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11.14.11 Test postponed – review tonight: pp 126 #’s 43, 48, 50, 51 HW for Wednesday (due Wednesday, that is) Read secHon 5.1, answer quesHons 14 on p 137 Warmup: how do you find out the number of valence electrons for an element? MSFWBAT Explain the periodicity in the periodic table for ionizaHon energy, electron affinity, electronegaHvity, atomic radii Define the terms in the previous objecHve

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Page 1: 11.14 - Sciencekordella.weebly.com/uploads/8/6/0/4/8604167/periodictable_intro_final.pdf · Group$1$–the$alkali$metals$ • This$is$the$lithium$group.$Som,$silvery$metals$ • Extremely$reacHve,$with$low$firstionizaon$energies$

11.14.11  

•  Test  postponed  –    –  review  tonight:  pp  126  #’s  43,  48,  50,  51  – HW  for  Wednesday  (due  Wednesday,  that  is)  –  Read  secHon  5.1,  answer  quesHons  1-­‐4  on  p  137  

•  Warmup:  how  do  you  find  out  the  number  of  valence  electrons  for  an  element?  

•  MSFWBAT  –  Explain  the  periodicity  in  the  periodic  table  for  ionizaHon  energy,  electron  affinity,  electronegaHvity,  atomic  radii  

– Define  the  terms  in  the  previous  objecHve    

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The  periodic  table  

•  Early  a\empts  to  organize  elements  based  on  weight,  various  properHes,  but  scienHsts  believed  a  fundamental  pa\ern  must  exist  

•  A  fundamental  discovery  (which  we’ll  get  to  later  in  the  year)  revealed  that  for  all  substances  in  gas  phase  occupied  the  same  volume  

•  Based  on  this,  a  systemaHc  way  for  idenHfying  elements  by  weight  was  developed  

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•  Dmitri  Mendeleev  was  the  first  to  organize  the  elements  according  to  their  atomic  mass  &  their  properHes.      

•  He  observed  that  when  elements  were  arranged  by  increasing  atomic  mass,  similariHes  in  properHes  occurred  at  regular  intervals…called  periodic.  

•  The  periodic  table  was  born.  

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 Henry  Moseley  later  modified  Mendeleev’s  table  by  organizing  the  elements  by  atomic  number  rather  than  atomic  mass.  

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Periodic  Law  

•  The  physical  and  chemical  properHes  of  the  elements  appear  at  regular  intervals  (periodic)  when  arranged  by  atomic  number.  

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•  The  rows  on  the  periodic  table  are  called  periods.  

•  How  many  periods  are  there?  

•  The  columns  on  the  periodic  table  are  called  families  or  groups.  

•  How  many  families  are  there?  

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•  h\p://library.thinkquest.org/06aug/00318/Images/periodic_table.gif  

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11.16.11  

•  Warmup:  what  does  periodic  mean?  •  HW  tonight:  p149  quesHons  1-­‐5  

•  ObjecHves:  explain  the  periodic  trends  relaHng  to  valence,  atomic  radii,  ionic  radii,  electron  affinity,  electronegaHvity,  ionizaHon  energy  

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Atomic  radii  

•  Measured  as  half  the  distance  between  the  nuclei  of  idenHcal  atoms  bonded  together  

•  FuncHonally…  

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IonizaHon  energy  

•  Recall:  what  is  an  ion?  •  IonizaHon  energy  is  the  energy  required  to  remove  an  electron  from  a  neutral  atom  and  generate  a  caHon  

•  A  +  energy    A+  +  e-­‐  

•  First  ionizaHon  energy  is…  •  Second  ionizaHon  energy  is…  

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Electron  affinity  

•  Deals  with  acquisiHon  of  electrons  by  neutral  atoms  

•  Electron  affinity  specifically  is  the  energy  change  that  results  when  an  electron  is  acquired  by  a  neutral  atom  

•  A  +  e-­‐    A-­‐  +  energy  

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Ionic  radii    

•  What  happens  to  the  atomic  radii  when  an  atom  is  ionized?  (hint:  think  about  the  dynamic  between  the  nucleus  and  the  electrons)  

•  What  happens  to  the  atomic  radius  when  an  atom  acquires  an  electron?  

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A  note  on  ions  

•  Electrons  lost  when  an  atom  is  ionized  (becomes  a  ca.on)  are  generally  always  valence  

•  Electrons  gained  (resulted  in  the  formaHon  of  an  anion)  will  similarly  become  valence  

•  Example:  generaHon  of  Fe3+  

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electronegaHvity  

•  The  ability  of  the  nucleus  of  an  atom  to  a\ract  electrons  from  other  atoms  

•  Fluorine  is  arbitrarily  assigned  a  value  of  4,  all  other  elements  are  given  values  based  on  this  

•  This  explain  why,  for  example,  that  water  is  a  polar  molecule.    

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11.17.11  

•  Can  you  believe  it’s  November  17  already?!?  

•  Today,  MSFWBAT  •  Compete  graphs  of  periodic  trends,  be  ready  to  answer  quesHons  about  periodic  trends  where  your  answers  cite  your  data  

•  No  ionic  radii  –  why?  But…  •  Check  with  me  regarding  your  STEM  fair  topics  •  HW  –  p149  quesHons  1-­‐5  

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Assignment  #1  

•   graph  the  relaHonship  between  atomic  number  (z  number)  and  each  of  the  following:  –  IonizaHon  energy  (first  and  second  ionizaHon  energy)  as  well  as  electron  affinity  

–  ElectronegaHvity  and  #  of  valence  electrons  –  Atomic  radii  –  Ionic  radii  

•  For  each,  determine  what  the  unit  is,  how  it  measured,  what  it  means,  and  formulas  that  exist  for  it,  and  graph  its  value  as  a  funcHon  of  atomic  number  

•  Everyone  makes  their  own  graphs!  

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11.18.11  

•  Warmup:  why  is  noble  gas  electronegaHvity  typically  zero?  

•  HW  –  p  164  #’s  1-­‐3  (you  already  did  #4!)  •  MSFWBAT  •  Explain  trends  across  periods  and  down  groups  on  the  periodic  table  for  electronegaHvity,  atomic  radius  and  ionizaHon  energy  

•  IdenHfy  characterisHcs  of  groups  on  the  periodic  table  

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Metals  versus  nonmetals  

•  Metals  are  things  that  are:  – Shiny  (reflect  light)  – Good  conductor  of  heat/electricity  – Tend  to  ionize  easily  and  become  caHons  

•  Non-­‐metals  are  elements  that  are…not!  

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Group  1  –  the  alkali  metals  

•  This  is  the  lithium  group.  Som,  silvery  metals  •  Extremely  reacHve,  with  low  first  ionizaHon  energies  •  Low  electronegaHvity  •  Conclusion  –  they  tend  to  ionize  easily  and  have  their  electrons  captured  by  other  elements  

•  Never  found  in  nature  as  pure  elements  •  Low  melHng  points  for  metals  •  React  with  nonmetals  easily  •  Violently  reacHve  in  water  –  liberate  H2  gas  which  makes  water  alkaline  

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Group  2  –  the  alkali  earth  metals  

•  Harder  than  group  alkali  metals,  contain  ns2  electrons.    

•  Lowest  second  ionizaHon  energies  (though  1st  IE  is  higher  than  group  1)  

•  Higher  melHng  points  than  group  1  

•  Less  reacHve  than  group  1,  but  sHll  never  found  as  pure  elements  in  nature  

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The  transiHon  metals  

•  A.k.a.  the  d  block  •  Good  conductors  of  electricity  and  heat,  have  high  luster  

•  Less  reacHve  than  group  1  and  2  elements  

•  Some  so  unreacHve  that  they  do  not  form  compounds  (e.g.  Pa,  Pt,  Au)  

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P  block  metals  

•  Bo\om  lem  corner  of  p  block  

•  Generally,  harder  and  denser  than  s-­‐block  metals,  but  less  so  than  d-­‐block  metals  

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Metalloids  (semi-­‐metals)  

•  ProperHes  intermediate  between  true  metals  and  non-­‐metals  

•  No  universally  agreed  upon  set  of  condiHons,  only  general  trends  

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The  gases  

•  Include  the  familiar  gases  such  as  Nitrogen,  Oxygen,  etc.  

•  React  vigorously  with  metals  (Oxygen  causes  Iron  to  rust,  for  example)  forming  salts  

•  Form  anions,  because  they  generally  have  high  electronegaHvity  and  high  ionizaHon  energies  

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Halogens  

•  Group  17  elements  •  Capped  by  Flourine  –  the  most  electronegaHve  element  

•  All  very  reacHve,  in  pure  form  all  are  toxic  

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Noble  gases  

•  Chemically  inert,  they  have  full  s  and  p  subshells  so  do  not  take  on  electrons  (generally)  

•  Very  high  ionizaHon  energies  –  why?  Full  valence  means  stability,  which  means  much  more  energy  required  to  destabilize  them  

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11.21.11  

•  Warmup:  show  me  your  notebook  entry  for  November  18  (2  points  HW)  

•  MSFWBAT  

•  IdenHfy  regions  of  the  periodic  table  •  Explain  the  concept  of  shielding  •  ArgumentaHve  essay  on  placement  of  He  on  periodic  table  –  due  11.28  

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Review  

•  Describe  the  valence,  electron  affinity,  electronegaviHty,  and  atomic  radius  of  elements  across  periods,  down  groups  

•  What  are  the  basic  characterisHcs  of  each  of  the  following:  – Alkali  metals  – Alkali  earth  metals  –  TransiHon  metals  –  P-­‐block  metals  – Metalloids  – Non-­‐metals  – Halogens  – Noble  gases  

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Nuclear  shielding  

•  In  general,  increasing  the  atomic  number  increases  the  a\racHve  force  holding  electrons  to  nuclei,    but  -­‐    

•  The  a\racHon  (especially)  valence  electrons  feel  towards  the  nucleus  (electrostaHc  a\racHon)  is  diminished  due  to  the  effects  of  “buried”  electrons  

•  Increasing  energy  levels  increases  the  shielding  effect  

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Chemical  properHes  of  d  and  f  block  

•  review:  how  many  “valence”  electrons  in  these  elements?  

•  There  is  less  variance  and  periodicity  in  the  d  and  f  blocks  

•  ProperHes  of  s  and  p  block  elements  are  determined  almost  enHrely  be  valence  electrons  

•  TransiHon  metals  may  form  bonds  using  d  block  electrons  

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Periodic  trends  

•  Atomic  radii  –  d  block  radii  generally  decrease  across  periods,  but  much  less  so  than  across  periods  2-­‐3  

•  Why?  (n-­‐1)d  sublevel  electrons  shield  the  outer  electrons  from  the  nucleus  

•  What  do  you  expect  for  ionizaHon  energy?  •  Going  across  a  period  IE  goes  up  as  expected  •  Going  down,  however,  incomplete  d  subshells  mean  valence  electrons  are  less  shieled,  so  IE  increases!  

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Note  on  ions  

•  Ionized  electrons  are  always  the  highest  level  electrons,  not  the  electrons  you  added  last  (Aurau)  

•  So  the  first  and  second  ionizaHons  for  Fe  are  the  4s  electrons,  none  of  the  3d  electrons  

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Lanthanides  

•  Trends  follow  similarly  to  d  block  for  ionizaHon  energy  and  atomic  radius,  with  even  less  variance  within  the  groups  

•  Consequently,  these  elements  were  all  very  difficult  to  isolate  and  idenHfy  (they  look,  behave,  and  react  very  similarly  to  one  another)  

•  SomeHmes  called  “rare  earths”  •  All  typically  form  +3  caHons  

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AcHnides  

•  Much  more  variance  in  valence  than  Lanthanides  

•  Thorium  and  Uranium  are  only  acHnides  that  occur  in  any  abundance  

•  ProtacHnium  and  Neptunium  are  transient  

•  All  others  are  syntheHc  •  All  are  radioacHve  

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11.22.11  

•  Warmup:  draw  an  orbital  diagram  for  C,  N  and  O  and  predict  which  one  will  have  the  lowest  electron  affinity  

•  MSFWBAT  

•  Argue  for  placement  of  He  on  periodic  table  

•  (6th  period  –  review  Lanthanides  and  AcHnides)  

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Argument  wriHng  

•  He  is  typically  shown  with  the  noble  gas  group,  but  should  it  be?  Its  configuraHon  is  1s2,  which  indicates  it  could  be  considered  among  the  alkali  earths!    

•  Based  on  chemical  and  physical  properHes,  propose  the  ideal  placement  for  Helium  on  the  periodic  table.  

•  3  –  4  paragraphs.  Should  be  typed.  TNR  12-­‐point  double  spaced.  Include  a  data  table/graph.    

•  Due  11.28