12-1

Planning for Information Technology and Systems

12-2

IT PlanningA Critical Issue for Business

• The evolution of IT planning

• Issues in IT planning

• A four-stage model of IT planning

12-3

The Evolution of IT Planning

• Charge-out

• Cost-benefit analysis

• IT steering committee

• Strategic IT plan

• Application portfolio

12-4

Issues in IT Planning

• Aligning the IT plan

• Design IT architecture

• Allocation IT resources

• Completion on time and within budget

12-5

12-6

Strategic Information Planning

• Business systems planning (BSP)

• Stages of growth

• Ends / means (E/M) analysis

• Critical success factors (CSF)

• Application portfolio

12-7

Nolan’s Stages of IS Growth

• Initiation

• Expansion

• Control

• Integration

• Data administration

• Maturity

12-8

12-9

Ends / Means Analysis

• Ends specification

• Means specification

• Efficiency measures

• Effectiveness measures

12-10

12-11

Information Requirements Analysis

The goal of the second stage of the model, the information requirement analysis, is to ensure that the various information systems, databases, and networks can be integrated to support decision making and operations.

12-12

Information Requirements Analysis

• Conducting a requirements analysis

• Using the requirements analysis for planning

• Resource allocation

12-13

Conducting a Requirements Analysis

• Define underlying organizational systems

• Develop subsystem matrix

• Define and evaluate information requirements for organizational subsystems

• Define major information categories and map interviews into them

• Develop information matrix

12-14

Using the Requirements Analysis for Planning

• Identify high payoff categories

• Provide an architecture

12-15

Resource Allocation

Resource allocation consists of developing hardware, software, data communications, facilities, personnel, and financial plans needed to execute the master development plan as defined in the requirements analysis.

12-16

Planning Information Technology Architectures

An IT architecture consists of the combination of hardware, software, data, personnel, and telecommunications elements within an organization, along with procedures to employ them.

12-17

Planning Information Technology Architectures

• Centralized architecture

• Noncentralized computing

• Client / server architecture

• IT infrastructure considerations

• Choosing among architecture options

• End-user computing architecture issues

• Reengineering legacy systems

12-18

Centralized Architecture

12-19

Noncentralized Architecture

Noncentralized computing architectures are either decentralized or distributed.

12-20

Decentralized Computing

Decentralized computing breaks centralized computing into functionally equivalent parts, with each part essentially a smaller, centralized subsystem.

12-21

Distributed Computing

Distributed computing breaks centralized computing into many computers that may not be (and usually are not) functionally equivalent.

12-22

Client / Server Architecture

• Client

• Server

• Specialization

• Client / server responsibilities

12-23

Client

A client is generally agreed to be any system or process that can request and make use of data, services, or other systems provided by the server.

12-24

Server

A server is generally agreed to be any system or process that provides data, services, or access to other systems for clients, most often for multiple clients simultaneously (as a shared resource).

12-25

IT Infrastructure Considerations

• Reach

• Range

12-26

12-27

Choosing Among Options

• Business goals

• Managerial / technological issue

• Centralized computing

• Distributed computing

• Blending centralized and distributed computing

12-28

End-User Computing Architecture Issues

Key issue: to provide architecture support for a division of responsibilities agreed on by IS and user groups

12-29

Reengineering Legacy Systems

• Reverse engineering

• Upsizing

• BPR

12-30

Further Issues in IT Planning

• Guidelines for IT planning

• Strategic planning

• Requirements analysis

• Resource allocation

• Selecting methodologies

12-31

Managerial Issues

• Importance

• Organizing for planning

• Fitting the IT architecture to the organization

• IT architecture planning

• IT policy

• Ethical and legal issues

12-32

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