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Paul H.M. Feron

European CO2 Capture and Storage Conference

Towards Zero Emission Power PlantsBrussels 13-15 April 2005

Progress in post-combustionCO2 capture

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14 April 2005Progress in post-combustion CO2 capture2

Presentation Overview CO2 capture technologies

Post-combustion capture: State of the art

Solvent technologiesPerformances

Post-combustion capture: Advanced processes

Improved solvent technologies

Other processes

Link to Hypogen

Conclusions

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What are challenges for CO2 capture?

Capture of CO2 can be done with technologies presently

available but:

Power generation costs will increase

More fossil fuel needed for same power generationcapacity

Increased reliance on fossil fuels on top of the existing

upward trend; increasing the supply security concerns

There is no experience with CO2 capture at the power

plant scale

Therefore the following questions need to be addressed:

How to reduce the additional power consumption as aresult of the capture process?

How to reduce the costs of the capture?

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Decarbonisation routes for power plants

air

separation

energy

conversionair

fuel

N2 CO2

powerO2

fuel

conversion

CO2

separation

air

fuel

power

flue gasenergy

conversionH2

air

CO2

energy

conversion

CO2separation

air

fuel

power CO2

flue gas Post-combustion

Pre-combustion

Denitrogenation

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The CO2 Capture toolkit: A portfolio approach

Combustion in

O2/CO2/H2O

atmosphere

Hydrogen combustionNovel power cyclesE-Conversion

Biomimetic

approaches

High pressure applicationsAlgae production

Biomimetic approachesBiotechnology

n.a.Direct decarbonisationn.a.Carbon extraction

O2/N2 absorbentNew solvents

Contactors

Process design

New solvents

Contactors

Process design

Solvents

O2/N2 adsorbents

High T adsorbents

Dolomite

Zirconates

Lime carbonationSorbents

Distillation for air

separation

CO2/H2 separationsLiquefactionCryogenic

O2-conducting

membranes

CO2/H2-separation: Ceramic,

polymeric, palladium,

membrane absorption

Membrane absorption,

polymeric, ceramic, FT, carbon

membranes

Membranes

DenitrogenationPre-combustionprocesses

Post-combustionprocesses

Capture method

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Leading technologies for CO2

capture(IEA GHG R&D programme - 2000)

Coal fired power stations

Base case: Pulverised coal fired power station

Post-combustion capture: 47 $/tonne CO2Pre-combustion capture: 54 $/tonne CO2

Gas fired power stationsBase case: Natural gas fired combined cycle

Post-combustion capture: 32 $/tonne CO2

Pre-combustion capture: 39 $/tonne CO2

Conclusion: There is no clear winning CO2 capture

technology

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Solvent process flow sheet

Absorber Regenerator

Heat exchanger

CondenserFlue gas out

Flue gas in

Reboiler

Cooler

CO2out

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State of the art post-combustion CO2-capture

State of the art = Amine based absorption processes:

Fluor Daniel Econamine FGSM

30% MEA solution incorporating additives to control corrosion and(oxidative and thermal) degradation

> 20 commercial plants in sizes between 0.2 and 15 tonnes CO2/h ABB-Lummus

15-20% MEA solution 4 commercial plants in size between 6 and 32 tonnes CO2/h Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

KS-1 sterically hindered amines 1 commercial plant: 9 tonne CO2/h

CANSOLV Mixture of amines no commercial plant

Praxair Mixture of amines no commercial plant

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Advantages post-combustion capture

Add-on to existing power plants and plant concepts

Capture technologies available, i.e. solvent

technologies, which are proven on a smaller scale

Similarities with cogeneration plant lead to proven

methods for integration

Flexibility in switching between capture no capture Learning by doing will lead to cost reductions similar

to experience with SO2 capture process development

Learning by searching will lead to better solvents andprocesses

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Thermal energy requirement for solvent

processes

Specific thermal energy requirement

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 50 100 150 200

Cyclic loading [tonne CO2/1000 m3 solvent]

Regeneratio

nenergy

[GJ/tonn

eCO2

]

Hc

R=0.4

R=0.8

R=1.2

5 M MEA

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Post-combustion capture process performances:

Past, present and future

0.196 kWh/kg CO20.306 kWh/kg CO20.446 kWh/kg CO2Total

0.103 kWh/kg CO20.108 kWh/kg CO20.114 kWh/kg CO2CO2 compressor

0.010 kWh/kg CO20.020 kWh/kg CO20.040 kWh/kg CO2Power for capture

0.083 kWh/kg CO2(0.15)

0.178 kWh/kg CO2(0.20)

0.292 kWh/kg CO2(0.25)

Power equivalent

(Factor used)

2.0 GJ/tonne CO23.2 GJ/tonne CO24.2 GJ/tonne CO2Thermal energy

201520051995Year

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Post-combustion capture in a coal fired power plant

(Emission factor: 0.1 tonne CO2/GJ)

82 kg CO2/MWh103 kg CO2/MWh141 kg CO2/MWhEmission with

90% capture

43.6 %35.1 %25.5 %Plant efficiency

with 90% capture

0.196 kWh/kg CO20.306 kWh/kg CO20.446 kWh/kg CO2Power loss due to

capture

720 kg CO2/MWh800 kg CO2/MWh900 kg CO2/MWhBase plant

emission

50 %45 %40 %Base plantefficiency

201520051995Year

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Development of capture technology hand in hand

with generation efficiency improvements

CO2 Emmision vs generation efficiency

coal fired power plant

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

0,25 0,35 0,45 0,55 0,65 0,75

Efficiency [-]

C

O2-emission

s[kg/kWh]

No capture

Max. efficiency

With capture

2015

1995

2005

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Issues for post-combustion CO2-capture

Solvent technologies are leading option but: Power cost increases >50% Generation efficiency decreases by 15 25%

Solvent process break-throughs required Energy consumption Reaction rates

Contactor improvements Liquid capacities Chemical stability/corrosion Desorption process improvements Hence cost reductions

Integration with power plant Heat integration with other process plant, particularly in relation to

desorption process

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CASTORCASTORCOCO22, from Capture to Storage, from Capture to Storage

a European Integrated Projecta European Integrated Project

(IFP(IFP Project Coordinator)Project Coordinator)

Castor

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Consortium participants

R&DIFP (FR)TNO (NL)SINTEF (NO)NTNU (NO)BGS (UK)BGR (DE)

BRGM (FR)GEUS (DK)IMPERIAL (UK)OGS (IT)TWENTE U. (NL)STUTTGARTT U. (DE)

Oil & GasSTATOIL (NO)GDF (FR)REPSOL (SP)ENITecnologie (IT)ROHOEL (AT)

Power CompaniesVATTENFALL (SE)ELSAM (DK)ENERGI E2 (DK)RWE (DE)PPC (GR)POWERGEN (UK)

ManufacturersALSTOM POWER (FR)MITSUI BABCOCK (UK)SIEMENS (DE)BASF (DE)GVS (IT)

Co-ordinator: IFP

Chair of the Executive Board: Statoil

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CASTOR main components

SP1 Strategy for CO2Reduction

WP1.1 Development of CO2reduction strategies

WP1.2 Geological storage

options for CO2 reduction

strategy

SP2 CO2 Post-CombustionCapture

WP2.1 Evaluation, optimisation

& integration of post-combustion

capture processes

WP2.2 Solvent development

WP2.3 Development of membrane

based solvent processes

WP2.4 Advanced processes

WP2.5 Process validation in

pilot plant

SP3 CO2 storageperformance

& risk assessment

studies

WP3.1 Field case "Casablanca"

WP3.2 Field case "Lindach"

WP3.3 Field case "K13b"

WP3.4 Field case "Snohvit"

WP3.5 Preventive & corrective

actions

WP3.6 Criteria for site

selection and

site management

Management

Dissemination

WP0.1 Project Management

WP0.2 Dissemination & Training

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20

Current costs

contribution

Cost

contribution byadvanced

process

Effected by

Investment costs

Absorber 25 % 10 15% Compact contactor

Simplified cost-optimised contactors

Membrane contactorsRest of equipment

(desorber, heat

exchangers)

25 % 10 15 % Halving of solvent flow rate

Optimised operational conditions for

advanced solvents

Total investment 50 % 20 30 %

Operational costs

Thermal energy 25% 10 15 % Halving of energy consumption through use of

advanced solvents (novel chemicals, additives

with low vaporisation enthalpy)

Integration of heat exchanger in desorber

Rest (cooling,

electricity,

chemicals)

25% 10 15 % Halving of solvent flow rate

Optimised operational conditions for

advanced process technologies and solventsSolvent stability improvements

Total operation 50 % 20 30 %

Total costs 100% 40 60 %

Estimate of contributions to the capture costs

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CASTOR SP2 Work package structure

WP 2.1: Evaluation, Optimisation and Integration of post-combustion capture

WP 2.5: Pilot plant validation with real flue gases

WP 2.2:

New solventdevelopment

WP 2.3:

Membrane

contactor

development

WP 2.4:

Advanced

process

development

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European post-combustion test facility

Capacity: 1 t/h CO2 capture

5.000 Nm3/h fluegas

(coal combustion)

In operation early 2006

4. marts 2004 2

Esbjergvrket

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CO2 Membrane Gas Absorption can reduce

investment costs

CO2, present in the flue gas, is selectively absorbed into a

proprietary absorption liquid through a porous membrane

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DECAB process flow diagram

Absorber

Flue gas in

Flue gas out

Reboiler

Heat exchanger

Cooler

Stripperwithintegratedheatexchanger

Condenser

60o

C Slurry

80 oC

90 oC

70 oC40 oC

Liquid

120 oC

CO2 out

90o

C

CO2

CO2

Precipitation the absorber will result in high loading of the

solvent and hence reduction of costs

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Other CO2

separation technologies

Adsorption processes

Sorbent development (selectivity, high temperature)

Scale-up (circulating fluidised bed, rotating wheels) Membrane processes

Membrane development (selectivity, high temperature)

Scale-up (using modularity)

Cooling processes Anti-sublimation process (CO2 available at high pressure)

Scale-up (available process equipment)

Process suitability will benefit from increased CO2 concentration:Use of flue gas recirculation and oxygen enrichment

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HICLON (High CO2/Low N2-capture process)

AirEnrichedair

N2

Exhaust gas

Fluegas

Recycle

O2 enrichment

Fuel

CO2Power

Energy conversion CO2 separation

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Linking post-combustion capture to

production of hydrogen and electricity(Hypogen concept)

Current lowest cost hydrogen production based on fossil

fuels (gas, coal) First step is fuel conversion, producing mixture of mainly

hydrogen and carbon monoxide

Next step is separation into hydrogen rich stream and

carbon monoxide rich stream using e.g. polymeric

membranes

Hydrogen supplied to end-users; Carbon monoxide as

fuel gas to gas turbine; Post-combustion capture from high CO2 content flue

gases

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Conclusions

At present there is no best technology for CO2capture, but there are several options

Post-combustion capture presents the approach with

least impact on power generation processes Potential for improvement by doing and searching

is large

CASTOR IP is aimed at achieving this potential Post-combustion capture is also applicable in a power

generation system with co-production of hydrogen.

Documents

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