maintenance Department"

n/a

Road is cracked, uneven, surface course is worn out, fretting, rutting. Potholes are developing at the wheel tracks and surface is rutting where more cracks to be beginning to appear.

7 30.06.2015 -08 (N-08)

2

Subsidiary production unit "Kyiv Regional Road Management (publicly-traded corporation, public corporation)" "Roads of Ukraine" affiliated organization "Kiev Road maintenance Department"

Gaydamaka Maksym

Patch repair completed in March, 2015.Spray injection method used in previous 1-2 years is failing. Road surface is cracked, Cross cracks have symmetric location looks like concrete slabs underneath. One lineal crack goes directly at the middle of the road. Spray injection works completed in previous years are starting to fail.

8 01.07.2015 -07 2

Subsidiary production unit "Kyiv Regional Road Management (publicly-traded corporation, public corporation)" "Roads of Ukraine" affiliated organization "Kyiv-Svyatoshin Road maintenance Department." Limited Liability Company "Dorstroy installation"

Kyrychenko Anatolii

Road surface is even. Net of cracks and small size potholes. Patch repair performed with spray injection method. On the surface of repair small size gravel poured. Works completed in May, 2015 Some of the cracks repaired with mastic and some areas repaired with spray injection method.


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1.8. INFORMATION RECEIVED

For each inspected road section, the following documentation was supplied to the Consultant team by Ukravtodor and was considered as input data:

- Reports on performed works. - Defect acts (if present) - Material certificates and passports; - Core samples laboratory results (if present); - List of roads sections and scope of works, performed by contractors during last 3

month; - List of contractors, which performed the works; - Comments from the Supervisors, who are responsible for inspected roads; - Map of Kyiv region road network - Rejection delivery of works, performed by Contractor (for road N-08);

Appendix 1 contains a detailed list of all documents received.

1.9. MEETINGS HELD

A number of meetings have been held during project implementation. Set out below is a brief summary of the key meetings. Initial meeting. Ministry of Infrastructure, Ukravtodor, Kyiv, Ukraine. This meeting was held on 25th of May, 2015 to discuss the Terms of Reference and Contract details. During meeting the Project objectives, location, scope, approach and methodology was agreed in principle. In addition, the current situation with the roads in Ukraine, existing procedures for works supervision, list of information and documentation required for the Project was discussed. Please see full version of this minutes of meeting in Appendix 2. Introduction meeting with Motorway service department in Kyiv region, Kyiv, Ukraine. This meeting have been held in Kyiv on 22nd of June, 2015, after contract signature. Communication procedures, documents transferring and site visit schedule were discussed. During the meeting, MSDKR stated that due to that fact that medium maintenance works are not ongoing, detailed defect lists are not provided to the Contractor only approximate scope of works and sections are defined (e. g. how many m2 to be repaired in the section X-X). Currently there are no detailed description of works to be performed, methods to be applied are contractors decision. Also, it was agreed that Motorway Servicer Department in Kyiv region will provide laboratory core samples analysis at the locations which are to defined by the Consultant experts. Please see full version of this minutes of meeting in Appendix 2. Meetings with local experts: Oleg Ostroverhyi. NGO My road expert. In the meeting, the current situation and condition of the roads were discussed. Types of repair works, methodology used by Ukravtodor. Existing standards and norms in road


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design, construction and maintenance. Organization structure of Ukravtodors quality control system. Sergey Kuzmenko. NGO My road. Road traffic and roads current condition were discussed. Interim meeting with Ministry of Infrastructure, Roman Khmil. Kyiv, Ukraine. 02, July, 2015. Project findings to date and status update. Next steps to be taken by team to undertake the study in the most efficient way. It was agreed that investigation works will be to discontinue with further inspections of completed works and instead to focus on looking into the methodology of prescribing repair works and the definition of the repair works, which are contracted. Laboratory core samples and terms for Project Report and final presentation were also agreed. Please see full version of this minutes of meeting in Appendix 2. Meetings during site visits with Supervisors on quality of repair works During all site visits, The Consultant team were accompanied by the Road Supervisors, responsible for the road maintenance works quality control from Kyiv regional road service department for the relevant road. During these meetings, the current situation of the inspected roads was discussed and additional information received from the road supervisors including:

- location of repaired sections were specified; - year of construction or capital repair (if available); - maintenance works from previous periods type of repair, methodology; - how repaired sections were defined, which parts to be repaired; - methods, used for recent repair works; - how supervision of works performs and how the scope of work is checked.


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2. METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY

2.1. METHODOLOGY OF THE ROADS SELECTED FOR INSPECTIONS.

Based on the initial information received from the ministry and Ukravtodor, the following methodology was developed in order to define the roads, locations and sections to be inspected by the Consultant expert team.

1. Information was supplied by the Ministry, which contained details of the extent and locations of the road maintenance repairs from March until June.

2. These initial documents, issued by the Ministry to the experts, included: a. Road Defect act sheets; b. Reports on the performed works for the last three months; c. Repair works schedule; d. Road map of Kiev region; e. Materials certificates and passports, used by Contractor to perform

repair works; f. List of Contractors, which performed the works.

3. The following types of the road were considered: a. Class 1: M International road (5% of all roads of Ukraine); b. Class 2: H - national road (3% of all roads of Ukraine); c. Class 3: T territorial roads (18% of all roads of Ukraine).

4. Scope of works, performed by Contractors on the defined sections of the road

a. The scope of the repair works and the amount of repair works were considered.

5. Road direction: North, West, South, East and distance from Kiev. 6. Type and methods of repair: asphalt patch, cracks repair, spray injection

method, resurfacing.

After analysis of the received information, it was decided that the inspection sites should include:

- Four directions: East, South, West, North. This criteria will allow the inclusion of different types of topography and traffic conditions at different quarters of the region;

- Three types of roads: International, National and Regional (Territorial). This criteria will allow the inspection of the road maintenance quality of different road construction thicknesses and traffic levels;

- Sections of roads where a larger scope of works was performed during last three month. This criteria allows the inspection of larger sections during limited time of the Project;

- The different types of repair works. It is important to evaluate methods, approach and quality of all types of repair to see the difference between them and to find out what type of repair are efficient, and what may be improved.

As a result of the above criteria, the following list of roads was draw up:

- M-01 International road in North direction, 1st category, amount of repair works 5460m2;

- N-07 (H-07) - national road in North - East direction, 2nd category, amount of repair works 2360m2;


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- M-03 international road in East direction, 1st category, amount of repair works 756m2;

- T-10-18 local road in East direction, 3rd category, amount of repair works 467m2;

- N-08 (H-08) national road in East- South direction, 2nd category, amount of repair works 3639m2;

- N-01 (H-01) national road in South - East direction, 2nd category, amount of repair works 7125,2m2;

- M-05 international road in South direction, 1st category, amount of repair works 10350,4m2;

- M-07 international road in West direction, 2nd category, amount of repair works 703m2.

2.2. METHODOLOGY OF ASSESSMENT AND INSPECTION

The received documentary information was analysed and the following methodology was implemented by the Consultant team:

- Assessment of standards and rules for repair works. Consultants analysed

existing Ukrainian standards for repair works. The document, described type and methods of repair works is P-G.1-218-113:2009 Public roads repair and maintenance works. Based on this document a comparison of the actual road condition in relation to the road condition required by the standards and a comparison of methods used for repair works and methods described in standard have been performed.

- An assessment of the road maintenance repair in relation to international standards. Specifically the UK standards the Design manual for Roads and Bridges document HD 31/94.

- Assessment of received documentation to confirm that: o The scope of works and methods for road repair were defined in an

appropriate way; o The materials used for works correspond to national standards

(based on material certificates); o The previously performed laboratory tests correspond to national

standards.

During the site inspection of completed maintenance works, the following inspection methodology was implemented by the Consultant team:

- Visual inspection of recently repaired sections. For this purpose special

form of Site visit check list was developed (see Appendix 3), in which the following information was recorded:

o Date, time, location, class of the road; o Condition of the road description of general conditions of the

road/ section, how it visually looks, quality of the road, repairs (recently performed and from previous periods), potholes on the section. All details of visual inspection written and photos prepared;

o Possible cause of road failure visually to evaluate possible cause of road problems: cracks, potholes, rutting, etc. Based on expert assumptions and table 2.4 of VBN V.2.3-218-186:2004 Roads


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Bituminous pavement cause of road failure specified. Further laboratory tests would be required to have clear understanding of the failure;

o Type of repair, methodology and materials used; o Appropriateness of repair recently performed works as well as

repairs, performed in previous years; o Visual assessment of methodology to check compliance with local

and international standards; o Description of repair quality, both the recent repairs and the repairs

from previous years; o Notes and necessity to perform core samples for laboratory tests;

- Photo report of the inspected sections.

2.3. CHANGES IN STUDY METHODOLOGY AND PROJECT SCOPE.

During the course of the initial phases of the study and after meetings with the Ministry and Ukravtodor and following receipt of the requested information, the Consultant team decided that it will be necessary to adjust the methodology of the study. For site visits, the following changes were implemented:

- Cross check of defect lists against visual inspection of road. The Consultant discovered that the defect list is exactly the same as the act of performed works record. There was no proper description of the state of the road to be repaired or a definition of the scope of works before execution. Thus, it was not possible to check how the scope of repair works is defined in defect acts;

- Area of repair section it was not possible to quantify the amount of repairs, as acts of performed works records were organized without details on the location of the individual repairs and lacked sufficient detail. Also the sections of road repair are so long that it would not be feasible to undertake a re-measure of the areas of patch repairs;

- Difference between report on performed works and site inspection reports on performed works do not have sufficient details on the precise location of individual repairs, thus no possibility to track differences.

2.4. LIST OF UKRAINIAN STANDARDS AND RULES FOR REPAIR WORKS

The following standards are in use for repair and maintenance works and were considering during assessment of works methodology, materials used and type or repair:

1. DBN B.2.3.-4-2007 Transport facilities. Roads and Motorways. Part 1. Design. Part 2. Construction. This standard describes the methodology and design parameters for the public roads and motorways construction, capital reconstruction and repair works.

2. DSTU 3587-97 Road traffic safety. Automobile roads, streets and railway crossings. The requirements to operation condition. This standard sets the requirements to road operating condition. Consultants assessment of roads condition and comparability to national standards was undertaken with reference this document.


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3. DSTU B V.2.7-127:2006 Building materials. Stone mastic road concrete mix and stone mastic asphalt. Specifications. Using this standard, the Consultants checked the materials certificates, passports and tickets on the correspondence to national standards.

4. DSTU B V.2.7-119:2003 Building materials. Asphaltic concrete mixtures, road and aerodromes asphaltic concrete. Specification. Using this standard, the Consultants checked materials certificate, passports and tickets on the correspondence to national standards.

5. SOU 42.1-37641918-105:2013 Classification of Works for Service of Public Roads and Repairing of Public Roads. This standard contains a list of activities and types of emergency works applied on the roads.

6. GBN G-1.218-182:2011 Repairing of Public Roads, Types of Repairing and List of Works. In this standard is a description of repair works types: capital, ongoing small, ongoing medium and list of works for each type of repair.

7. VBN G.1-218-050-2001 Repair interval for road coatings and surface for the roads of public use. Standard describes intervals for repair and maintenance works after capital and medium repair works.

8. VBN V.2.3-218-532:2007 Thin surfacing on the roads of nationwide scale In this standard usage of thin surfacing application and methods described type of materials and thickness allowed.

9. VBN V.2.3-218-186:2004 Roads Bituminous pavement. Standard describe requirements to the design and condition evaluation of road surface.

10. P-G.1-218-113:2009 Public roads repair and maintenance works. Technical rules. In this standard requirements to the road condition for comfortable, safe, continuous movement. Rules set requirements for road surface condition, type and methods of repair works and maintenance of the road.

2.5. ASSESSMENT OF DOCUMENTS RECEIVED.

Defect acts. The Consultant was provided with the defect acts by Ukravtodor for the sections of road to be inspected. The defect acts received by the Consultant team, were simply copies of the acts of performed works records but the costs removed. The Consultant team was also informed by Ukravtodor that for the repair works, the scope and a description of works and defect acts are provided upon completion of the works at the section by the contractor. Such an approach didnt allow the Consultant team to provide an comparison or cross check of the amount of repairs undertaken at the section in relation to the defect acts and reports on performed works.


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The Consultant team had expected to be provided with a report on the condition of the road section selected for repair, which contained a description of the road failure and a specification of the types of repair to be implemented at specific locations along the road along with approximate measurements of the repair work required.

Reports on performed acts. The Consultant was provided with the reports on the performed acts by Ukravtodor for the sections of road to be inspected. The reports were executed in KB-2 form according to the requirements for State owned companies. A report on the performed acts consists of information on the road name, section, Contractor assigned to, type and scope of repair works undertaken, materials used, unit rates and cost of works. The reports are compiled on a monthly basis and contain information on the works undertaken in the month on the specific road. Each report is prepared for the whole section of the road, which is in the responsibility of the contractor and there were locations of the repaired sections/ potholes defined. Few sites contained drawings and list of patch repairs, where location and amount of performed works described. Due to the extremely long sections of road repaired and the lack of properly defined repair locations, it was not possible to provide cross check of amounts and type of work undertaken against the Reports on performed works for the corresponding section of the road. This problem was further compounded by the fact that the same lengths of roads had been repaired on separate occasions on different months and it was there for impossible to distinguish between a repair undertaken in May from a repair undertaken in March and compare the repair to the appropriate report on the act of performed works. The Consultant undertook a cross check of the methods of repair works as described on the act of performed works reports. The methods are clearly described and are in full compliance with Ukraine standards (P-G.1-218-113:2009 Public roads repair and maintenance works) Materials certificates and tickets (passports) Each act of performance report contains Materials certificates and tickets of the mixtures, bitumen, and gravel used by the contractor during maintenance work execution. The Consultant team under took a cross check of the materials used as described on the material passports against the Ukraine standards. The recommendation on the type of materials to use for the repair works can be found in P-G.1-218-113:2009 Public roads repair and maintenance works and DSTU B V.2.7-127:2006 Construction materials. Asphalt cement and asphalt concrete mixtures. Technical requirements. Based on the analysis of received documentation material certificates, tickets all materials, used for repair works correspond to national standards. The Consultant noted that there are often several different types of material used on each section of road but the reports do not specify which material was used in which location and for what type of repair.


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Laboratory analysis On the M03 a capital repair resurfacing work had been undertaken and as part of these works core samples had been taken by Ukravtodor and laboratory analysis executed. The Consultant team were provided with copies of the laboratory test results and the Consultants undertook a check against compliance with standards requirements (DSTU B V.2.7-127:2006 Construction materials. Asphalt cement and asphalt concrete mixtures. Technical requirements) no deviations were found, all characteristics of laboratory test fully comply with the existing standards in Ukraine.

2.6. ASSESSMENTS OF THE SELECTION PROCEDURE AND METHODOLOGY OF REPAIR METHODS

Methodology of repair works described in Ukraine Standards (5, 6, 7, 10). Standards describe:

- types of repair works: capital repair, ongoing medium and small, emergency repair works;

- intervals for repair works; - list and type of methods for repair works; - maintenance activities; - criteria to evaluate road condition;

Standards do not have:

- identification of possible maintenance schemes; - decision making guidance during evaluation of road condition to define type

of repair; - selection procedure of most suitable repair method to be applied; - repair design requirements; - requirements to consider economic implications of selection of maintenance

procedure.

Actual process of repair works include: - procurement of a service contract with contractor for a period of one year. In

contract sections and roads to be maintained and budget defined; - contractor is instructed to provide repair works in the defined sections; - road supervisor provide assessment on the scope of works in cooperation

with contractor; - depending on financing available, section supervisor and contractor define

most urgent area for repair and type of repair works; - supervisor not always present at the ongoing works; - scope of works inspected by supervisor considering information of materials

used for repair works.


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3. FINDINGS AND RESULTS

3.1. QUALITY INSPECTION RESULTS SUMMARY

During the quality inspection of the completed road maintenance repairs for each road section, a Site visit check list was completed. An example site visit check list is contained in Appendix 3 Set out below is a summary of the findings from each section and road inspection, type of repair used, quality, appropriateness and effectiveness of repair works, road failure and the possible cause of the road failures. A Map of the inspected locations is included as Fig. 2.

Day 1. 2015/06/24 Road M-01. International road, class 1. Section KM 18+730-20 North Road condition. Road is very badly cracked, surface course is fretting and has many small shallow holes. Road is not rutting and is relatively even which suggests that the road foundation is stable. Cause of road failure. Road surface is worn out. Failure could be caused by very old asphalt surface becoming brittle. Water ingress through cracks could be causing freeze thaw action to destroy surface course. Fatigue cracking may indicate structural failure of base course. Type of repair, materials and method used. Spray injection and asphalt patch using asphalt or asphalt emulsion Repair quality. Repairs have been carried out on top of previous pothole repairs. Patches are level and even and appear to be in good condition. Older patch repairs from previous years are still in good condition. This suggests a good quality patch repair. The spray injection repairs are already being worn away. No evidence of stone or gravel being applied with spray injection. Appropriateness of repair. The road surface is worn out. Patches and spray repairs have not covered all of the cracks and small holes. Water will still ingress and freeze thaw action in the winter months will further damage this aged and brittle road pavement. Areas of densely packed patch and spray repairs. Consideration should be given to a resurfacing or reconstruction of asphalt layers in this section. This is not considered to be a cost effective maintenance strategy. Section KM 25-27-31 North Road condition. Road is very badly cracked, surface course is fretting and has many small shallow holes. Road is not rutting and is relatively even which suggests that the road foundation is stable. Cause of road failure. Road surface is worn out. Failure could be caused by very old asphalt surface becoming brittle. Water ingress through cracks could be causing freeze thaw action to destroy surface course. Fatigue cracking may indicate structural failure of base course.


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Type of repair, materials and method used. Spray injection and asphalt patch. From visual inspection only, Asphalt or Asphalt emulsion. Throw and roll asphalt patches have straight cut edges. Spray injection repairs do not have cut edges. Repair quality. Repairs have been carried out on top of previous pothole repairs. Patches are level and even and appear to be in good condition. Older patch repairs from previous years are still in good condition. This suggests a good quality patch repair. The spray injection repairs from previous years are already being worn away. No evidence of stone or gravel being applied with spray injection. Appropriateness of repair. The road surface is worn out. Patches and spray repairs have not covered all of the cracks and small holes. Water will still ingress and freeze thaw action in the winter months will further damage this aged and brittle road pavement. Areas of densely packed patch and spray repairs. Consideration should be given to a resurfacing or reconstruction of asphalt layers in this section. This is not considered to be a cost effective maintenance strategy. Section KM 29 South Road condition. Road is badly cracked, surface course is fretting and has some shallow holes. Road is even and not undulating or rutting. Road section is completely covered in patch repairs. The sections of road which are not patched are badly cracked. Cause of road failure. Road surface is worn out. Failure could be caused by very old asphalt surface becoming brittle. Water ingress from standing water through cracks could be causing freeze thaw action to destroy surface course. Road is even which suggests that the road foundation is satisfactory. Fatigue cracking may indicate structural failure of base course. Type of repair, materials and method used. Asphalt patch. From visual inspection only, Asphalt and Bitumen emulsion. Throw and roll asphalt patches have straight cut edges. Spray injection repairs have no cut edges. Repair quality. Patches are level and even and appear to be in good condition. Many patch repairs from previous years are still in good condition. This suggests a good quality patch repair. Some patches from previous years have failed. Spray injection repairs from previous years have started to fail. The repairs do not cover all of the cracks and holes. Appropriateness of repair. The road surface is worn out. Patches have not covered all of the cracks and small holes. Water will still ingress and freeze thaw action in the winter months will further damage this aged and brittle road pavement. Road section is completely covered in patch repairs. Patch repairs are on top of patch repairs from previous years. Consideration should be given to reconstruction of asphalt layers in this section. This is not considered to be a cost effective maintenance strategy. Summary for the road M-01. Road surface is worn out. In some areas - weak foundation layers should be considered to be repaired. In general the whole section sections of the surface course and most likely also the base course and possibly the road foundation need to be replaced. The amount of work needed to properly repair the road can only be determined by a series of road investigation tests. Day 1. 2015/06/24 Road H-07. National road, class 2. Section KM 32+300 East


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Road condition. Road is very badly cracked, surface course is fretting and has many small shallow holes. Evidence of standing water. Road is undulating which suggests problems with road foundation layers. Cause of road failure. Road surface is worn out. Failure could be caused by very old asphalt surface becoming brittle. Water ingress from standing water through cracks could be causing freeze thaw action to destroy surface course. Road is undulating which suggests problems with road foundation layers. Type of repair, materials and method used. Asphalt patch. From visual inspection only, asphalt. Throw and roll asphalt patches have straight cut edges. Repair quality. Patches are level and even and appear to be in good condition. Older patch repairs from previous years are still in good condition. This suggests a good quality patch repair. One patch repair from three years previous has failed. Appropriateness of repair. The road surface is worn out. Patches have not covered all of the cracks and small holes. Water will still ingress and freeze thaw action in the winter months will further damage this aged and brittle road pavement. Areas of densely packed patch repairs. Consideration should be given to reconstruction of asphalt layers in this section. This is not considered to be a cost effective maintenance strategy. Section KM35+000 Road condition. Road is very badly cracked, surface course is fretting and has many small shallow holes. Evidence of standing water. Road is undulating which suggests problems with road foundation layers Cause of road failure. Road surface is worn out. Failure could be caused by very old asphalt surface becoming brittle. Water ingress from standing water through cracks could be causing freeze thaw action to destroy surface course. Road is undulating which suggests problems with road foundation layers. Type of repair, materials and method used. Asphalt patch. From visual inspection only, asphalt. Throw and roll asphalt patches have straight cut edges. Repair quality. Patches are level and even and appear to be in good condition. Older patch repairs from previous years are still in good condition. This suggests a good quality patch repair. Appropriateness of repair. The road surface is worn out. Patches have not covered all of the cracks and small holes. Water will still ingress and freeze thaw action in the winter months will further damage this aged and brittle road pavement. Areas of densely packed patch repairs. Consideration should be given to reconstruction of asphalt layers in this section. This is not considered to be a cost effective maintenance strategy. Section KM 43, West Road condition. Road is cracked, surface course is fretting and has some shallow holes. Road is even and not undulating or rutting. Approx. 40% of the road surface in this section has been patched over the last few months. Cause of road failure. Road surface is worn out. Failure could be caused by very old asphalt surface becoming brittle. Water ingress from standing water through cracks could be causing freeze thaw action to destroy surface course. Road is even which suggests that the road foundation is satisfactory. Fatigue cracking may indicate structural failure of base course. Type of repair, materials and method used. Asphalt patch. From visual inspection only, Asphalt. Throw and roll asphalt patches have straight cut edges.


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Repair quality. Patches are level and even and appear to be in good condition. Older patch repairs from previous years are still in good condition. This suggests a good quality patch repair. Some patches are over 10m2. Appropriateness of repair. The road surface is worn out. Patches have not covered all of the cracks and small holes. Water will still ingress and freeze thaw action in the winter months will further damage this aged and brittle road pavement. Approx. 40% of the road surface in this section has been patched over the last few months. Consideration should be given to reconstruction of asphalt layers in this section. This is not considered to be a cost effective maintenance strategy. Summary for the road H-07. Road surface is worn out. Foundation of the road is weak. The whole section requires capital repair. Day 2. 2015/06/25 Road M-03. International road. Class 1 Section 19+800 20 East, built in 2004 Road condition. Road is in a good condition, no systematic cracks, no potholes, no rutting. Existing cracks are filled with bitumen. In some areas two-three year old asphalt patch repair is performing well and in a good condition no cracks or fretting. Cause of road failure. Failure on this section could be caused by heavy truck on first two lanes, as on the 3rd and 4th lanes there are almost no cracks. Depth of cracks is unclear Type of repair, materials and method used. Cracks filling with bitumen. Spray Injection, Asphalt patch, Asphalt (for 2012-2013 repair), Bitumen spray. Old asphalt patches have straight cut edges, no cracks appeared. Cracks filled with bitumen in a proper way and no gaps. Repair quality. Cracks repair is even and looks tight. Spray injection repairs are failing on the surfaces and already squeezed out. This may be due to the repair being too deep for this method. Appropriateness of repair. Asphalt patch and cracks repair is appropriate for road condition. Spray injection method better to be replaced on asphalt patch. No evidence of stone or gravel being applied with spray injection. Section 41+300 45, East Road condition. Road was repaired with surface dressing in 2001 in this section (micro surfacing with 20 mm thickness). In general uneven. At the connection point with Northbound P03 large area (3026,36 m2 according to acts of performed works) have been repaired in April, 2015. Sections of the resurfaced carriageway are already rutting, suggesting a problem with the base course layers. At the tight radius turnaround areas structure of new (2015) repaired patches is already cracking and rutting. Cause of road failure. Base course layer has not been replaced in the last capital repair and may be damaged, possibly by heavy truck traffic. Type of repair, materials and method used. Asphalt inlay 6cm thick. Asphalt. Cutting old material and edges. Asphalt inlay machine laid. Repair quality. Asphalt patch looks performed in a proper way cut edges and primed Appropriateness of repair. New inlay has signs of rutting, a deeper repair and also repair of road foundation may have also been required. At the turn around area, new asphalt has cracks due to heavy tracks and lateral forces of turning trucks. Stronger material could have been applied in this area.


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Summary for the road M-03. Section 18-35 is in a good condition. Cost benefit analysis for preventive maintenance recommended for this section using of surfacing will allow increase life cycle of the section. For the section 41+300-45+000 is recommended capital repair works as heavy traffic transit damages newly rolled asphalt. Use of stronger material recommended in the section, where turnabout is located. Day 2. 2015/06/25 Road T-10-18. Local road, class 3. Section 55+000 70, East Road condition. Road is cracked along both sides and across the road. Cracks are unevenly distributed on the sections - some areas with high density, some areas has no cracks. Cracks lead to potholes. Asphalt patch in a small areas along cracked straps. In newly repaired areas cracked asphalt create new potholes. Road is rutting along cracked areas. Cause of road failure. Old road surface is worn out. Failure could be causing by rutting and cracks to be appear. Cracks leads to water ingress and following destroy of surface course. Type of repair, materials and method used. Asphalt patch, performed in local small patches. Asphalt. Cutting old material and edges. Throw and roll asphalt. Repair quality. Asphalt patch looks performed in a proper way cut edges and primed, in some areas edges are uneven and new asphalt overlap old in unappropriated way. Appropriateness of repair. In general whole section require capital repair due to amount of cracks. Cracks near new patches asphalt allows water to go under, there is a risk of damage of patches in a season, and new potholes to be appear. Optionally all cracks to be repaired. Not all of the heavily cracked and damaged sections of road have been repaired by the patches. Summary for the road T-10-18. Section 55+000-70 requires capital repair work including foundation repair. Day 3. 2015.06.26 Road H-01. National road. Class 2. Section South KM 34+800 45 Road condition. Road is cracked, surface course is fretting. Road is even and not undulating or rutting. Old and new patches cover the road. Road in the past have been treated with slurry mixture. In some areas big spaces (over 20m2) recently been repaired. Cause of road failure. Road surface is worn out. Road is even which suggests that the road foundation is satisfactory. Fatigue cracking may indicate structural failure of base course. Type of repair, materials and method used. Asphalt patch. Asphalt. Repair quality. In general patches are level and even and appear to be in good condition. In some patches new layer is lower than old one - this suggest that besecourse (or roadbase) to be weak. Old patches looks in a good condition no cracks. This suggests a good quality patch repair. Some patches are over 5m2.


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Appropriateness of repair. The road surface is worn out. Patches have not covered all of the cracks and small holes. Water will still ingress and freeze thaw action in the winter months will further damage this aged and brittle road pavement. Consideration should be given to reconstruction of asphalt layers in this section and revision of basecourse and roadbase. This is not considered to be a cost effective maintenance strategy Section South KM 53+000 61+300 Road condition. Road is cracked, surface course is worn out and fretting. On the downhills and uphill undulation appeared. Rolls of asphalt along the right sides of the road. Cause of road failure. Road surface is worn out. It looks like during hot period heavy trucks roll out asphalt, creating rutting and roll asphalt out. Also, roadbase is weak to carry the upper layers with loadings. Type of repair, materials and method used. Asphalt patch. Cold Asphalt. Asphalt. Throw and roll asphalt, cutting edges Repair quality. In this section cold asphalt have been poured during the cold season. Material is looks solid after several month on the road. Also, old patches carry the heavy loads and in a good condition Appropriateness of repair. The road surface is worn out. Patches have not covered all rutting along the road. Section requires capital repair of the roadbase and asphalt. Section South KM 81+000 82+300 Road condition. Road is badly cracked, surface course is worn out and fretting. Cracks created along wheelspan. Section has new patch repair. Also patches of 2, 3, 4 years old on the section. Rutting and cracks are appear at the new patched areas. Cause of road failure. Road surface is worn out. As road is even the cause of failure could be very old asphalt. New rutting gives an idea that roadbase to be inspected. Type of repair, materials and method used. Asphalt patch. From visual inspection only asphalt. Throw and roll asphalt, cutting edges. Repair quality. Patches has straight edges and signs of bituminous at the edges. Appropriateness of repair. The road surface is worn out. Cracks not repaired, that will lead to new potholes after water ingress and freeze thaw action in the winter months. Patch repair will not solve the problems of the section and resurfacing or capital repair is advised. Section North KM 64+000 66+000 Road condition. Road is cracked, surface course is worn out and fretting. Big areas (over 20%) are patched on the section. Potholes appear at the wheelspan and rutting. Cause of road failure. Road surface is worn out. Road is uneven. New rutting gives an idea that roadbase to be inspected. Type of repair, materials and method used. Asphalt patch. From visual inspection, asphalt. Throw and roll asphalt, cutting edges. Repair quality. Patches has straight edges and signs of bituminous at the edges. Patches are level and even. In general, patch repair has good quality. Appropriateness of repair. The road surface is worn out. Roadbase to be proper inspected and capitally repaired if necessary. Cracks repair in such amount and condition is considered as not cost effective method. It is reasonable to resurface asphalt or reconstruct the road.


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Summary for the road H-01. All inspected sections of the road requires capital repair works including foundation repair. Day 4. 2015/06/29 M-05. International road. Class 1 Section South KM 101+650 102+000 Road condition. Road is cracked, uneven, surface course is worn out, fretting, rutting. Potholes appear at the wheel tracks and rutting where more cracks to be appear. Cause of road failure. Road surface is worn out. Cracks allows water ingress and by causing freeze thaw action destroy surface course. New rutting gives an idea that road base needs to be inspected. Type of repair, materials and method used. Asphalt patch. From visual inspection, asphalt. Throw and roll asphalt, cutting edges. Repair quality. Patch has straight edges. Patch is level and even. In general, patch repair has good quality. Appropriateness of repair. The road surface is worn out. At the surface of repaired patch new wheels tracks to appear. It looks like repair of wearing course is not effective at this section. Section South KM 107+500 108+000 Road condition. Road is cracked, uneven, rutting. Areas covered in previous patch repair with new patches around. Cause of road failure. Road surface is worn out, old. Cracks allows water ingress and by causing freeze thaw action destroy surface course. Also, as cause could be heavy traffic. Type of repair, materials and method used. Asphalt patch. From visual inspection, asphalt. Throw and roll asphalt, cutting edges. Repair quality. Patch has straight edges. Patch is level and even. Appropriateness of repair. The road surface is worn out. At the surface of repaired patch new wheel tracks to appear. Section North KM 90+500 92+000 Road condition. Road is cracked. Areas covered in patch repair of previous years. Cause of road failure. Road surface is worn out, old. Cracks allows water ingress and by causing freeze thaw action destroy surface course. Heavy traffic could be as a cause. Type of repair, materials and method used. Spray injection. Bitumen and stones. Spray injection of bitumen and stone. Repair quality. Bitumen with gravel have been injected at the cracks (small potholes (diam. less than 50cm)). Not all area of cracks repaired. Appropriateness of repair. Repair works will not influence at the whole situation at the road with many cracks around. In a period of 2-3 month after works completion, repaired surface is worn out. Summary for the road M-05. Road requires capital repair, some section need road foundation repair. Day 5. 2015/06/30


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Road H-08. National road, class 2. Section South East KM 1+900 2+000 Road condition. Road in cracks. Section supervisor did not accept Works as wrong materials used. Cause of road failure. Road surface and is worn out. It looks like cause of the problem is road base. Type of repair, materials and method used. Cracks repair. Bitumen. Filling cracks with liquid bitumen. Repair quality. Material, used for repair has low quality. Appropriateness of repair. Method, used for repair works is an unappropriated. Material is leaking from cracks at the hot temperature. Section South East KM 8+000 9+000 Road condition. Road is cracked, even. Cross cracks have symmetric location looks like concrete slabs underneath. One lineal crack goes directly at the middle of the road. Spray injection works completed in previous years does not look good. Cause of road failure. Road surface is old. Could be the cause of weak roadbase. Type of repair, materials and method used. Crack filling with mastic and small size (3-5mm) gravel on top. Mastic and stones. Blow of hot air in the crack for cleaning and drying. Cracks filled with mastic and covered with gravel of 3-5mm size. Crackmaster material used. Spray injection method of previous years. Repair quality. In a three month period since works completed quality of repair works is good. Appropriateness of repair. Method, used for crack repair is appropriate. Section South East KM 32+900 33+000 Road condition. Patch repair completed in March, 2015.Spray injection method used in previous 1-2 years is crippled. Many cracks on the road and small size potholes and pitting. Rutting. Cause of road failure. Road surface and is worn out. It looks like roadbase need repaired. Type of repair, materials and method used. Patch repair. From visual inspection Asphalt. Cutting and cleaning of potholes. Cutting edges. Lay and roll asphalt. Repair quality. Repaired areas has straight edges and well compacted. Appropriateness of repair. Patch repair, performed this year is sinking. This repair works will not solve the problem with layers underneath. Rutting is suggest that problem in the roadbase. Cracks around repaired areas will let water ingress and continue to destroy wearing course. Summary for the road H-08. Some sections of the road requires surface treatment and some capital repair including foundation repair. Day 6. 2015/07/01 Road M-07. International road, class 2. Section West KM 24+000 25+000 Road condition. Road surface is even. Net of cracks and small size potholes. Some of the cracks repaired with mastic and some areas repaired with spray injection method.


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Cause of road failure. Structural cracking possibly caused by road design traffic being exceeded or possibly thermal cracking. Type of repair, materials and method used. Spray injection. Cracks repair. From visual inspection Mastic and gravel for cracks and bitumen emulsion with gravel for spray injection method. Cutting (width and depth - 12-15mm) and cleaning of cracks with filling of mastic (200C) and pouring of small size gravel. Spray injection. Repair quality. Repaired cracks in a month after repair looks good and no damages appear. Appropriateness of repair. Cracks repair is appropriate. Section West KM 66+300 Road condition. Road surface is even. Net of cracks and small size potholes. Patch repair performed with spray injection method. On the surface of repair small size gravel poured. Works completed in May, 2015. Cause of road failure. Probably road base is weak or failure in the wearing course. Structural cracking possibly caused by road design traffic being exceeded or possibly thermal cracking. Type of repair, materials and method used. Spray injection. From visual inspection bitumen emulsion and gravel. Spray injection of bitumen emulsion and gravel. Repair quality. In this location, sprayed emulsion covered with gravel, which will protect emulsion in the future. Appropriateness of repair. Local repair does not cover all cracks around and water will continue to ingress and destroy wearing course with freeze thaw action. The remaining cracks should be sealed or the wearing course replaced. Section West KM 74+900 Road condition. Road is even and no rutting. Road has small cracks, small size shallow potholes, Patch repair works completed in May, 2015. Cause of road failure. Road surface is worn out. Type of repair, materials and method used. Patch repair. From visual inspection asphalt. Cutting asphalt, edges. Lay and roll asphalt. Repair quality. In a month since works completed patches looks good- no cracks or holes. Appropriateness of repair. Local repair does not cover all cracks around and water will continue to ingress and destroy wearing course with freeze thaw action Around recently repaired patches new potholes appear as old asphalt is continue to destroy. The remaining cracks should be sealed or the wearing course replaced. Summary for the road M-07. Some sections at the road requires re-surfacing, some sections to be repaired including foundation of the road.

Day 7. 2015/07/21 Road H-07. National road, class 2. Section Westbound KM 50 Road condition. Road is cracked, surface course is fretting and has some shallow holes. Road is even and not undulating or rutting. Road surface in this section has been patched over the last few years.


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Cause of road failure. Road surface is worn out. Failure could be caused by very old asphalt surface becoming brittle. Water ingress through cracks could be causing freeze thaw action to destroy surface course. Road is even which suggests that the road foundation is satisfactory. Fatigue cracking may indicate structural failure of base course. Type of repair, materials and method used. Asphalt patch. From visual inspection asphalt. Cutting potholes, cutting edges and debris removal. Cleaning with compressed air. Grounding with bitumen. Throw and roll asphalt. Repair quality. Asphalt mixture has temperature lower, that in material ticket. Equipment used for repair works is old and has low quality for cutting and rolling. Appropriateness of repair. The road surface is worn out. Patches have not covered all of the cracks and small holes. Water will still ingress and freeze thaw action in the winter months will further damage this aged and brittle road pavement. This is not considered to be a cost effective maintenance strategy. Day 8. 2015/07/23 Road T1027. National road, class 1. Section Westbound KM 50 Road condition. Rutting on the road. Road is cracked. Road surface in this section has been patched over the last few years and has been repaired on the surface of 70-80%. Cause of road failure. Road surface is worn out. Failure could be caused by very old asphalt surface becoming brittle. Water ingress from standing water through cracks could be causing freeze thaw action to destroy surface course. Road is even which suggests that the road foundation is satisfactory. Type of repair, materials and method used. Spray injection. From visual inspection only, gravel 5-8mm, bitumen emulsion. Cleaning of the cracks with compressed air, Blowing emulsion, blowing mixture of gravel and emulsion, blowing of gravel on top to protect. Appropriateness of repair. The road surface is worn out. Spray injections have not covered all of the cracks and small holes. Water will still ingress and freeze thaw action in the winter months will further damage this aged and brittle road pavement. This is not considered to be a cost effective maintenance strategy.


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Location data list 2015/06/24 M-01 - 1 2015/06/24 M-01 - 2 2015/06/24 M-01 - 3 2015/06/24 H-0