1450 to 1750: The Early 1450 to 1750: The Early Modern EraModern Era

Periodization: Continuities, Periodization: Continuities, Causes of ChangeCauses of Change

1450-1750: The Early Modern Era1450-1750: The Early Modern Era Changes in Trade, Technology, and Global InteractionsChanges in Trade, Technology, and Global Interactions

• Crusades – increased European desire to obtain goods from the East, begin to Crusades – increased European desire to obtain goods from the East, begin to search for trade routessearch for trade routes

• 1450 – Trade focused on Europe, Asia, Africa – Mediterranean Sea/Indian Ocean1450 – Trade focused on Europe, Asia, Africa – Mediterranean Sea/Indian Ocean• Spain/Portugal are the leaders of the Age of Exploration – Why?? Spain/Portugal are the leaders of the Age of Exploration – Why?? Emergence Emergence

of New Technology!of New Technology!• England, France, the Dutch become involved in exploration later.England, France, the Dutch become involved in exploration later.• 1492 – Columbus – Columbian Exchange between Americas and Europe1492 – Columbus – Columbian Exchange between Americas and Europe• Core vs. Dependent Zones of TradeCore vs. Dependent Zones of Trade• Plantation System emerges in the Americas – Sugar primarily, Tobacco in Plantation System emerges in the Americas – Sugar primarily, Tobacco in

Southern North AmericaSouthern North America• Encomienda System Encomienda System Plantation System Plantation System• Decline in Natives Decline in Natives Slave Trade Slave Trade Triangle Trade with West Africa Triangle Trade with West Africa “Gun and “Gun and

Slave” CycleSlave” Cycle• Emergence of a Global Trade network with Europeans serving as facilitatorsEmergence of a Global Trade network with Europeans serving as facilitators• Latin America – Spain/PortugalLatin America – Spain/Portugal• North America – England/France/DutchNorth America – England/France/Dutch• Africa/Asia – Coastal Trading Centers emerge for Europeans, not colonized until Africa/Asia – Coastal Trading Centers emerge for Europeans, not colonized until

Age of New Imperialism in the 1800’sAge of New Imperialism in the 1800’s

Demographic and Environmental Demographic and Environmental ChangesChanges

Foods in Americas (Maize, Potato) grown in Asia and Europe Foods in Americas (Maize, Potato) grown in Asia and Europe Rise in PopulationRise in Population

Diseases, Encomienda System of Europeans led to a decline in the Diseases, Encomienda System of Europeans led to a decline in the Native population of the Americas Native population of the Americas Europe turns toward Africa as Europe turns toward Africa as a source of labora source of labor

Native population declines by as much as 50% of Pre-European Native population declines by as much as 50% of Pre-European arrival numbersarrival numbers

Slave Trade – As many as 12 million Africans brought to the Slave Trade – As many as 12 million Africans brought to the Americas Americas Why is this number so high? Why is this number so high?

Population of Americas begins to increase Population of Americas begins to increase Emergence of Emergence of Sociedad de CastasSociedad de Castas

Penisulares Penisulares Creoles Creoles Mestizo/Mulatto Mestizo/Mulatto Natives/Slaves Natives/Slaves During this time period, Europeans begin to focus on settlement of During this time period, Europeans begin to focus on settlement of

Americas Americas women and children begin to arrive, government women and children begin to arrive, government structures put in place, laws established.structures put in place, laws established.

Colonies governed by bureaucracy Colonies governed by bureaucracy Europeans maintain control Europeans maintain control

Knowledge of Major Empires and Knowledge of Major Empires and Political UnitsPolitical Units

OttomanOttoman - Mughal India- Mughal India ChinaChina - Africa- Africa PortugalPortugal - Russia- Russia FranceFrance - England- England Tokugawa JapanTokugawa Japan - Spain- Spain

What is the role of women in these What is the role of women in these empires?empires?

FranceFrance 1337-1443 – 100 Years War – France vs. 1337-1443 – 100 Years War – France vs.

England – England driven from FranceEngland – England driven from France Following war, French unified under strong Following war, French unified under strong

monarchsmonarchs Religious differences emerge between Religious differences emerge between

Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots)Catholics and Protestants (Huguenots) Edict of Nantes – 1598 – Religious Edict of Nantes – 1598 – Religious

toleration in Francetoleration in France

FranceFrance Louis XIV (14Louis XIV (14thth) 1643-1715) 1643-1715

• ““Sun King”Sun King”• Focus on arts and cultureFocus on arts and culture• Built the Palace at VersaillesBuilt the Palace at Versailles• Never summoned the Estates General Never summoned the Estates General

(Parliament)(Parliament)• Revoked the Edict of Nantes – Religious Revoked the Edict of Nantes – Religious

persecution of Huguenots increased, persecution of Huguenots increased, begin to leave France begin to leave France served as served as middle classmiddle class

FranceFrance War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714)War of Spanish Succession (1701-1714)

• Louis XIV’s grandson inherited the throne of Louis XIV’s grandson inherited the throne of Spain Spain Would have increased power of France Would have increased power of France

• England, Germany, HRE unify against FranceEngland, Germany, HRE unify against France• Fear of growing French empire overseas Fear of growing French empire overseas

(Americas)(Americas)• 1714 – France gives up most of territory in 1714 – France gives up most of territory in

North America to EnglandNorth America to England• 1750 – France serves as a cultural center of the 1750 – France serves as a cultural center of the

artsarts

Tokugawa JapanTokugawa Japan

1607-18681607-1868 1616thth Century – Decline of feudalism, Century – Decline of feudalism,

increased powers of central governmentincreased powers of central government 1542 – Portugal trade with Japan 1542 – Portugal trade with Japan

(Introduce Western weapons)(Introduce Western weapons) Beginning of Christian missionaries Beginning of Christian missionaries

arriving in Japan (Jesuits)arriving in Japan (Jesuits) Christian missionaries take over the port Christian missionaries take over the port

city of Nagasakicity of Nagasaki

Tokugawa JapanTokugawa Japan Founded by Tokugawa IeyasuFounded by Tokugawa Ieyasu Rigid class system (Caste?)Rigid class system (Caste?)

• Warrior, farmer, artisan, merchantWarrior, farmer, artisan, merchant• Edo (Tokyo) Period in Japanese historyEdo (Tokyo) Period in Japanese history• Persecution of Christians, prohibit Japanese from Persecution of Christians, prohibit Japanese from

traveling abroadtraveling abroad• Fear of Japan being taken over by the West (Spain, Fear of Japan being taken over by the West (Spain,

England, Portugal in Asia)England, Portugal in Asia)• Focus on Japanese culture and historyFocus on Japanese culture and history• Increased emphasis on Buddhism and Shintoism Increased emphasis on Buddhism and Shintoism • This period in Japanese history led to complete isolation. This period in Japanese history led to complete isolation.

This isolation made it necessary for the Japanese to This isolation made it necessary for the Japanese to undergo a rapid period of industrialization known as the undergo a rapid period of industrialization known as the Meiji Restoration, beginning in 1868.Meiji Restoration, beginning in 1868.

Mughal IndiaMughal India Founded in 1526 by Babur Founded in 1526 by Babur Unification of Indian subcontinent – was Unification of Indian subcontinent – was

controlled by various regional kingdomscontrolled by various regional kingdoms Akbar the Great (1556-1605)Akbar the Great (1556-1605)

• Religious toleration between Hindu and MuslimReligious toleration between Hindu and Muslim• Eliminated special tax placed on the Hindu Eliminated special tax placed on the Hindu

populationpopulation• Eliminated Sati – role of women increasedEliminated Sati – role of women increased• Din-i-Ilahi – blends parts of Hinduism and IslamDin-i-Ilahi – blends parts of Hinduism and Islam• Considered the Golden Age of the Mughal Considered the Golden Age of the Mughal

EmpireEmpire

Mughal IndiaMughal India After Akbar’s death in 1605After Akbar’s death in 1605

• Religious toleration endedReligious toleration ended• Shah Jahan and Jahangir focus more on the Shah Jahan and Jahangir focus more on the

arts and culture than governancearts and culture than governance• Reinstatement of the tax on the Hindu Reinstatement of the tax on the Hindu

population – increased religious tensionpopulation – increased religious tension• Arrival of the Europeans in the early 17Arrival of the Europeans in the early 17thth

century – Portugal and Britaincentury – Portugal and Britain• 1661 – British East India Company1661 – British East India Company• 1691- British in Calcutta1691- British in Calcutta• Focus on Europeans acquiring resources from Focus on Europeans acquiring resources from

India, this is before the Industrial Revolution.India, this is before the Industrial Revolution.

African KingdomsAfrican Kingdoms

Songhay – Islamic state, Trans-Songhay – Islamic state, Trans-Saharan Trade (Gold, Salt, Slaves)Saharan Trade (Gold, Salt, Slaves)

Mali – Islam – Mansa MusaMali – Islam – Mansa Musa Kongo – Trade with Portugal – 1480’s Kongo – Trade with Portugal – 1480’s

– Conversion to Christianity– Conversion to Christianity Portuguese presence in Africa Portuguese presence in Africa

increased in 1570’s increased in 1570’s Slave Trade Slave Trade

RussiaRussia

Ivan the Great (III) – 1462-1505Ivan the Great (III) – 1462-1505• Russia free of Mongol RuleRussia free of Mongol Rule• Expansion of territory to Ural MountainsExpansion of territory to Ural Mountains

RussiaRussia

Ivan the Terrible (IV) 1533-1584Ivan the Terrible (IV) 1533-1584• Expansion of Russian BordersExpansion of Russian Borders• Secret police, ruled as a totalitarian Secret police, ruled as a totalitarian

dictatordictator• Recruits peasants to migrate to new Recruits peasants to migrate to new

areas (Cossacks)areas (Cossacks)• Dies without an heir – “Time of Dies without an heir – “Time of

Troubles”Troubles”

RussiaRussia

Following Ivan the Terrible, the Following Ivan the Terrible, the Romanov dynasty emerges, Romanov dynasty emerges, originally led by Alexis, then his son originally led by Alexis, then his son Peter.Peter.

Peter the Great – 1689-1725Peter the Great – 1689-1725• Totalitarian RulerTotalitarian Ruler• WesternizationWesternization

Peter the GreatPeter the Great

WesternizationWesternization• MilitaryMilitary• Industrial developmentIndustrial development• Law CodesLaw Codes• Beard TaxBeard Tax• ClothingClothing• St. Petersburg “Window to the West”St. Petersburg “Window to the West”

Catherine the GreatCatherine the Great 1762-17961762-1796 ““Selective” Westernizer – influenced by Selective” Westernizer – influenced by

the Enlightenmentthe Enlightenment Encourages travelEncourages travel Harsh control of the serfsHarsh control of the serfs

• 1649 – Serfdom hereditary1649 – Serfdom hereditary• Whole villages of serfs soldWhole villages of serfs sold• Are not granted “freedom” until 1863Are not granted “freedom” until 1863• Catherine harshly puts down rebellions Catherine harshly puts down rebellions

designed to free the serfs.designed to free the serfs.• Power of landlords increasedPower of landlords increased

EnglandEngland

Henry VIII (8Henry VIII (8thth))• 1509-15471509-1547• Anglican church created after refusal of Anglican church created after refusal of

Catholic Church to grant a divorce.Catholic Church to grant a divorce.• Search for a male heirSearch for a male heir• Elizabeth I, daughter, takes the throne Elizabeth I, daughter, takes the throne

upon the death of Henry.upon the death of Henry.

Elizabeth IElizabeth I

1558-16031558-1603• Commercial expansion, explorationCommercial expansion, exploration• Destroyed Spanish Armada – 1588Destroyed Spanish Armada – 1588• British East India CompanyBritish East India Company• Exploration of North America Exploration of North America Colony Colony

of Virginiaof Virginia• Conflict between Protestant and CatholicConflict between Protestant and Catholic• Considered Golden Age of EnglandConsidered Golden Age of England

EnglandEngland

James I - 1607James I - 1607• Founding of Jamestown in 1607Founding of Jamestown in 1607• Puritans refuse to recognize control of Puritans refuse to recognize control of

King over religionKing over religion• Pilgrims to North America - 1620Pilgrims to North America - 1620

EnglandEngland

Charles ICharles I• 16251625• Petition of Right – 1628 – Limit taxes, Petition of Right – 1628 – Limit taxes,

unlawful imprisonmentunlawful imprisonment Charles ignored lawCharles ignored law Forced to call Parliament to meet in 1640 Forced to call Parliament to meet in 1640

due to invasion of England by Scotland.due to invasion of England by Scotland. ““Long Parliament” - 1640-1660 – Limited Long Parliament” - 1640-1660 – Limited

Absolute PowersAbsolute Powers

EnglandEngland

English Civil War 1642-1651English Civil War 1642-1651• Oliver CromwellOliver Cromwell• Religious PersecutionReligious Persecution• Charles II 1660-1688 Charles II 1660-1688 • Glorious Revolution 1688 – William and Glorious Revolution 1688 – William and

MaryMary• English Bill of Rights - 1689English Bill of Rights - 1689

SpainSpain

1469 – Ferdinand and Isabella1469 – Ferdinand and Isabella• Western Exploration encouragedWestern Exploration encouraged• 1492 – Columbus1492 – Columbus• 1519 – Magellan – Pacific, Indonesia, 1519 – Magellan – Pacific, Indonesia,

PhilippinesPhilippines

SpainSpain

1519 – Charles V1519 – Charles V• Declared Holy Roman EmperorDeclared Holy Roman Emperor• Controls – France, Netherlands, Austria, Controls – France, Netherlands, Austria,

Germany, Spain, and the colonies of Germany, Spain, and the colonies of Latin America.Latin America.

• Increased focus on spreading Increased focus on spreading Christianity.Christianity.

SpainSpain

Phillip IIPhillip II• 1554-1598, son of Charles V1554-1598, son of Charles V• Spanish RenaissanceSpanish Renaissance• Increase in Christian missionary activity to the Increase in Christian missionary activity to the

New WorldNew World• Spanish InquisitionSpanish Inquisition• English defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 English defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588

Beginning of decline for Spanish Empire. Beginning of decline for Spanish Empire.• By the 1600’s, Spain is surpassed by England By the 1600’s, Spain is surpassed by England

and France.and France.

Cultural and Intellectual Cultural and Intellectual DevelopmentsDevelopments

Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution RenaissanceRenaissance ReformationReformation EnlightenmentEnlightenment

Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution 1500’s1500’s Life in the Middle Ages dominated by Church preaching Life in the Middle Ages dominated by Church preaching

salvation and preparing oneself for the afterlife.salvation and preparing oneself for the afterlife. Due to the teachings of the Renaissance and Reformation, Due to the teachings of the Renaissance and Reformation,

people began to question traditional beliefs.people began to question traditional beliefs. Copernicus – Heliocentric TheoryCopernicus – Heliocentric Theory Galileo – Heliocentric Theory – Church trial in 1632 – forced Galileo – Heliocentric Theory – Church trial in 1632 – forced

to recant, placed under house arrest.to recant, placed under house arrest. Scientific Method – Francis Bacon, Galileo, Kepler, NewtonScientific Method – Francis Bacon, Galileo, Kepler, Newton Questions regarding the teachings of religion.Questions regarding the teachings of religion.

• AtheismAtheism• DeismDeism

RenaissanceRenaissance 1400’s and 1500’s1400’s and 1500’s Black Death Black Death Population decline Population decline New World New World

Crops Crops Population increased Population increased Urbanization Urbanization Trade Trade Study History Study History Individual/Humanism Individual/Humanism Arts and Literature become the focusArts and Literature become the focus

Challenge to Medieval way of thinking, values.Challenge to Medieval way of thinking, values. Humanism – Greece and RomeHumanism – Greece and Rome Arts – Da Vinci, MichelangeloArts – Da Vinci, Michelangelo Italian Renaissance – Focus on art, individualItalian Renaissance – Focus on art, individual Northern Renaissance – Focus on literature, more Northern Renaissance – Focus on literature, more

religious than Italian.religious than Italian. Balance between focus on religion and enjoying Balance between focus on religion and enjoying

this life.this life.

ProtestProtestant Reformationant Reformation

1517 – 95 Theses – Martin Luther1517 – 95 Theses – Martin Luther• Luther is against the selling of indulgences, Luther is against the selling of indulgences,

wants to challenge the authority of the Pope. wants to challenge the authority of the Pope. • Translates Bible into German.Translates Bible into German.• Salvation should be achieved through faith.Salvation should be achieved through faith.• Shatters Catholic unity of Europe.Shatters Catholic unity of Europe.• Rise of Protestantism, Lutheran, Calvinism, Rise of Protestantism, Lutheran, Calvinism,

Anglican branches.Anglican branches.• Religious tension in Western Europe increases.Religious tension in Western Europe increases.

Catholic Counter ReformationCatholic Counter Reformation

Designed to offset the challenges brought Designed to offset the challenges brought about by the Protestant Reformation.about by the Protestant Reformation.

Council of Trent (1545-1563)Council of Trent (1545-1563)• Confirms the authority of the Pope on religious Confirms the authority of the Pope on religious

mattersmatters• Seeks to correct abuses of power and Seeks to correct abuses of power and

corruptioncorruption• Forms the Society of Jesus (Jesuits)Forms the Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

Designed to spread the Catholic faith, this is Designed to spread the Catholic faith, this is particularly important in the new regions that are particularly important in the new regions that are being taken over by the Europeans during this time being taken over by the Europeans during this time period.period.

EnlightenmentEnlightenment

1717thth and 18 and 18thth Century – France Century – France Application of scientific method to Application of scientific method to

issues of politics and government issues of politics and government structures.structures.

Thomas Hobbes – Thomas Hobbes – LeviathanLeviathan – People – People need to be controlled by need to be controlled by government.government.

John Locke – John Locke – Two Treatises of Two Treatises of GovernmentGovernment – Natural Rights – Natural Rights

EnlightenmentEnlightenment Begin to question motives of absolute Begin to question motives of absolute

rulers – Elizabeth I, Phillip II, Peter the rulers – Elizabeth I, Phillip II, Peter the Great, Catherine the Great, Oliver Great, Catherine the Great, Oliver Cromwell, etc.Cromwell, etc.

Rousseau - Social Contract Theory – only Rousseau - Social Contract Theory – only the people of a nation have the legitimate the people of a nation have the legitimate right to govern – that right is then granted right to govern – that right is then granted to a government.to a government.

Voltaire – Freedom of Speech, ReligionVoltaire – Freedom of Speech, Religion Montesquieu – Separation of Powers, Montesquieu – Separation of Powers,

Checks and BalancesChecks and Balances