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Chapter 11

Problem Solving

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Approaches to Problem Solving Types of Problems:

Nature of assignment and how to complete Managing obstacles

Common Problem Solving Flaws: Problem definition Evaluation

Three Approaches: Descriptive Functional Prescriptive

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Descriptive Approach: How Groups Solve Problems

Identity problem solving stages Forming Norming Storming Performing

Start by generating solutions Select solution at random Voting Novel solutions Each member suggests favorite solution

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Functional Approach: Advice on Improving Group Problem Solving

Factors That Improve Group Problem Solving Intelligent problem solvers and critical thinkers

Manage both task and relationship

Gather data and research problem

Consider a variety of options

Focus

Listen to minority opinions

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Functional Approach: Advice on Improving Group Problem Solving

Factors That Hurt Group Problem Solving Jumping to solution stage

Satisficing

Difficulty determining best solution

Communication problems

Non-task-related factors Desire to reduce uncertainty Politics Competition Unequal Power

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Prescriptive Approach: Rational Problem-Solving Model

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Prescriptive Approach: Rational Problem-Solving Model

Problem Recognition, Definition, and Analysis

Often focus on symptoms, not cause

Depends on characteristics of: Problem

Severity, familiarity, complexity

Group Desire, ability

Environment Modern, relationship to outside environment

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Prescriptive Approach: Rational Problem-Solving Model

Generating Alternatives and Selecting a SolutionAlternatives depend on:

Knowledge and skills of members Group climate and process

Good solution: Balances needs of various group members Uses efficient problem solving approach Process fosters group harmony

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Prescriptive Approach: Rational Problem-Solving Model

Implementation and Evaluation Implementation

Consider people, time, and resources needed

Evaluation Group provides definition of a successful outcome Process Evaluation Outcome Evaluation

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Problem-Solving Teams Process mapping

Creates shared mental modelFacilitates communication

Structured approaches:Better decision Increase satisfaction with solutions Increase commitment to implementationPromote equitable participationReduce unequal status

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Application: Problem-Solving Techniques for Teams

Problem Analysis Problem recognition Separate symptoms from causes Symptom identification

Force field analysis Charting unknowns

Criteria Matrix Assists in selecting a solution by rating alternatives Decide criteria to rate alternatives:

Ease of implementation Effectiveness Expense Quality

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Application: Problem-Solving Techniques for Teams

Action Plans Improve solution implementation Step by step road map

Timing, responsibilities, standards for evaluation Should include monitoring and feedback system

Force Field Analysis Used in many stages Approach to understanding the factors that affect any

change program Uses Lewin’s action research model Driving and restraining forces

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Insert Activity: Using Problem-Solving Techniques and related worksheets (p. 217-220)