1450-1750The World Shrinks

Big Picture

• Why did Europe become the dominant power during this time period?– b/c they wanted OR technological superiority

• Why did some of the European nation-states develop vast empires while others did not?

Big Picture

• What were some of the differences among the ways in which non-European cultures interacted with Europe?– Why?– What were the consequences?– Why different degrees of interaction?

Big Picture

• How did the global economy change during this time period?

Major European Developments

• Transition out of feudalism

• Renaissance– Humanism– Decline in power of Catholic Church– Art & Architecture

C/C Art in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance

• Medieval entirely religious

• Flat and stiff

• Renaissance both religious and secular

• realistic

Major European Developments

• Gutenberg’s Printing Press• Protestant Reformation

– Martin Luther—1517 95 Thesis– John Calvin– King Henry VIII

• Counter Revolution—Council of Trent – End investiture– Jesuits established

Protestant Reformation

• Previous skirmishes were about papal political authority

• Luther’s was about theological and the pope’s religious role

• Paved the way for revolutions in politics and science

Major European Developments

• Scientific Revolution– Copernicus– Galileo– Scientific Method

Church defends itself on 2 Fronts

• Both the Protestant Reformation and the Scientific Revolution challenged the absolute authority of the pope. – Reformation on religious grounds– Scientific on scientific and mathematical

grounds– Both equally as influential

Major European Developments

• Enlightenment– Role of the mankind in relation to the

government– Greatly influenced the framers of the US

Constitution– Challenge divine right– Social contract

Enlightenment

• Thomas Hobbes—people were naturally evilneed absolute monarchy as long as benevolent (social contract)

• John Locke—optimistic view of mankind; born free w/inalienable rights; govt should rule in the interest of people; bad government should be replaced

Enlightenment

• Jean Jacques Rousseau—all men equal and society should represent the general will (majority rule)

• Montesquieu—separation of powers

• Voltaire—freedom speech and religious toleration

• Enlightened despots—Joseph II of Austria, Frederick II of Prussia and the Russians

Major European Developments

• Exploration & Expansion– Prince Henry the Navigator– Vasco de Gama– Christopher Columbus– Treaty of Tordesillas– Conquistadors—Cortes and Pizzaro

Exploration & Expansion

• Technology required:– Sternpost rudder (Chinese)– Lateen sails– Astrolabe (Arab)– Magnetic Compass (Chinese)– Three-Masted Caravels

C/C Expansion in the Americas v. Empire Building Elsewhere

• Romans, Mongols, Muslims—either allowed existing cultural traditions or converted to their way of doing things

• America the population was wiped out + moved in a large # of new people

Exploration & Expansion

• Encomienda System—American Feudalism– Social hierarchy

• Peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, mulattos• viceroys

• African Slave Trade—Middle Passage

• Columbian Exchange

Demographic Shifts

• Aztecs and Incas wiped out

• Huge cities were depopulated

• Europeans moved by the hundreds of thousands

• Millions of Africans were forced to migrate

• Middle Class gets rich with trade

Commercial Revolution

• Joint stock company– Banking & investing– Monopoly on a trade good or area– Middle class $$

• Mercantilism– Favorable balance of trade

Europe

• Spain– Ferdinand & Isabella– Philip II—Spanish Inquisition & Armada

• England– Henry VIII—Act of Supremacy– Elizabeth—arts – James I—English translation of Bible– Charles IOliver CromwellCharles II

Europe

• France– Huguenots—French Protestants– Louis XIV—Versailles; “Sun King”

• Germany (Holy Roman Empire—sort of)– Divided– Thirty Years’ War 1618—Protestants vs.

Catholics; Peace of Westphalia

Ottoman Empire

• 1450-1922

• 1453 Fall of Constantinople

• Janissaries—enslaved Christian children and turned them into fighting warriors

• Main expansion under Selim I

• Suleiman I (the Maginficent) didn’t focus on war, but on art (Golden Age)

Russia

• Third Rome—Moscow• Ivan III declared free of Mongol rule• Ivan IV est absolute rule, czar; unite and

expand; St. Basils• Cossacks—peasants to settle frontiers• Time of Troubles• Michael Romanov 1613• Peter the Great—westernization & military• Catherine the Great—increased serfdom &

gained westward to the Med Sea

Westernization of Russia

• Peter & Catherine are important b/c they positioned Russia for engagement with the rest of the world, esp the West

• It gained sea access to the West by the Baltic and Black Seas

• Cultural access to West• C/C to China & Japan that repelled the

West from their shores; Russia actively engaged

India

• Babur claimed descend from Genghis Khan; Muslim; defeated Delhi Sultanate and est Mughal Empire

• United entire subcontinent• Akbar—religious toleration—Golden Age• Shah Jahan—Taj Mahal• Religious toleration ended & Europeans

arrived– Est ports in Goa, Bombay & Calcutta

China

• Yuan—Mongols

• Ming– Zheng He then isolation

• Qing from Manchuria– Allowed European trade thru ports– When felt threatened expelled them; Canton

Japan

• Shoguns still ruled; emperor a figure head• 1542 traded with Europe to acquire guns• Christian missionaries• 1600 Tokugawa Ieyasu est Tokugawa

Shogunate (Edo period)—strict rule; took away power from daimyo

• Caste system (warrior, farmer, artisan, merchant)

• National Seclusion Act 1635

C/C India, China & Japan on European Aggression

• Japan reacted most decisively

• China & India both allowed trade and occupation of ports

• China began to limit under the Manchus

• India was less suspecting and will pay dearly

What About the Non-European Culture? Why was their interaction

with the West so varied?• China & Japan highly organized; fewer

Europeans there

• Africa was fragmented, but not interested in running over b/c could trade easily

• Americas overwhelmed with disease and technology

• Ottoman Empire was limited b/c avoided overland trade routes

What about the Global Economy?

• Sailing diminished need for Asian overland routes

• Mercantilism required dependence on est of imperialism married economic and political developments

• Joint-stock companies took major economic motivation out of the hands of government; more people had a stake in trade routes and conquests

• B/C the benefits of economic prosperity were diffused among a larger group of individuals the govt began to lose grip on control