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Ch. 14: Acids and Ch. 14: Acids and BasesBases
14.1 Intro to Acids and Bases14.1 Intro to Acids and Bases
14.2 Acid Strength14.2 Acid Strength
14.3 pH Scale14.3 pH Scale
DefinitionsDefinitions
ArrheniusArrhenius ______: produce H+ in aqueous solution______: produce H+ in aqueous solution ______: produces OH- in aqueous ______: produces OH- in aqueous
solutionsolution very limitedvery limited
Bronsted-LowryBronsted-Lowry ______: H+ donor______: H+ donor ______: H+ acceptor______: H+ acceptor more generalmore general
Conjugate Acid-Base PairConjugate Acid-Base Pair
HA(aq) + HHA(aq) + H22O(l) O(l) ⇄⇄ H H33OO++(aq) + A(aq) + A--(aq)(aq)
2 substances that are connected by a 2 substances that are connected by a donating and accepting of Hdonating and accepting of H22OO
really a “fight” over Hreally a “fight” over H++ between two between two bases: ______ and ______bases: ______ and ______ if A- has a greater attraction, rxn lies to _____if A- has a greater attraction, rxn lies to _____ if Hif H22O has greater attraction, rxn lies to _____O has greater attraction, rxn lies to _____
This helps with #29 on HWThis helps with #29 on HW
Acid dissociation constant (KAcid dissociation constant (Kaa))
equilibrium expression where Hequilibrium expression where H++ is is removed to form conjugate baseremoved to form conjugate base
HA + HHA + H22O O ⇄⇄ H H33OO++ + A + A--
Don’t include HDon’t include H22OO
aK
StrengthStrength determined by equilibrium position of determined by equilibrium position of
dissociation reactiondissociation reaction strong acid: strong acid:
lies far to right, almost all HA is _____________.lies far to right, almost all HA is _____________. ________________________________ creates weak conjugate basecreates weak conjugate base
weak acid: weak acid: lies far to left, almost all HA is stays as _____.lies far to left, almost all HA is stays as _____. ________________________________ creates strong conjugate basecreates strong conjugate base
This helps with #33 on HWThis helps with #33 on HW
Water is a stronger base than the CB of a strong acid but a weaker base than the CB of a weak acid
Water is a stronger acid than the CA or a strong base but a weaker acid than the CA if a weak base
Types of AcidsTypes of Acids
__________: an acid with 2 acidic protons__________: an acid with 2 acidic protons __________: ex. HNO__________: ex. HNO33
most acids are this typemost acids are this type where the acidic proton is attached to an where the acidic proton is attached to an
oxygenoxygen
_________________: ex. CH_________________: ex. CH33COOHCOOH containing a carboxyl groupcontaining a carboxyl group usually weakusually weak
_________________: ex. HBr_________________: ex. HBr hydrogen and a halogenhydrogen and a halogen
AutoionizationAutoionization
2 water molecules exchange H2 water molecules exchange H++
HH22O + HO + H22O O ⇄⇄ H H33OO++ +OH +OH--
KKww== dissociation constant for waterdissociation constant for water
at 25C, [Hat 25C, [H++]=[OH]=[OH--]=1.0 x 10]=1.0 x 10-7-7
so at 25C, Kso at 25C, Kww=1.0x10=1.0x10-14-14
How will change it with temperature?How will change it with temperature?
pH scalepH scale pH=pH= pOH=pOH= [H[H++]=]= [OH[OH--]=]= pH ____________ as [HpH ____________ as [H++] ]
____________________________ pH + pOH = _____pH + pOH = _____ This helps with #37, 41, 43 on HWThis helps with #37, 41, 43 on HW
Example 1Example 1
Write the ionization or dissociation Write the ionization or dissociation reaction and the Kreaction and the Kaa expression for expression for each of the following:each of the following:
acetic acid – (HCHacetic acid – (HCH33COO)COO)
ammonium ion – (NHammonium ion – (NH44++))
Example 2Example 2
Determine the acid, base, conj. acid, and Determine the acid, base, conj. acid, and conj. base in each reaction:conj. base in each reaction:
NHNH44++(aq) + CN(aq) + CN--(aq) (aq) ⇄⇄ HCN(aq) + NH HCN(aq) + NH33(aq(aq
(CH(CH33))33N(aq) + HN(aq) + H22O(l) O(l) ⇄⇄ (CH (CH33))33NHNH++(aq) + OH(aq) + OH--(aq)(aq)
HCHOHCHO22(aq) + PO(aq) + PO443-3-(aq) (aq) ⇄⇄ CHO CHO22
--(aq) + HPO(aq) + HPO442-2-(aq)(aq)
Example 3Example 3 Determine which species is a Determine which species is a
stronger base: F- or Cl-stronger base: F- or Cl-
Determine which species is a Determine which species is a stronger acid: Hstronger acid: H22O or NHO or NH44
++
Example 4Example 4
The [OH-] of a solution at 25C is 1.0 x The [OH-] of a solution at 25C is 1.0 x 1010-5-5 M. Determine the [H M. Determine the [H++], pH and ], pH and pOH.pOH.
Example 5Example 5
The pH of a solution at 25C is 5.77. The pH of a solution at 25C is 5.77. Calculate the pOH, [OH-] and [H+].Calculate the pOH, [OH-] and [H+].
Ch. 14: Acids and Ch. 14: Acids and BasesBases
14.4-5 pH of Acidic Solutions 14.4-5 pH of Acidic Solutions
Strong AcidsStrong Acids SA completely form ions so you do not need SA completely form ions so you do not need
to use Ka and I-C-E chartto use Ka and I-C-E chart Finding the pH of 0.10 M HNOFinding the pH of 0.10 M HNO33
Always write the important species Always write the important species present at the beginning of each problempresent at the beginning of each problem
HH++ , NO , NO33--, H, H22OO
water will exist as H+ and OH- but only a water will exist as H+ and OH- but only a small amount- so it can be ignoredsmall amount- so it can be ignored
HNOHNO3 3 H H++ + NO + NO33--
[H[H++] = 0.10 M] = 0.10 M pH = -log(0.10) = 1.00pH = -log(0.10) = 1.00
Strong AcidsStrong Acids
Find the pH of 1.0 x 10Find the pH of 1.0 x 10-10-10 M HCl M HCl
Weak AcidsWeak Acids
1.1. Write major speciesWrite major species
2.2. Decide on which can provide HDecide on which can provide H++ ions ions
3.3. Make ice chartMake ice chart
4.4. Put equilibrium values in KPut equilibrium values in Kaa expressionexpression
5.5. Check validity of assumption (x Check validity of assumption (x must be less than 5% of initial conc)must be less than 5% of initial conc)
6.6. Find pHFind pH
Weak Acids- ExampleWeak Acids- Example
Calculate the pH of 1.00 M solution of Calculate the pH of 1.00 M solution of HF (KHF (Kaa = 7.2 x 10 = 7.2 x 10-4-4))
Weak Acids- ExampleWeak Acids- Example HF HF H H++ + F + F--
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Weak Acids- ExampleWeak Acids- Example
Check assumption:Check assumption:
pH =pH =
Weak Acid- Example 2Weak Acid- Example 2
Find pH of 0.100 M solution of HOCl (Ka = Find pH of 0.100 M solution of HOCl (Ka = 3.5x103.5x10-8-8)) HOCl, HHOCl, H22OO HOCl will provide much more HHOCl will provide much more H++ than than
HH22O – ignore HO – ignore H22OO
HOCl HOCl H H++ + OCl + OCl--
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Weak Acid- Example 2Weak Acid- Example 2
Check assumption:Check assumption:
pH =pH =
Mixtures of Weak AcidsMixtures of Weak Acids
When dealing with a mixture of acids, When dealing with a mixture of acids, consider the strongest acid firstconsider the strongest acid first
then, use the “Equilibrium” values from then, use the “Equilibrium” values from it to begin your weaker acidit to begin your weaker acid
Mixtures of Weak AcidsMixtures of Weak Acids
Find the pH of a mixture of 1.00 M Find the pH of a mixture of 1.00 M HCN (KHCN (Kaa=6.2x10=6.2x10-10-10) and 5.00 M HNO) and 5.00 M HNO22 (K(Kaa=4.0x10-=4.0x10-44)) HNOHNO22 is most important b/c it has is most important b/c it has
highest Ka valuehighest Ka value
HNOHNO22 H H++ + NO + NO22--
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Mixtures of Weak AcidsMixtures of Weak Acids
HCN HCN H H++ + CN + CN-- II
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Mixtures of Weak AcidsMixtures of Weak Acids
[H[H++]=]= pH =pH =
Find the [CNFind the [CN--] at equilibrium] at equilibrium [CN-] =[CN-] =
Percent DissociationPercent Dissociation
also called Percent Ionizationalso called Percent Ionization
for a weak acid, the % dissociation for a weak acid, the % dissociation increases as molarity decreasesincreases as molarity decreases
dilution shifts equilibrium to side with dilution shifts equilibrium to side with greater number of particlesgreater number of particles
Percent DissociationPercent Dissociation
Calculate Percent DissociationCalculate Percent Dissociation
for 1.0 M acetic acid (Kfor 1.0 M acetic acid (Kaa=1.8x10=1.8x10-5-5))
CHCH33COOH COOH H H++ + CH + CH33COOCOO--
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Calculate Percent DissociationCalculate Percent Dissociation
nDissocatio%
100ionconcentrat initial
ddissociateamount
Calculate Percent DissociationCalculate Percent Dissociation
For 0.100 M CHFor 0.100 M CH33COOHCOOH
aK
nDissocatio%
Percent DissociationPercent Dissociation
In a 0.200 M solution of a weak In a 0.200 M solution of a weak acid, 2.5% of the acid is acid, 2.5% of the acid is dissociated. Find the Ka.dissociated. Find the Ka.
100ionconcentrat initial
ddissociateamount
HA HA H H++ + A + A--
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aK
Ch. 14: Acids and Ch. 14: Acids and BasesBases
14.6 Bases14.6 Bases
BasesBases
BasesBases Strong BasesStrong Bases
Find pH of 5.0x10Find pH of 5.0x10-2-2 M NaOH solution M NaOH solution
What would be another way to get pH?What would be another way to get pH? What if it was a Ca(OH)What if it was a Ca(OH)22 solution? solution?
BasesBases Weak BasesWeak Bases
do not contain OHdo not contain OH--
accepts Haccepts H++ from H from H22O to make OHO to make OH--
usually have at least one unshared usually have at least one unshared pair of electronspair of electrons
used to form bond with hydrogenused to form bond with hydrogen
BasesBases
KKbb
refers to reaction of base with refers to reaction of base with water to make conjugate acid and water to make conjugate acid and OHOH--
for weak bases onlyfor weak bases only
B(aq) + OHB(aq) + OH--(l) (l) BH BH++(aq) + OH(aq) + OH--(aq)(aq)
ExampleExample
Find the pH for 15.0 M solution of Find the pH for 15.0 M solution of NHNH33 (K (Kbb = 1.8x10 = 1.8x10-5-5)) NHNH33 will create more OH- than will create more OH- than
water so autoionization can be water so autoionization can be ignoredignored NHNH33 + H + H22O O NH NH44
++ + OH + OH--
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ExampleExample
bK
ExampleExample Codeine (CCodeine (C1818HH2121NONO33) is a weak ) is a weak
organic base. A 5.0x10organic base. A 5.0x10-3-3 M solution of M solution of codeine has a pH of 9.95. Calculate codeine has a pH of 9.95. Calculate the Kthe Kbb for this substance. for this substance.
What is the chemical reaction?What is the chemical reaction?
ExampleExample
CC1818HH2121NONO3 3 + H+ H22O O ⇄ ⇄ HCHC1818HH2121NONO33++ + OH + OH--
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x = [OH-] = x = [OH-] = 8.9x108.9x10-5-5
bK
Ch. 14: Acids and Ch. 14: Acids and BasesBases
14.7 Polyprotic Acids14.7 Polyprotic Acids
Polyprotic AcidsPolyprotic Acids acids that can donate more than one H+acids that can donate more than one H+ always dissociate one at a timealways dissociate one at a time Example: carbonic acidExample: carbonic acid
KKa1a1= 4.3x10= 4.3x10-7-7
KKa2a2 = 5.6x10 = 5.6x10-11-11
KKa1a1 > K > Ka2a2 > K > Ka3a3 for for
typical weak polyprotic typical weak polyprotic
acidacid
Important Polyprotic AcidsImportant Polyprotic Acids phosphoric acid: Hphosphoric acid: H33POPO44
only 1only 1stst step creates important amount of step creates important amount of H+H+
sulfuric acid: Hsulfuric acid: H22SOSO44
11stst step is strong (H step is strong (H22SOSO44 is a strong acid) is a strong acid) 22ndnd step is weak (HSO step is weak (HSO44
-- is a weak acid) is a weak acid)
ExampleExample Find the pH of a 1.00x10Find the pH of a 1.00x10-2-2 M sulfuric acid M sulfuric acid
solutionsolution HH++, HSO, HSO44
--, H, H22OO From 1From 1stst dissociation, [H+]= dissociation, [H+]= 1.00x101.00x10-2-2 M M
HSOHSO44-- SO SO44
2-2- + H + H++
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ExampleExampleaK
Ch. 14 Acids and Ch. 14 Acids and BasesBases
14.8 Acidic and Basic 14.8 Acidic and Basic Properties of SaltsProperties of Salts
SaltsSalts
another word for ionic compoundsanother word for ionic compounds when soluble salts are dissolved, when soluble salts are dissolved,
they break up into ions that can be they break up into ions that can be either acidic or basiceither acidic or basic
the acidic or basic ions make the the acidic or basic ions make the solution acidic or basicsolution acidic or basic
Determining A/B of a SaltDetermining A/B of a Salt Figure out what each ion in the salt comes Figure out what each ion in the salt comes
fromfrom Ex: KCNEx: KCN
K+ comes from strong base, _______K+ comes from strong base, _______ CN- comes from weak acid, _______CN- comes from weak acid, _______
Determine what quality that gives each ionDetermine what quality that gives each ion K+ must be weak _________K+ must be weak _________ CN- must be strong _________CN- must be strong _________
Compare and determine the overall acidity Compare and determine the overall acidity or basicity of solutionor basicity of solution overall: ____________________overall: ____________________
CationsCations
Weak Conj. AcidWeak Conj. Acid from Strong Bfrom Strong B KK++, Ca, Ca2+2+
from KOH and from KOH and Ca(OH)Ca(OH)22
Strong Conj. Strong Conj. AcidAcid from weak Bfrom weak B NHNH44
++, C, C55HH55NHNH++
from NHfrom NH33 and and CC55HH55NN
and highly and highly charged metal charged metal ions (Alions (Al3+3+ or Fe or Fe3+3+))
AnionsAnions
weak Conj. Base weak Conj. Base from Strong Acidfrom Strong Acid ClCl--, HSO, HSO44
--
from HCl and from HCl and HH22SOSO44
strong Conj. strong Conj. Base Base from Weak Acidfrom Weak Acid HCOHCO33
2-2-, NO, NO22--
from Hfrom H22COCO33 and and HNOHNO22
Acidic and Basic?Acidic and Basic?
If it is difficult to tell the overall If it is difficult to tell the overall quality, compare the K values to quality, compare the K values to determine the type of solutiondetermine the type of solution
KKaa > K > Kbb : _________ : _________
KKbb > K > Kaa : _________ : _________
KKaa*K*Kbb = K = Kww
for any weak acid andfor any weak acid and
its CBits CB
PracticePractice Predict which of the following will be Predict which of the following will be
acidic, basic or neutralacidic, basic or neutral NHNH44BrBr
•NHNH44++
•BrBr-- •overall:overall:
FeClFeCl33•FeFe+3+3 •ClCl-- •overall:overall:
PracticePractice NaNa22COCO33
• NaNa++
• COCO332-2-
• overall:overall: KClOKClO44
• KK++
• ClOClO44
• overall:overall: NaHCNaHC22OO44
• NaNa++
• HCHC22OO44--
• overall:overall:
ExampleExample Find the pH of a 0.20 M solution of KF.Find the pH of a 0.20 M solution of KF.
KF KF K K++ + F + F--
which of these will effect the pH of the which of these will effect the pH of the solution?solution?
FF-- + H + H22O O HF + OH HF + OH--
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ExampleExamplebK
SummarySummary
Ch. 14 Acids and Ch. 14 Acids and BasesBases
14.9 Structure14.9 Structure
Why are some H’s acidic?Why are some H’s acidic?
acidic:acidic: weak bondsweak bonds polar bondspolar bonds
non-acidicnon-acidic strong bondsstrong bonds nonpolar bondsnonpolar bonds
Factors in AcidityFactors in Acidity Overall: the ______________ the bond to the Overall: the ______________ the bond to the
H is, the ___________ the acid isH is, the ___________ the acid is If the atoms around the bond are more If the atoms around the bond are more
electronegative, they will pull electron electronegative, they will pull electron density away from the bonddensity away from the bond
that will make the bond weakerthat will make the bond weaker Electronegativity of halogenElectronegativity of halogen
the more electronegative the halogen the more electronegative the halogen is, the more polar the bond is, and the is, the more polar the bond is, and the stronger the acid isstronger the acid is
Factors in AcidityFactors in Acidity
Size of atomsSize of atoms the ___________ the atoms, the weaker the ___________ the atoms, the weaker
the bond, the ___________the acidthe bond, the ___________the acid Ex: H-F, H-Cl, H-Br, H-IEx: H-F, H-Cl, H-Br, H-I H-F has the most polar bond but it is a H-F has the most polar bond but it is a
weak acid- Why?weak acid- Why? H and F are both tiny atoms so have a H and F are both tiny atoms so have a
stronger attraction to each otherstronger attraction to each other H-I has very weak bond b/c I is large so H-I has very weak bond b/c I is large so
is a strong acidis a strong acid
Factors in AcidityFactors in Acidity Number of Oxygens in OxyacidNumber of Oxygens in Oxyacid
the _________ the number of the _________ the number of oxygens, the more polar the oxygens, the more polar the bond is, the _________ the acid bond is, the _________ the acid isis
ExampleExample
Which is the stronger acid? ExplainWhich is the stronger acid? Explain HNOHNO22 or HClO or HClO22
HNOHNO33 or HNO or HNO22
CClCCl33COOH or CHCOOH or CH33COOHCOOH
Ch. 14 Acids and Ch. 14 Acids and BasesBases
14.10 Oxides14.10 Oxides
H-O-XH-O-X If X is relatively electronegativeIf X is relatively electronegative
H-O bond is weaker and breaks easilyH-O bond is weaker and breaks easily
HOX HOX If X is not electronegativeIf X is not electronegative
O-X bond will breakO-X bond will break
HOX HOX
Acidic OxidesAcidic Oxides
when a covalent oxide dissolves in when a covalent oxide dissolves in water, an acidic solution formswater, an acidic solution forms
Ex: SOEx: SO22, CO, CO22, NO, NO22
how do you determine what acid is how do you determine what acid is formed?formed?
be sure the nonmetal atom keeps the be sure the nonmetal atom keeps the same oxidation statesame oxidation state
SOSO22 + H + H22O O
Basic OxidesBasic Oxides
when an ionic oxide dissolves in when an ionic oxide dissolves in water, a basic solution formswater, a basic solution forms
NaNa22O, CaO, KO, CaO, K22OO
NaNa22O + HO + H22O O
Ch. 14 Acids and Ch. 14 Acids and BasesBases
14.11 Lewis Acid-Base Model14.11 Lewis Acid-Base Model
Lewis ModelLewis Model
even more general than Bronsted-even more general than Bronsted-Lowry Lowry
acidacid electron pair ____________electron pair ____________ has empty atomic orbitalshas empty atomic orbitals
basebase electron pair ____________electron pair ____________ has lone pairhas lone pair
ExamplesExamples
AlAl3+3+ + 6H + 6H22O O [Al(H [Al(H22O)O)66]]3+3+
SOSO33 + H + H22O O H H22SOSO44