IchthyologyIchthyology

(Zoology 1450)(Zoology 1450)

Dr. Craig S. KasperDr. Craig S. KasperRoom BSCI 207ERoom BSCI 207E

IchthyologyIchthyology

(Zoology 1450)(Zoology 1450)

Dr. Craig S. KasperDr. Craig S. KasperRoom BSCI 207ERoom BSCI 207E

Zoology 1450: IchthyologyZoology 1450: Ichthyology

Instructor: Instructor: Dr. Craig S. KasperDr. Craig S. KasperOffice: Office: Brandon BSCI 207EBrandon BSCI 207EOffice Phone: Office Phone: 813-253-7881813-253-7881

Class LocationClass Location: MW (10:00a-11:15a) BSCI 212: MW (10:00a-11:15a) BSCI 212

TextText: : Peter B. Moyle & Joeseph J. Cech, Jr. Peter B. Moyle & Joeseph J. Cech, Jr.

Co-requisiteCo-requisite: Ichthyology Laboratory, W (11:30a-1:00a) : Ichthyology Laboratory, W (11:30a-1:00a) BSCI 212 BSCI 212

Course DescriptionCourse Description: This course is an introduction to the : This course is an introduction to the study of fish. Topics introduced realte to fish anantomy, study of fish. Topics introduced realte to fish anantomy, reproduction, physiology, nutrition, and generalreproduction, physiology, nutrition, and general classificatio, family differences.

Zoology 1450: IchthyologyZoology 1450: Ichthyology

Course ObjectivesCourse Objectives::A.A. Fish identification (family)Fish identification (family)B.B. Fish Systematics:Fish Systematics:

Skeletal Skeletal DigestiveDigestiveMuscle Muscle ReproductiveReproductiveNervous Nervous Vascular Vascular Respiratory Respiratory Urogenital Urogenital

C. Fish AnatomyC. Fish AnatomyD. Physiological Characteristics:D. Physiological Characteristics:

ColorColor BioluminescenceBioluminescenceSound ProductionSound Production Sensory SystemsSensory SystemsOsmoregulationOsmoregulation

E. ClassificationE. ClassificationF. NutritionF. NutritionG. Aquatic EnvironmentG. Aquatic EnvironmentH. Basics of Fish ReproductionH. Basics of Fish Reproduction

Zoology 1450: IchthyologyZoology 1450: Ichthyology

ExamsExams::• Three exams (4) per semester. Three exams (4) per semester.

• No make-ups. (I will drop the lowest grade if you do No make-ups. (I will drop the lowest grade if you do happen to miss an exam. However the final will not behappen to miss an exam. However the final will not be dropped.)dropped.)

• Exam format will be multiple choice, short answer, essay...Exam format will be multiple choice, short answer, essay... basically whatever I decide.basically whatever I decide.

Exam IExam I \\Exam IIExam II }----------75% }----------75%Exam III/Exam III/Final Exam-------25%Final Exam-------25%Total 100%Total 100%

Zoology 1450: IchthyologyZoology 1450: Ichthyology

Exams (cont)Exams (cont)::

GradesGrades: 100-90 (A), 89-80 (B), 79-70 (C), 69-60 (D), Below 60 : 100-90 (A), 89-80 (B), 79-70 (C), 69-60 (D), Below 60 (F).(F).

AttendanceAttendance: I won’t take it, but you’ll miss material if you’re : I won’t take it, but you’ll miss material if you’re not here. I won’t pass out stuff later. You’ll have to rely on not here. I won’t pass out stuff later. You’ll have to rely on your classmates...and you know how your classmates...and you know how THATTHAT is come test time. is come test time.

CheatingCheating: Two points here—”F” and expulsion...think about it.: Two points here—”F” and expulsion...think about it.

Pagers and Cell PhonePagers and Cell Phone: : TURN THEM OFF!!!TURN THEM OFF!!! Don’t waste Don’t waste everyone’s time telling your buddies about last night’s party!everyone’s time telling your buddies about last night’s party! It wasn’t It wasn’t THATTHAT good...otherwise you’d still be there or at home good...otherwise you’d still be there or at home in bed!in bed!

Jan 9Jan 9 Ch. 1 Ch. 1 Intro to Course, Science of Ich., Properties of WaterIntro to Course, Science of Ich., Properties of Water

Jan 11Jan 11 Ch. 2Ch. 2 Systematics (How does this stuff work?)Systematics (How does this stuff work?)

Jan 16Jan 16 MLK HolidayMLK Holiday

Jan 18, 23Jan 18, 23 Ch. 3 Ch. 3 External Anatomy: Skeleton, Skin, ScalesExternal Anatomy: Skeleton, Skin, Scales

Jan 25, 30Jan 25, 30 Ch. 4Ch. 4 Internal Anatomy: Muscles, Cardiovascular, NervousInternal Anatomy: Muscles, Cardiovascular, Nervous

Feb 1Feb 1 Ch. 5Ch. 5 Oxygen, Metabolism, and EnergeticsOxygen, Metabolism, and Energetics

Feb 6Feb 6 Exam 1Exam 1

Feb 8, 13Feb 8, 13 Ch. 6Ch. 6 Sensory Systems: Vision, Taste, ElectoreceptionSensory Systems: Vision, Taste, Electoreception

Feb 15Feb 15 Ch. 7Ch. 7 Homeostasis: Endocrine, Temperature, Osmoregulation, Immune, Homeostasis: Endocrine, Temperature, Osmoregulation, Immune, StressStress

Feb 20Feb 20 President’s DayPresident’s Day

Feb 22, 27Feb 22, 27 Ch. 8 Ch. 8 Functional Morphology: Locomotion & FeedingFunctional Morphology: Locomotion & Feeding

Mar 1Mar 1 Ch. 9Ch. 9 Early Life History: Eggs, Sperm, Larval critters...Early Life History: Eggs, Sperm, Larval critters...

Mar 6Mar 6 Ch. 10Ch. 10 Juveniles, Adults, Age, GrowthJuveniles, Adults, Age, Growth

Mar 8Mar 8 Exam 2Exam 2

Mar 13-19Mar 13-19 Spring BreakSpring Break

Mar 13-19Mar 13-19 Spring BreakSpring Break

Mar 20Mar 20 Ch. 11Ch. 11 Classification: History of FishClassification: History of Fish

Mar 22, 27Mar 22, 27 Ch. 12Ch. 12 Chondrichthyes: Sharks, Skates & RaysChondrichthyes: Sharks, Skates & Rays

Mar 29, Apr Mar 29, Apr 33

Ch. 13Ch. 13 Primative Fish: Jawless fish, Sacropteryhii, Actinopterygians. Primative Fish: Jawless fish, Sacropteryhii, Actinopterygians.

Apr 5, 10Apr 5, 10 Ch. 14Ch. 14 Teleost fish: Bonytongues through AnglerfishTeleost fish: Bonytongues through Anglerfish

Apr 12Apr 12 Exam 3Exam 3

Apr 17, 19Apr 17, 19 Ch. 15 Ch. 15 Spiny-rayed FishesSpiny-rayed Fishes

Apr 24Apr 24 Ch. 16, 17 Ch. 16, 17 ZoogeographyZoogeography

Apr 26Apr 26 Ch. 18-21Ch. 18-21 Behavior and EcologyBehavior and Ecology

May 1 May 1 Humans and FishHumans and Fish

May 3May 3 Exam ReviewExam Review

May 8May 8 FINAL EXAMFINAL EXAM

Photo: Craig S. Kasper (2003)

Dr. Craig S. KasperDr. Craig S. KasperAquaculture Program ManagerAquaculture Program ManagerHillsborough Community CollegeHillsborough Community College10414 E. Columbus Dr.10414 E. Columbus Dr.BSCI 207EBSCI 207ETampa, FL 33619-7856Tampa, FL 33619-7856Phone: 813-253-7881Phone: 813-253-7881FAX: 813-253-7868FAX: 813-253-7868Email: ckasper@hccfl.eduEmail: ckasper@hccfl.edu

History of IchthyologyHistory of Ichthyology

Introduction: Ichthyology the ScienceIntroduction: Ichthyology the ScienceHistoryHistory

• (Anient Greece) Aristotle—first scientific description of fish (118 spp.)(Anient Greece) Aristotle—first scientific description of fish (118 spp.)

• 15001500 Guillaume Rondelet— Guillaume Rondelet—De Piscibus MarinumDe Piscibus Marinum (244 spp.) (244 spp.)

• 1686 George Markgraf's—1686 George Markgraf's—Naturalis BrasilaeNaturalis Brasilae (100 spp.) (100 spp.)

• 16861686 John Ray & Francis Willughby John Ray & Francis Willughby Historia PisciumHistoria Piscium (>400 spp.). (>400 spp.).

• ~1735 Linnaeus develops ~1735 Linnaeus develops binomial nomencalturebinomial nomencalture (two name, (two name, genus speicesgenus speices) ) Peter Artedi “The father of ichthyology"—a student of Linnaeus who Peter Artedi “The father of ichthyology"—a student of Linnaeus who

identified identified five orders of "fishes" (includingfive orders of "fishes" (includingcetaceans) and divided those cetaceans) and divided those into genera. into genera. Artedi got drunk and drowned in Amsterdam canal Artedi got drunk and drowned in Amsterdam canal (Linnaeus published (Linnaeus published his manuscripts posthumously.)his manuscripts posthumously.)

• 1700s-1800s—Global specimens deluged museums.1700s-1800s—Global specimens deluged museums.

More History...• 1780s Marcus Elieser Bloch—Ichthyologia as a series of volumes of

plates. Johann Gottlob Schneider pub. M. E. Blochii Systemae Ichthyologiae (1,519 spp.)

• 1800s Georges Cuvier's—Regne animal distribué d’après son organisation (key step forward for fish classification) Cuvier also worked with his student Achille Valenciennes to produce the 22-volume Histoire Naturelle des Poissons (never

completed) yet 4,514 spp.

• 1800s Albert Günther—Catalogue of the Fishes of the British Museum >6,800 spp.described (another 1,700 mentioned).

• 1859 Charles Darwin—Origin of the Species, animals placed within a common genus shared ancestral lineage.

• ~1900 David Starr Jordan (greatest ichthyologist at time)—wrote 650 articles and books on fish, also president of Indiana and Stanford

Universities.

Still more history...• 1896-1898 B.W. Evermann—Fishes of North America described

ALL fish known in N. America and Panama at the time (4 volumes).

• 1947 Leo Berg—Russian paleoichthyologist who combined study of fish and fossil records, Classification of Fishes, Recent and

Fossil. First introduced the cocept of “iformes” to endings offish orders, eliminated confusion.

• 1966 Greenwood et al.—produced the first modern classification of the majority of present day fishes.

• 1994 Balon et al.—compilation of contributions to ichthyology by women scientists.

Resources...

• Many resources for fish information.• Texts: Moyle and Cech 1996, Bond 1996, Bone 1994.• Journals: Copeia, Transaction of the American Fisheries

Society, North American Journal of Fisheries Management, Aquaculture, Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, North American Journal of Aquaculture, Journal of Fish Biology, Journal of Ichthyology, etc...

• Internet: www.fishbase.org, www.aquanic.org, www.afs.org (You can find almost anything out there, but read CAREFULLY!! Some stuff is still trash!)

What is a fish??What is a fish??Classic definition:Classic definition:

-Any of numerous cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates of the-Any of numerous cold-blooded aquatic vertebrates of the

superclass Pisces, characteristically having fins, gills, and asuperclass Pisces, characteristically having fins, gills, and a

streamlined body and including specifically, and...streamlined body and including specifically, and...

-Any of the class Osteichthyes, having a bony skeleton, and...-Any of the class Osteichthyes, having a bony skeleton, and...

-Any of the class Chondrichthyes, having a cartilaginous-Any of the class Chondrichthyes, having a cartilaginous

skeleton and including the sharks, rays, and skates. skeleton and including the sharks, rays, and skates.

Although this is all accurate...we will find that fish areAlthough this is all accurate...we will find that fish are

considerably MORE!!considerably MORE!!

Fish similarities...Fish similarities...

• Vertebrate (or chordate)Vertebrate (or chordate)

• Gills Gills

• PoikilothermicPoikilothermic

• FinsFins

• ScalesScales

• Always exceptions!Always exceptions!

Fish DiversityFish Diversity

>25,000 speices (spp.) of fish today>25,000 speices (spp.) of fish today

(note: fish is singular, (note: fish is singular, fishes fishes more than one spp.)more than one spp.)

• 41% freshwater41% freshwater• 58% seawater58% seawater• ~1% both (neither)~1% both (neither)

Where Do Fish Live?Where Do Fish Live?

• Great environmental diversity = many fish spp.Great environmental diversity = many fish spp.• Earth’s surfaceEarth’s surface

~70% oceans, part of remaining 30% freshwater.~70% oceans, part of remaining 30% freshwater.

Fish can live about three miles above sea level (15,000 feet)...Fish can live about three miles above sea level (15,000 feet)...

...to nearly seven miles beneath it...to nearly seven miles beneath it (35,000 feet).(35,000 feet).

Fish live in sub-zero temperatures in Antarctica...Fish live in sub-zero temperatures in Antarctica...

... to hot spring water of more than 100ºF.... to hot spring water of more than 100ºF.

Water Quality in AquacultureWater Quality in Aquaculture

TopicsTopics

• Water CharacteristicsWater Characteristics• Water SourcesWater Sources• Water BalanceWater Balance• ChemicalsChemicals• StratificationStratification

Water quality determines the success or failure of fish culture.Water quality determines the success or failure of fish culture.

Properties of Water*Properties of Water*

AqueousAqueous TerrestrialTerrestrial

OxygenOxygen 0-14 mg/L0-14 mg/L 21% 21%

TemperatureTemperature ++ 10˚C 10˚C ++ 40˚C 40˚C

DensityDensity Variable Variable Constant Constant

-max density 4-max density 4ººCC

-high specific heat-high specific heat

-alters light penetration-alters light penetration

CompositionComposition VariableVariable Constant Constant““Universal solvent”-Universal solvent”-

gas, salts, liquidsgas, salts, liquids

*References: (1) Boyd, C. 1990 (2) Lawson, T.B., 1995*References: (1) Boyd, C. 1990 (2) Lawson, T.B., 1995

• Eat (Sleep)Eat (Sleep)• BreatheBreathe• Excrete wastesExcrete wastes• ReproduceReproduce• Take in and lose saltsTake in and lose salts

Q: Why is water quality Q: Why is water quality important??important??

A: Fish perform ALL A: Fish perform ALL bodily functions in water!bodily functions in water!

Water SourcesWater Sources

• Wells and springsWells and springs• GroundwaterGroundwater• Streams, rivers and lakesStreams, rivers and lakes• MunicipalMunicipal

WellsWells

• AdvantagesAdvantages– Usually constant temperatureUsually constant temperature

– Usually free of wild fish and insects Usually free of wild fish and insects

• DisadvantagesDisadvantages– Will require pumping unless artesianWill require pumping unless artesian

– May have high levels of COMay have high levels of CO22

SpringsSprings

• AdvantagesAdvantages– No pumping costsNo pumping costs

– Relatively stable temperatureRelatively stable temperature

• DisadvantagesDisadvantages– Flow rates may vary with seasonFlow rates may vary with season

– Insects or fish may inhabitInsects or fish may inhabit

Groundwater/run-offGroundwater/run-off

• AdvantagesAdvantages– No pumping costsNo pumping costs

• DisadvantagesDisadvantages– Level may vary with seasonLevel may vary with season

– Difficult to drainDifficult to drain

Streams, Rivers & LakesStreams, Rivers & Lakes

• AdvantagesAdvantages– Large quantities may be availableLarge quantities may be available

• DisadvantagesDisadvantages– Temperature varies widelyTemperature varies widely

– Excess nutrients may be presentExcess nutrients may be present

– Unwanted fish and insectsUnwanted fish and insects

– Quality is questionableQuality is questionable

MunicipalMunicipal

• AdvantageAdvantage– High qualityHigh quality

• DisadvantagesDisadvantages– Chlorine or chloramine Chlorine or chloramine

presentpresent

– ExpensiveExpensive

Water QuantityWater Quantity

Groundwater Groundwater AvailabilityAvailability in Florida in Florida

Water QuantityWater Quantity

• PondsPonds

–13 gallons/minute/acre13 gallons/minute/acre

• RacewaysRaceways

–500 gallons/minute500 gallons/minute

• Water Re-UseWater Re-Use

–VariesVaries

Osmoregulation: swOsmoregulation: swfwfw

Chinook salmon are Chinook salmon are osmoregulatorsosmoregulators

Water plantsWater plants FoodFood

ExcessExcessfoodfood

FishesFishes

PeptidesPeptidesAmino acidsAmino acids

UrineUrine

UreaUrea

AmmoniaAmmonia(NH )(NH )

AlgaeAlgae

Nitrate (NO )Nitrate (NO )

Nitrite (NO )Nitrite (NO )

FecesFeces

22

33

33

The Nitrogen CycleThe Nitrogen Cycle

0.80.8

0.60.6

0.40.4

0.20.2

0.00.022 66 1010 1414 1818 2222

88

66

44

22

00

AmmoniaAmmonia(mg/l)(mg/l)

Nitrites &Nitrites &NitratesNitrates(mg/l)(mg/l)

NHNHNONO

NONO

2233

33

Time in DaysTime in Days

Time Required for Bio-Filter to MatureTime Required for Bio-Filter to Mature

100100

5050

0044 55 66 77 88 99 1010 1111 1212

Free COFree CO HCOHCO COCO

Percent of Total COPercent of Total CO22

33-- ==

22 33

pHpH

Effects of pH on Various BuffersEffects of pH on Various Buffers

77

66

55

44

33

22

11

005 pm5 pm 10 pm10 pm 5 am5 am

Measured valuesMeasured values

Projected valuesProjected values

mg/lmg/l

ProjectedProjectedDissolved Oxygen LevelsDissolved Oxygen Levels

Percent of Total Ammoniain the Un-Ionized Form (NH3) at

Various Temperatures and pH

percent Ammonia

Temperature (ºF) (pH) 7.0 8.0 9.0

50º 0.19 1.83 15.7

68º 0.40 3.82 28.4

86º 0.80 7.46 44.6

Breakdown of AmmoniaBreakdown of AmmoniaExcreted into Water by Excreted into Water by

FishFish

Ammonia (NHAmmonia (NH33)) Nitrites (NONitrites (NO22 ) ) Nitrates (NONitrates (NO33))

NitrosomonasNitrosomonas spp. spp. NitrobacterNitrobacter spp. spp.

OO22 OO22

Total Alkalinity Lime/Surface AreaTotal Alkalinity Lime/Surface Area

12 mg/l12 mg/l 1 ton1 ton

12 - 14 mg/l12 - 14 mg/l 3/4 ton3/4 ton

15 - 25 mg/l15 - 25 mg/l 1/4 - ½ ton1/4 - ½ ton

25 mg/l or more25 mg/l or more NoneNone

Guidelines of Application of LimeGuidelines of Application of Lime

StratificationStratification

Uniform dissolved OUniform dissolved O22 in pond in pond

DecomposingDecomposingmaterialsmaterials

Low dissolvedLow dissolvedoxygen (cool)oxygen (cool)

High dissolvedHigh dissolvedoxygen (warm)oxygen (warm)

Low dissolved oxygen - Low dissolved oxygen - possible fish killpossible fish kill

TurnoverTurnover

Low D. O. can killLow D. O. can killfish within 1 or 2 hours.fish within 1 or 2 hours.

Break Time!!!Break Time!!!

Fish Shapes: Form is FunctionFish Shapes: Form is Function

Next time:Next time:Systematics Systematics

Chapter 2 Chapter 2 (Helfman, Collette & Facey)(Helfman, Collette & Facey)