11.1 The Civil War Begins Objectives: A. What were the North’s and the South’s strategies to win the war? B. What were some of the reasons that the war

11.1 The Civil War Begins

Objectives: A. What were the North’s and the South’s strategies to win the war?

B. What were some of the reasons that the war was longer and deadlier than people predicted?

George McClellanRobert E LeeUlysses S. GrantStonewall JacksonDavid G. FarragutThree in One“90 Day War”AnacondaShiloh First Bull RunSecond Bull RunFt. SumterFt. DonelsonAntietamNew Orleans

1. First shots fired in the Civil War.

2. First battle between armies of North and South.

3. The over-cautious commander for the Union during the attempt to capture Richmond in 1862.

4. Bloodiest single day of the Civil War

5. The general who saved the day at First Bull Run for the South.


1. General who took over for the South after the Battle for Richmond.

2. Union Naval officer in charge of controlling the Mississippi and New Orleans.

3. The official Northern strategy for winning the war.

4. Bloodiest single day of the Civil War



1. First shots fired in the Civil War.


3. Battle that made Ulysses Grant famous.

4. Overcautious Union general who was in charge at the battle of Antietam.

5. First official battle between armies of the North and South in the Civil War.

Lincoln’s Union (?)

• March 4, 1861 – Lincoln’s Inauguration, 7 states seceded: TX, LA, MISS, ALA, GA, FL, SC

• Lincoln’s inaugural address: “Physically speaking, we cannot separate.”

• Why?

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Charleston Harbor S.C.. Bombardment of Fort Sumter.

Ft. Sumter: Cause & Effects

CAUSES:• Geography: Fort was in mouth of harbor of

Charleston, SC• Time: Fort needed more provisions to hold on

• Compromise?

Lincoln would provision garrison,

but not reinforce it.

Fort Sumter FlagNote that there are 33 stars. Why is that important?

Fort Sumter(Library of Congress)

Fort Sumter

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

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Fort Sumter, South Carolina at the time of its capture February 18th, 1865. Showing the effects of the bombardment from Morris Island To accompany the report of Maj. Genl. Q. A. Gillmore, U.S. Vols., comdg. Dept. of the South.

Ft. Sumter: Cause & Effects

EFFECTS:• April 12, 1861: Confederates bombard Ft. Sumter,• Federal garrison surrenders after 36 hours• NORTH: unifies and settles in for a long fight,

volunteers enlist, blockade begins• SOUTH: Becomes aggressor, boosts

overconfidence• BORDER STATES: First blood drawn by South,

therefore, most stay with the Union

The War comes to “Mobtown”• Baltimore was nation’s 2nd largest city at the time• Baltimore was infamous in the US for its unruly mobs

and riots• Gangs ruled the city: Plug-uglies, Red Necks,

Gladiators, Black Snakes, Blood Tubs and Spartans…• The Know Nothings had utilized violence during the

election year of 1855.• Only 9% of Maryland had voted for Lincoln or

Douglas.• Lincoln traveled incognito through Baltimore on the

way to his inauguration due to rumors of an assassination plot.

Trouble Brews…• Marylanders were divided over both secession and Lincoln’s

handling of Ft. Sumter (attacked on April 12th).• Marylanders, like Virginians, found Lincoln’s April 14th call for

volunteers to “suppress” the rebellion deeply troubling, even provocative. Sixth Massachusetts Regiment answers Lincoln’s call for 90 Day volunteer enlistment.

• Five unarmed companies of Pennsylvania militiamen are set upon by mobs in Baltimore.

• Many soldiers are hurt. • The mob focuses its attack on the one free black in uniform,

slashing and stabbing him with knives• Baltimore officials urge Lincoln to send no more troops

through the city.

http://www.citypaper.com/news/story.asp?id=3506

http://www.citypaper.com/news/story.asp?id=3506

“Another Lexington” or another “Boston Massacre”?

• 6th Mass. Leaves Boston on April 17th and arrives in Baltimore April 19th.

• An mob of approx. 5,000 Baltimoreans attack the militiamen. Many on both sides of fighting are wounded.

• 21 killed: (5soldiers). 100’s injured. – Pvt. Luther Ladd, aged 17, hit in the head and shot while on the

ground – dies of his wounds.– Corporal Needham, shot in the neck and stomped to death by the

mob.• Last company to march sustains 25% casualties.• Snipers fire at the train from Baltimore to Washington, DC

THESE ARE THE FIRST TROOPS KILLED IN THE CIVIL WAR.

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AFTER EFFECTS• On April 20th the Governor, Mayor of Baltimore, and

Police Commissioner order all bridges leading into the city destroyed.

• Lincoln censors all telegraph offices. Seizes transcript records.

• Suspected “traitors” and secessionists are arrested.• September 1861: Lincoln suspends habeas corpus and

orders the governor, mayor, chief of police, many prominent citizens, legislators, and newspapermen arrested.

• Most arrested are held in Fort McHenry and other northern forts for years, without trial.

• Baltimore is placed under martial law. Union troops occupy and fortify Federal Hill.

Union Artillery at Fort Federal Hill, Baltimore, 1862 Photographed by David Bachrach MHS Library, Special Collections Department

“After the riots of 1861, Baltimore illustrated the nation’s divided sympathies. If you were for the Confederacy, it was an occupied city. If you favored the Union, General Butler and his troops were protecting the city from the rebels. Legend reports that the fort’s troops enjoyed pointing out to nervous locals that the cannons were aimed at the Washington Monument, located in the center of the city, in case of insurrection.”

http://www.mdhs.org/library/MDF3.html#32

http://baltimore.about.com/od/neighborhoodstowns/ss/fellspoint_3.htm

Maryland, My Maryland– I

The despot's heel is on thy shore,

– Maryland!His torch is at thy temple door,

– Maryland!Avenge the patriotic goreThat flecked the streets of Baltimore,And be the battle queen of yore,

– Maryland! My Maryland!

– VIDear Mother! burst the tyrant's chain,

– Maryland!Virginia should not call in vain,

– Maryland!She meets her sisters on the plain-"Sic semper!" 'tis the proud refrainThat baffles minions back again,

– Maryland!Arise in majesty again,

– Maryland! My Maryland!

(Z24.432) Unveiling of Monument to Confederate Soldiers and Sailors

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Point Lookout, Md. View of Hammond Genl. Hospital & U.S. genl. depot for prisoners of war

Whose War? War for What?

• After Sumter: Who goes next?

ARK, TENN, NC, AND VA• Capital of Confederacy moves to Richmond, VA• BORDER STATES:

MD, DEL, W.VA, KY, MO, Indian Territory• West Virginia formed by “mountain whites” who

DO NOT want to be part of the Confederacy• Lincoln suspends habeas corpus in MD – Baltimore

is site of first blood spilt in war.

Lincoln’s Cause: UNION, NOT ABOLITION.

WHY?

Lincoln cannot loose of Southern Ohio, Indiana, & Illinois NOR the Border States.

“I think to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game. Kentucky gone, we cannot hold Missouri, nor, I think, Maryland. These all against us. And the job on our hands is too large for us. We would as well consent to separation at once, including surrender of this capital.”

Unionists of East Tennessee swearing by the flagLike the citizens in western Virginia, people in eastern Tennessee remained faithful to the Union. Men like those shown here swore allegiance to the United States flag and tried to split the state in two--one rebel and the other loyal--but Confederate troops put a stop to their efforts. (Library of Congress)

Unionists of East Tennessee swearing by the flag


http://www.sewanee.edu/faculty/Willis/Civil_War/tables/BorderPop1860.html





Balance of Power

SOUTH• Defensive Strategy• Better officers

• Military Culture• Limited transportation• Limited

manufacturing• Limited population

(slave revolution?)

NORTH• Offensive Strategy• Incompetent/Hesitant

Officers• Urban culture• Extensive ports&

transportation system• Extensive Manufacturing• Immigration/Population

booming

WAR STRATEGIES

THE NORTH’S “ANACONDA” PLAN1. Naval blockade of

Southern ports2. Control the

Mississippi and split Confederacy in two

3. Capture Richmond, the Confederate Capital

THE SOUTH’S PLAN

1. Fight a defensive war2. Secure recognition

and support from Europe

3. Negotiate an armistice

Scott's Great SnakeGeneral Winfield Scott's scheme to surround the South and await a seizure of power by southern Unionists drew scorn from critics who called it the Anaconda plan. In this lithograph, the "great snake" prepares to thrust down the Mississippi, seal off the Confederacy, and crush it. (Library of Congress)

Scott's Great Snake


Bull Run (1st Manassas) & 90 Day War

• Optimism runs high, on both sides: • Lincoln calls up militia for 90 days• Pressure to engage South leads to Bull Run.• Union outnumbers South, but “Stonewall” Jackson

holds and Southern reinforcements win the field.• Union drive to Richmond ends in a humiliating retreat to

DC

EFFECTS: 1. South overconfident, invades MD and PA2. Lincoln and North begin to consider emancipation. 3. Lincoln replaces McDowell and appoints

George McClellan commander.

Map: McClellan's Campaign

McClellan's CampaignThe water route chosen by McClellan to threaten Richmond during the peninsular campaign.


War in the West

• Ulysses S. Grant surprises all, seizing control of western rivers with gunboats, securing Tennessee and Kentucky (Feb 1862)

• Shiloh, hotly contested battle for West, brings Grant national attention

• Admiral David G. Farragut captures New Orleans for North, moves up Mississippi.

Anaconda Plan is beginning to work!

Map: The Anaconda Plan and the Battle of Antietam


McClellan’s Peninsula Campaign

• 1861: George B. McClellan given command of Army of the Potomac

• Good organizer and drillmaster trained troops well, popular with them

• Overcautious, slow to commit, and some say arrogant• Spring 1862: McClellan moves, finally, on Richmond• Union stalls at Richmond, routed in Lee’s counter-

attack, the Seven Day’s Battles

HOW WOULD A VICTORY FOR McCLELLAN HAVE CHANGED THE WAR?

Map: McClellan's Campaign

McClellan's CampaignThe water route chosen by McClellan to threaten Richmond during the peninsular campaign.


Robert E. Lee

Lee takes command of Confederate forces after Johnson is wounded at Richmond during the Peninsular Campaign. Responsible for aggressive Southern strategy during Seven Days Battles.

Both General Grant and General Lee were West Point graduates and had served in the U.S. Army during the War with Mexico. Their bloody battles against each other in 1864 stirred northern revulsion to the war even as they brought its end in sight. (National Archives)

Robert E. Lee


EFFECTS OF PENINSULAR CAMPAIGN

• McClellan removed from command• Hardens North’s resolve• Move toward total war• Embrace Anaconda Plan and Emancipation

as strategies (vs. moral decisions)• Invade Mississippi and Ohio rivers,

spreading war to the west and deep south

Ulysses S. Grant, 1864 by Mathew BradyBoth General Grant and General Lee were West Point graduates and had served in the U.S. Army during the War with Mexico. Their bloody battles against each other in 1864 stirred northern revulsion to the war even as they brought its end in sight. (National Archives)

Ulysses S. Grant, 1864 by Mathew Brady


Second Bull Run (2nd Manassas)• After Richmond defeat McClellan replaced by

Gen. Pope as commander of Army of the Potomac• Lee moves north toward Washington, DC• Gen. Pope engages Lee at Second Bull Run,

August 29-30, 1862, and is crushed.• Lee and Army of Northern Virginia move into MD,

hoping to stir rebellion.• MD stays neutral• Armies meet at Antietam Creek, Maryland

on Sept. 17, 1862

Map: The War in the East, 1861-1862

The War in the East, 1861-1862Union advances on Richmond were turned back at Fredericksburg and the Seven Days' Battles, and the Confederacy's invasion of Union territory was stopped at Antietam. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Antietam, September 17, 1862• McClellan returned to command• Lee swings north and crosses the Potomac• Lee’s battle plans are discovered, showing his division of

forces; McClellan does not act on info for 18 hours!• It is the bloodiest day of the war: 23,000

(2x the number of dead and wounded on D-Day)• Some consider Antietam the high water mark of the

South’s chances for victory (vs. Gettysburg) because foreign powers never come as close to endorsing Conf. cause again - see Killer Angels

• Is it McClellan’s greatest blunder? Could have ended war?

AntietamIn the photograph of Antietam, dead rebel gunners lie next to the wreckage of their battery. (Library of Congress)

Antietam


Antietam national battlefield site, Maryland Drawn by John J. Black, November 1948.

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Antietam by James HopeA painting of the Antietam battlefield by James Hope, a Union soldier of the Second Vermont Infantry, shows three brigades of Union troops advancing under Confederate fire. The building in the painting, a Dunker church, was the scene of furious fighting. (Antietam National Battlefield, Sharpsburg, Maryland)

Antietam by James Hope


Antietam dead, Confederates lined for burialThis photograph of corpses awaiting burial was one of ninety-five taken by Mathew Brady and his assistants of the Antietam battlefield, the bloodiest single day of the war. It was the first time Americans had seen war depicted so realistically. When Brady's photographs went on display in New York in 1862, throngs of people waited in line to see them. (Library of Congress)

Antietam dead, Confederates lined for burial


1. The first shots of the Civil War were at ___________.

2. Lee’s attempt to invade Maryland and encourage an uprising against the North ended with the battle of ____________.

3. The first battle of the Civil War was at ___________.

4. Union General Grant led troops at ______, which was a near disaster for the Union.

5. Stonewall Jackson was credited with saving the day for the Confederates at ____________.

6. The first blood spilt in the Civil War was at ________.

7. The Union admiral who captured New Orleans and seized control of the lower Mississippi was __________.

The Anaconda Plan had three parts:

8.

9.

10.

1. The first shots of the Civil War were at ___________.

2. Lee’s attempt to invade Maryland and encourage an uprising against the North ended with the battle of ____________.

3. The first battle of the Civil War was at ___________.

4. Union General Grant led troops at ______, which was a near disaster for the Union.

5. Stonewall Jackson was credited with saving the day for the Confederates at ____________.

6. The first blood spilt in the Civil War was at ________.

7. The Union admiral who captured New Orleans and seized control of the lower Mississippi was __________.

The Anaconda Plan had three parts:

8.

9.

10.

THEME: The North effectively brought to bear its long term advantages of industrial might and human resources to wage a devastating total war against the South. The war helped organize and modernize northern society, while the South, despite heroic efforts, was economically and socially crushed.

Documents

11.1 The Civil War Begins Objectives: A. What were the North’s and the South’s strategies to win the war? B. What were some of the reasons that the war