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14. Acids & Bases chapter 10. Acids/Bases - by Physical Phenomena. Bases. Method. Acids. Taste Feel Effect on metals. Sour n/a Liberates H 2 on reaction with iron, zinc & tin. Bitter Slippery n/a. Effect on indicators Litmus - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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14. Acids & Bases
chapter 10
Acids/Bases - by Physical Phenomena
Taste
Feel
Effect on metals
Sour
n/a
Liberates H2 on reaction with iron, zinc & tin
Bitter
Slippery
n/a
Effect on indicators
Litmus
Phenolphthalein
Blue
Red
Method Acids Bases
Red
Colourless
Lime(CaO) is the cheapest and most widely used commercial base (~18 billion kgs/yr in NA).
Made by heating limestone (CaCO3) to drive off CO2
heat CaCO3 CaO + CO2
used for mortar and cement
Also to 'sweeten' acidic(sour) soils. NB. Blue / pink lupins; 'natural' indicators for soil pH.
Definition Acids Bases
1) Arrhenius Generates H+ in water
Generates OH- in water
2) Bronsted -Lowry
Transfers H+ to a base
Accepts H+from an acid
Acids/Bases - by Chemical Structure
3) Lewis electron acceptor electron donor
NB: H+ = proton OH- = hydroxide ion
Bronsted -Lowry definition:
an acid is any substance that can transfer a proton to another substance
a base is a substance that can accept a proton
A strong acid ionizes completely and irreversibly in water, often 'inorganic', eg. hydrochloric acid. A weak acid ionizes reversibly and therefore only partially, often 'organic', eg. acetic acid.
CH3COOH H+ + CH3COO-
H2O H+ + OH-
HCl H+ + Cl-
In neutralization an acid and a base react to produce a solution that’s neither acidic nor basic.
A salt is a compound (other than water ) produced by the reaction of an acid with a base.
N..
..
..
..
....
......H . .. ... .. H
H
HH
H
HH
Cl N Cl.. .. ..
Base + acid salt (+ water)
Ammonia Hydrogenchloride
Ammonium chloride
Na OH + H Cl Na+Cl- + H2O
hydrogenchloride
sodiumhydroxide
watersodiumchloride
(+) (-)
Typical Inorganic Acids (mostly 'strong')
Formula H3BO3 HIO3 HNO3 HClO4 H3PO4 H2SO4
HCl
Name Boric Iodic Nitric Perchloric Phosphoric Sulfuric Hydrochloric
Applications antiseptic, eye drops disinfectant fertilizers, explosives, dyes plating metals, explosives fertilizers, food additive fertilizers, paper, drugs cleaning metals/concrete
'weak' inorganic acids often end in '-ous', eg. nitrous-HNO2, sulfurous-H2SO3
Typical Organic Acids (usually 'weak')
Formula HCOOH HOCOOH CH3COOH CH3CH2COOH CH3CH(OH)COOH HOC(CH2COOH)2-
-COOH HO(CH2)3COOH-COOH
Name formic carbonic acetic propionic lactic citric hydroxyBA
benzoic
Use bee/ant stings CO2 in H2O vinegar sweat, Sw. cheese muscle stress citrus fruit 'date rape' drug preservative
‘Foody’ Acids are Weak
Fortunately!
Typical Bases
Organic bases are the amines, R-N ie. carbon containing derivatives of ammonia, NH3
Inorganic bases can be 'strong' or 'weak', eg.- 1) the 'hydroxide' derivatives of the alkali & alkaline earth elements, ie. rows 1,2 (3) of periodic table, are always strong eg. sodium / calcium hydroxide(NaOH, Ca(OH)2) 2) ammonia (NH3) is weak 3) salts of strong bases & weak acids are 'weak', eg. sodium bicarbonate(NaHCO3), calcium carbonate(CaCO3)
Ammonia in water
• NH3 +H2O -> NH4 OH (ammonium hydroxide)
• A source of OH-, hence a base
• But a weak base since only partially dissociated (about 1%)
Lots of Strong Bases around the House !
Typical Salts
HI + KOH KI + H2O hydrogeniodide
potassiumhydroxide
potassium iodide(Iodized salt)
Acid Base Salt
H2SO4 + Mg(OH)2 MgSO4 + 2H2O sulfuricacid
magnesiumsulfate(Epsom salts)hydroxide
magnesium
H2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + 2H2O carbonic
acidcalcium
carbonate(Tums)hydroxidecalcium
MSG = HOOC-CH2-CH2-CH(NH2)-COO- Na+
H2O H+ + OH-
OHH
HH+H..
..
..
..... ... .+ O. H
+
hydronium ion
2H2O H3O+ + OH-
hydronium ion
Water = Neutral (unless helped)
Only 1 in 500 million! NB. [H+] = [OH-]
pH, the symbol for acidity, represents the
'power of the Hydrogen (or Hydronium) ion'.
pH - the universal symbol for acidity
The letter 'p' begins the English word power, the French word puissance, the German word potenz.
pH = - log[H3O+] or [H+]
The pH of a solution is a measure of the acidity of that solution.
pH = the negative logarithm of the proton (hydronium ion) concentration(= [ x ] )
(as Molarity = moles/Liter).
Don't panic! write the [H+] as a power of 10 use the exponent of 10 reverse its sign
pH of (neutral) Water
[H3O+] or [H+] = 0.0000001M = 1 x 10-7 M
Molarity (moles/L) of the proton(hydronium ion).
(and [OH-] must also = 1 x 10-7M)
Express conc'n. as power of 10 = - log(10-7)
If pH = - log[H3O+]
Use the exponent of 10 = -7
Reverse the sign = +7
Then the pH of neutral water is 7
The pH of an acidic solution is less than 7
The pH of a neutral solution equals 7
The pH of a basic solution is greater than 7
For every tenfold increase in the [H3O+] conc’n. there is a decrease of one unit in the pH
For every tenfold decrease in the acidity there is an increase of one unit in the pH
Acidity and pHpH [H3O
+]
Strongly acidic 1 10-1 0.1 2 10-2 0.01 3 10-3 0.001 4 10-4 0.0001 5 10-5 0.00001
Weakly acidic 6 10-6 0.000001Neutral 7 10-7 0.0000001(at 25oC)Weakly basic 8 10-8 0.00000001
9 10-9 0.000000001 10 10-10 0.0000000001 11 10-11 0.00000000001 12 10-12 0.000000000001 13 10-13 0.0000000000001
Strongly basic 14 10-14 0.00000000000001
Ex.1: The pH of 0.01 M HCl in water
HCl H+ + Cl-
0.01M 0.01M 0.01M
Since HCl is a strong acid, ie. completely ionized in water, the [H3O+] = 0.01 M = 1 x10-2M. Take the 'exponent' of 10, ie. -2, and reverse the sign, ie. 2. The pH of this solution must be 2.
Ex.2: The Basic Egg
Convert : [H+] = 10-8 M = [H3O+] Take the exponent of 10: -8 Reverse the sign: +8. A common pH for a fresh egg is 8.
Fresh eggs have a [H30+] = 0.00000001 M.
What is the pH of a fresh egg?
Ex.3: How Acidic is a SopHt Drink?
A typical pH of a soft drink is 3.0. What is the [H3O+] for a soft drink ?
In this case we reverse the process.
Since the pH is 3, the appropriate exponent of 10
must be the 'reverse' of +3, ie. -3. Hence the [H3O+] or [H+] must = 10-3M = 0.001 M for a 'soft' drink.
1.0 - 3.02.2 - 2.42.4 - 3.42.5 - 3.53.0 - 3.4
6.6 - 7.66.5 - 8.0
3.0 - 3.83.0 - 4.04.0 - 4.44.8 - 7.5
6.4 - 6.9
5.66.3 - 6.6
Gastric juices(stomach)LemonsVinegarSoft drinksSour picklesWineOrangesTomatoesHuman urine(usually 6.0)Carbonated water, rain waterCow’s milkHuman saliva (during rest)Human milkDrinking water
pH Material
Acidic
7.0 - 7.3
7.3 - 7.5
7.6 - 8.0
7.8 - 8.3
8.4
7.0
9.4
10.5
10.5 - 11.9
Human saliva(while eating)
Human blood
Fresh eggsSeawater
Sodium bicarbonate(saturated)
Calcium carbonate(saturated)
Milk of magnesia
Household ammonia
Pure water
pH Material
Neutral
Basic
when a stress is placed on a system in equilibrium, the system tends to change in a
way that relieves the stress.
Le Chatelier’s Principle states that:
pHun with 'Bad Breath'
H2CO3 CO2 + H2O
If CO2 is blown into water, equilibrium shifts left
[H2CO3] increases acidity increases
H2CO3 HCO3- + H+
But add citric acid to HCO3- from Alka Seltzer
More H+ means more H2CO3 which (According to Le Chatelier’s P.) produces more CO2 which escapes as bubbles( and the customer is happy).
bicarbonate
Escaping CO2 gives your
(leavened)Bread a Lift !
pH of Blood( must be kept constant!)
H2CO3 + H2O H3O+ + HCO3-
If pH drops, eg. during illness, the [H3O+] begins to increase but will react with HCO3- to form H2CO3, ie. CO2, which is exhaled. Or the reverse if pH of blood drops.
[H2CO3] is maintained by exhaling / inhaling CO2.
Keep your lungs in good working order!What happens to blood pH when hyperventilating?
LeChatelier’s Principle
• H2O + CO2 -> H2CO3
• If more CO2 is produced (ie hyperventilation) , then body reacts to produce more H2CO3 to offset the change and the pH drops.
Buffers in Blood
• Keep pH near 7.40
• If pH drops below 7.35, called “acidosis”
• pH below 7.0 or above 7.8 can cause death
• Buffer contains a weak acid (H2CO3) and the salt of a weak acid and a strong base ie NaHCO3.
Effects of added acid and base to a buffer
• Added base reacts with the weak acid to neutralize it
• Added acid reacts with HCO3- to produce H2CO3.
Some Common Antacids
Name Formula Product
1) Magnesium hydroxide 2) Calcium carbonate 3) Sodium carbonate 4) Aluminum hydroxide 5) I + 4 6) 1 + 4 & magnesium carbonate 7) Dihydroxyaluminum
sodium carbonate 8)1 + 2
Mg(OH)2 CaCO3
NaHCO3 Al(OH)3
MgCO3
NaAI(OH)2CO3
Milk of magnesia Tums, Di-Gel AlkaSeltzer, soda Amphojel Maalox, Mylanta
Di-Gel liquid
Rolaids " sodium-free
Antacids, for 'heartburn', = ~$1 billion(US)/yr in NA
Ah… Relief = Neutralization
Instead of CaCO3 let's try a stronger base Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl MgCl2 + 2H2O
OOPS, it's a laxative!
Right idea, try again with even more OHs Al(OH)3 + 3HCl AlCl3 + 3H2O
DAMN, this time it constipates!
Why not combine them!? But it will never sell as: Magnesium Aluminum Hydroxide
Build a 'Better' Antacid, and the World….
How about? MgAlox No, too 'nerdy',
but-