IT’S ALIVE !!!! 1.1 Understand that living organisms share the following characteristics: they require nutrition; they respire; they excrete their waste; they respond to their

surroundings; they move; they control their internal conditions; they reproduce; they grow and develop.

M Movement All living things move, even plantsR Respiration Getting energy from foodS Sensitivity Detecting changes in the surroundingsG Growth All living things grow and developR Reproduction Making more living things of the same type (species).E Excretion Getting rid of wasteN Nutrition Taking in and using food and other

nutrients In addition, all living organisms contain nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) and have the ability to control their internal conditions (homeostasis).

Finally, all living organisms can die.

ALIVE OR NOT ALIVEALIVE OR NOT ALIVE!!

1.1 Understand that living organisms share the following characteristics: they require nutrition; they respire; they excrete their waste; they respond to their surroundings; they move; they control their internal conditions; they reproduce; they grow and develop.

GROUPS OF LIVING ORGANISMS1.2 describe the common features shared by organisms within the following main groups: plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, protoctists and viruses, and for

each group describe examples and their features as follows (details of life cycle and economic importance are not required)

PLANTS Plants: These are multicellular organisms; their cells contain chloroplasts and are able to carry out photosynthesis; their cells have cellulose cell walls; they

store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose

Plants all have the following in common:1) Multicellular organisms (made of lots of cells)

2) Cells contain chloroplasts and are able to carry out photosynthesis. Photosynthesis takes simple inorganic molecules and turns them into simple sugar (glucose). Glucose can be turned into complex organic molecules such as carbohydrates.

3) Cells have cellulose cell walls (cellulose is a carbohydrate)

PLANTS Plants: These are multicellular organisms; their cells contain chloroplasts and are able to carry out photosynthesis; their cells have cellulose cell walls; they

store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose

4) They store carbohydrates as starch. Carbohydrates are polysaccharides (many sugars/glucose linked together)

or sucrose. Sucrose is a disaccharide (two sugars linked together).

PLANTS Plants: These are multicellular organisms; their cells contain chloroplasts and are able to carry out photosynthesis; their cells have cellulose cell walls; they

store carbohydrates as starch or sucrose

Examples you need to know:1) flowering plants, such as a cereals

A) Maize

PLANTS Examples include flowering plants, such as a cereal (for example maize), and a herbaceous legume (for example peas or beans)

B) Wheat

2) Herbaceous legume (e.g. peas or beans).

PLANTS Examples include flowering plants, such as a cereal (for example maize), and a herbaceous legume (for example peas or beans)

Root nodules

ANIMALSAnimals: These are multicellular organisms; their cells do not contain chloroplasts and are not able to carry out photosynthesis; they have no cell walls; they

usually have nervous coordination and are able to move from one place to another; they often store carbohydrate as glycogen

1) Animals include:sponges, molluscs, worms, starfish, insects, crustaceans,

fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

Animals without a backbone (vertebral column) are invertebrates.

Animals with a vertebral column are called vertebrates.

2) Animals are Multicellular organisms

3) They have a nervous system

4) They often store carbohydrate as glycogen in the liver and muscles.

ANIMALSAnimals: These are multicellular organisms; their cells do not contain chloroplasts and are not able to carry out photosynthesis; they have no cell walls; they

usually have nervous coordination and are able to move from one place to another; they often store carbohydrate as glycogen

5) Animal cells do not contain chloroplasts and are not able to carry out photosynthesis

6) Animal cells have no cell walls

ANIMALSAnimals: These are multicellular organisms; their cells do not contain chloroplasts and are not able to carry out photosynthesis; they have no cell walls; they

usually have nervous coordination and are able to move from one place to another; they often store carbohydrate as glycogen

ANIMALSAnimals: These are multicellular organisms; their cells do not contain chloroplasts and are not able to carry out photosynthesis; they have no cell walls; they

usually have nervous coordination and are able to move from one place to another; they often store carbohydrate as glycogen

ANIMALS Examples include mammals (for example humans) and insects (for example housefly and mosquito)

Examples you need to know:1) Human (mammal)

2) Insectsa) Housefly

Why the housefly? - They regurgitate stomach enzymes onto their food- but also because other flies are interestingA) Tsetse flyB) Screw flyC) Drosophila

ANIMALS Examples include mammals (for example humans) and insects (for example housefly and mosquito)

Lastly….. the use of flies ended the belief in the spontaneous generation of life

ANIMALS Examples include mammals (for example humans) and insects (for example housefly and mosquito)

b) Mosquito

So why the Mosquito? (it is really just another fly!)- Complex life cycle - Can be a vector for malaria, yellow fever, abrovirus- Control measures have damaged ecosystems

ANIMALS Examples include mammals (for example humans) and insects (for example housefly and mosquito)

Video Bite

FUNGI Fungi: These are organisms that are not able to carry out photosynthesis; their body is usually organised into a mycelium made from thread-like structures

called hyphae, which contain many nuclei; some examples are single-celled; their cells have walls made of chitin; they feed by extracellular secretion of digestive enzymes onto food material and absorption of the organic products; this is known as saprotrophic nutrition; they may store

carbohydrate as glycogen

Characteristics of Fungi:1) They feed by saprophytic nutrition (feeds on dead

organic material & digestion takes place outside the organism.

2) Fungi feed by excreting extracellular secretions of digestive enzymes onto food and absorbing the digested products.

3) Cells are joined together to form threads, called hyphae. Hyphae contain many nuclei, because they are made from

many cells. 4) Hyphae join together to make a network of threads called

mycelium

FUNGI ARE NOT PLANTS5) Cells do not contain chloroplasts and are not able

to carry out photosynthesis

6) Cell walls are made from a protein called chitin (not cellulose)

7) They store carbohydrates as glycogen (not starch)

FUNGI Fungi: These are organisms that are not able to carry out photosynthesis; their body is usually organised into a mycelium made from thread-like structures

called hyphae, which contain many nuclei; some examples are single-celled; their cells have walls made of chitin; they feed by extracellular secretion of digestive enzymes onto food material and absorption of the organic products; this is known as saprotrophic nutrition; they may store

carbohydrate as glycogen

FUNGI Fungi Examples include Mucor , which has the typical fungal hyphal structure, and yeast, which is single-celled

Examples you must know:1) Mucor (bread mold)

Why do you need to know about Mucor?- Easy to experiment on in the lab

(temperature, moisture)- Mucor must use energy to absorb nutrients in it’s hyphae- Was used to produce penicillin, the first antibiotic.

FUNGI Fungi Examples include Mucor , which has the typical fungal hyphal structure, and yeast, which is single-celled

2) Yeast (single celled fungi)

Why do you need to know about Yeast?- Easy to experiment on in the lab

(temperature & sugar concentration)- Yeast is used in the production of beer & bread

BACTERIA Bacteria: These are microscopic single-celled organisms; they have a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm and plasmids; they lack a nucleus but contain a

circular chromosome of DNA; some bacteria can carry out photosynthesis but most feed off other living or dead organisms

Bacteria Characteristics:1) Made from single cells 2) Cells do not contain a nucleus. Bacteria cells have a small piece of circular DNA instead of a

nucleus (a bacterial chromosome/nucleoid). 2) Bacteria also have DNA in the form of circular plasmids3) most gain their nutrients by saprophytic nutrition (feed off dead organisms) or by parasitic

nutrition (feed off living organisms). Some bacteria can carry out photosynthesis. You need to know their structure:

TED

Some pretty pictures of bacteria

BACTERIA Bacteria: These are microscopic single-celled organisms; they have a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm and plasmids; they lack a nucleus but contain a

circular chromosome of DNA; some bacteria can carry out photosynthesis but most feed off other living or dead organisms

BACTERIA Examples include Lactobacillus bulgaricus , a rod-shaped bacterium used in the production of yoghurt from milk, and Pneumococcus , a spherical bacterium

that acts as the pathogen causing pneumonia

Example you need to know:1) Lactobacillus bulgaricus

- Used to make yogurt- Produces lactic acid

(excretes)- Rod shaped- Not dangerous to humans

Why Lactobacillus bulgaricus? - It is used in how human food production

- lowers the pH of milk to inhibit harmful to human bacterial growth

2) Pneumococcus- pathogen causes pneumonia (inflammation of one or

both lungs)- killed with antibiotics- spherical bacteria shape

Why Pneumococcus?- reduces surface area of alveoli- use of antibiotics in treatment can lead to

resistant strains

BACTERIA Examples include Lactobacillus bulgaricus , a rod-shaped bacterium used in the production of yoghurt from milk, and Pneumococcus , a spherical bacterium

that acts as the pathogen causing pneumonia

When you don’t fit in scientists drop you into the Protoctists group!

Protoctists Characteristics:- most are single celled (exception is seaweeds)- Some have animal-like features - protozoa- Some have plant-like features – algae

PROTOCTISTS Protoctists: These are microscopic single-celled organisms.

swim

PROTOCTISTS Some, like Amoeba, that live in pond water, have features like an animal cell, while others, like Chlorella, have chloroplasts and are more like plants. A

pathogenic example is Plasmodium , responsible for causing malaria

Examples you need to know:1) Amoeba

- protozoa- live in pond water- Pathogen amoeba can cause Amoebic dysentery

(kills 70,000 people every year)

Why Amoeba?- Highlights the need for clean drinking water supplies- Uses amoebiasis to feed (similair to phagocytosis)

eating

2) Chlorella- ‘more’ like plants than animals- have chloroplasts

Why Chlorlla?- both animal and plant characteristics- Possible food source (1940’s solution to world hunger)

PROTOCTISTS Some, like Amoeba, that live in pond water, have features like an animal cell, while others, like Chlorella, have chloroplasts and are more like plants. A

pathogenic example is Plasmodium , responsible for causing malaria

view

3) Plasmodium- Protozoa- pathogen that causes malaria - uses a mosquito as a vector (transfer)- not killed by antibiotics

Why plasmodium?- it is the greatest pathogen killer! TED

PROTOCTISTS Some, like Amoeba, that live in pond water, have features like an animal cell, while others, like Chlorella, have chloroplasts and are more like plants. A

pathogenic example is Plasmodium , responsible for causing malaria

VIRUS Viruses: These are small particles, smaller than bacteria; they are parasitic and can reproduce only inside living cells; they infect every type of living

organism. They have a wide variety of shapes and sizes; they have no cellular structure but have a protein coat and contain one type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA

Viruses Characteristics: 1) Much smaller than bacteria.

2) They are not made from cells (no cellular structures)

3) Totally parasitic and reproduce inside host cells.

4) They infect every type of living cell

5) Have either DNA or RNA as genetic material

6) Have a protein coat

You just have to recognize a virus, but there are several shapes

VIRUS Viruses: These are small particles, smaller than bacteria; they are parasitic and can reproduce only inside living cells; they infect every type of living

organism. They have a wide variety of shapes and sizes; they have no cellular structure but have a protein coat and contain one type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA

VIRUS Viruses: These are small particles, smaller than bacteria; they are parasitic and can reproduce only inside living cells; they infect every type of living

organism. They have a wide variety of shapes and sizes; they have no cellular structure but have a protein coat and contain one type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA

REVIEW FROM YEAR 8

VIRUS Examples include the tobacco mosaic virus that causes discolouring of the leaves of tobacco plants by preventing the formation of chloroplasts, the

influenza virus that causes gfluc and the HIV virus that causes AIDS

Examples you need to know:1) Tobacco Mosaic Virus

- infects crop plant and prevents formation of chloroplasts

- symptoms are discoloration of leaves

Why Tobacco Mosaic Virus?- first identification of a virus as a pathogen (1898, Martinus W. Beijerinck)- Genetic engineering

2) Influenza Virus- Viral pathogen causes the flu- Transmitted through air/ contact

Why the Flu?- Pandemics (spanish flu)- Mutations leading to new strains- Vaccinations

VIRUS Examples include the tobacco mosaic virus that causes discolouring of the leaves of tobacco plants by preventing the formation of chloroplasts, the

influenza virus that causes gfluc and the HIV virus that causes AIDS

Flu History

vaccine

Just thought you would like to know.

3) HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)

- Pathogen causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)

- Virus attacks white blood cells (immune system)- Host killed by secondary disease- Transmitted by blood to blood contact

Why HIV?- Immune system- Mutations

VIRUS Examples include the tobacco mosaic virus that causes discolouring of the leaves of tobacco plants by preventing the formation of chloroplasts, the

influenza virus that causes gfluc and the HIV virus that causes AIDS

PATHOGEN 1.3 recall the term gpathogenc and know that pathogens may be fungi, bacteria, protoctists or viruses.

Pathogen:An agent that causes infection or disease, especially a microorganism, such as a bacterium or protozoan, or a virus.