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CHAPTER IV
KOLHAPUR DISTRICT: A REVIEW
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Reorganization of Kolhapur district
4.3 Historical Background
4.4 Geographical Location
4.5 Population
4.6 Socio-Cultural Background
4.7 Financial Scenario
4.8 Women Self Help Groups
4.9 Co-operative Sector
4.10 District Administration
4.11 Political Background of Kolhapur
4.12 Education in the district
4.13 Importance of Education
4.14 Educational Changes
4.15 Geographical Location of Ajara, Gadhiglaj and Chandgad.
4.16 References
CHAPTER IV
KOLHAPUR DISTRICT: A REVIEW
4.1 Introduction
Kolhapur district is an important place on the national map. The land of Kolhapur has
purified by Ambabai, the bravery of Chatrapati Shivaji and radical thinking of Rajarshi Shahu
and got uniqnenen at the national Level. Kolhapur is a progressive district almost in all the walks
of life like religion, politic, social, industrial, natural, education and tourism etc. Al these factors
have an impact on the schools weated in the district. The researcher has studied all these factors
for the evaluation of the problems of teaching English in the Marathi medium primary schools
located in the three tehsils of southern Kolhapur district selected for the present study.
4.2 Reorganization of Kolhapur district
In 1949 the Kolhapur sansthan merged into Maharashtra 956 villages from and Southern,
6 villages from Kurundwad Southern one villages from Miraj Southern and 7 villages from
Belgaum district were merged together to form Kolhapur district. After this reorganization there
were eight tehsils namely shahuwadi, Hatkanagle, Shirola, Karveer, Radhanagari, Kagal
Bhudargad and Gadhinglaj and three mahals namely Panhala, Ajara and Gaganbawada. In 1950
two villages from kolhapur were merged into Ratnagiri district. Maharashtra state came into
existence on 1st May 1960. After this on 30
th June 1983, 37 villages from Kolhapur were merged
into Sindhudurg district. The geographical area of Kolhapur district is 7746 sq. Kms. It is 2.5%
of the area of state of Maharashtra and it is the 24th
Largest district in the state.
Now there are twelve tehsils in Kolhapur district namely Ajara, Changad, Karveer,
Radhanagari, Gaganbawada, Bhudargad, Gadhinglaj, Hatkangale, Kagal, Panhala, Shirol and
Shahuwadi.
4.3 Historical Background
4.3.1 Ancient Period
Kolhapur district has ancient glorious history. The brave land of panhalagad and
prosperous land of Panchaganga has contributed to the history of Kolhapur. The protest and
artfulness are the dominant factors in the history of Kolhapur. In ‘Karveer Mahatma’ Kolhapur
refered an ‘Dakshina-Kashi’. It is the land of Knowledge and ancient culture in Southern India.2
The written political history of Kolhapur is tall of up downs. Up to 218 A. D It was ruled by
satwahan from 100 B. C. In the later history the Kings from Rashtrakut, Chalukya, Kalyani,
Shivhar and Devgiri Yadavs have ruled Kolhapur Southern all of them were the Hindu kings.
Allandin Khilaji was the first Muslims king who ruled Kolhapur. In 1306 Malik Kapur attacked
south India and defeated Devgiri Yadav and brought it under his rule. After the separation of
Bahamans State, the Kolhapur state was under the Adilshah’s Even today we find the proofs of
the political ruler is Kolhapur district is the ancient sculpture.
4.3.2 The Modified Period.
During the Modified period Panhalga was important in the wartime and Kolhapur for
peace. Shivaji brought Kolhapur under his region after assassination of Kolhapur with Vijapur
from south Kokan. He won Kolhapur on 25th
Nov. 1659 and won Panhala on 28th
No. 1959. In a
conflict between Shahu and Tarabai, she formed Panhala a separate state for her son Shivaji and
declared him the King. Satara and Panhala were two Political centers during the Maratha
Reigion. Queen Tarabai planned several Policies in protest against Shahu. In 1714 Rajabai the
co-wife arrested Tarabai and Shivaji and her son Sambhaji was coronated as the king of
Kolhapur. It was revolutionary charge in the political history of Kolhapur. In 1731 the war
between Sambhaji and his cousin Shahu came to an and after a truce between them at Karad on
27th
feb. 1731 Known on ‘Warana - truce’ after the truce Sambhaji became the king of Kolhapur
state of 401000 sq. miles area lying between the rivers Warana-Krishna and Tungabhadra It’s
annual revenue was Rs. 28, 00, 000/-.
4.3.3 The British Rule
By the end of 18th Century, The Britishers entered India. The begining of 19th century
marked decline of Maratha reign. The Maratha- British truce of 1812 in the begining of the
Maratha reign in Kolhapur to save themselves from the Nipaneese, and then the Kolhapur state
came under the British Rule. During the Maliny of 1857, the Maratha defeat once again shown
the history of the victory of British Rule and now Kolhapur was completely under the British
Raj.
4.3.4. Shahu Maharaj (19874-1922)
The era of Shahu Maharaj the most glorious period in the history of Kolhapur. It was the
period of progress in Kolhapur in every walk of life, in politics, in social and in educational field
too. The age of the reign of Shahu in Kolhapur once again provided the ancient glory and
prosperity to Kolhapur and a place on national map. Chatrapati Shahu was born on 26th June
1874, and coroneted as the king of Kolhapur on 2nd April 1894, He ruled Kolhapur for more
than two decades only for the welfare of the masses and betterment of the massed. His chief
protest wan against ancient Hindu orthodoxy and the caste system. He realized the need of
education as the only way for the welfare of the masses. He provided on opportunity to masses
to share the politics. He also worked to nurture the art music, literature, journalism and wrestling
etc.
4.4 Geographical Location
The Kolhapur district is one of the southernmost districts of Maharashtra state. The
district’s courtiers a total area of 7, 685 sq. kms. It lies between 15043’ to 17
0 17’ North latitude
and 73040’ to 78042’, East longitude. The length of the district South to North is 160 Kms. and
East to west is 60 Kms. The Sahyadri ranges to the west and Warna River to the north, The river
Krishna and Belgaum district to the South and East, forms the natural boundaries of the district.
4.4.1 Rivers:
In the district there are main six rivers, these are Krishana, Warana, Panchanganga,
Dudhganga, Vedaganga and Hiryankeshi the Krishan River flows only for a short distance in
Kolhapur district. The rivers Warana, Panchanganga, Dudhganga and Vedganga are tributeries
of Krishna. These are merging in to the Krishna. The Kasari, Kumbhi, Tulsi and Bhogavati
rivers are the main tributaries of Panchanganga.The Panchangaga mergs into Krishana at
Narsinvhawadi. The river warna flows nearly 125 kms of distance in Kolhapur district. The
Rivers Ghantprabha, Hiryankeshi, Vedganga flows in the southern part of the district towards
east and then into Karnataka state.
4.4.2 Climate
The overall climate of Kolhapur district is Salubrious. All the seasons in Kolhapur are
moderate. In winter during the months of Nov to Feb. the temp, is to be 720 to 750 F and in
summer 81 to 850 F in the dry climate.
4.4.3. Rainfall
Generally Mansoon begins in the first week of June. The average annual rainfall in the
district is 1025mm, but there is uneveness in the annual rainfall in the district. In the western
region of Satyadri ranga. In the tehsils Gaganbawada, Radhangari, Chandgad and Ajara the
average rainfall is 6000mm. In southeast regions of Shirol and Hatkangale the rainfall is 500
mm. 12
4.4.4 Soil and Crop
The soil differs in characteristics in the district. The soil on the hills is Reddish in water
which cannot hold the rain water In the Mawal region the soil in more fertile and black in colour
or sometimes is reddish brown. In the eastern region of the district the soil is fertile and black. In
the drainage of rivers Krishana, Warana and Pnachanga the soil is black in colour. The crop
pattern in the district is mainly dependent upon the type of soil. Mainly in the tehsils,
Gaganbawada, Shahuwadi, Radhanagri, Panhala, Chandgad, Bhudargad and Ajara the soil is
reddish an colours the chief crops are wari, Nachani, sawa and Ratala and in the forests of the
region the main trees are sag, Jambhul, Amba Behada, Kinjal, Umbar and some of the medicinal
Plants. The crop ‘Dawana’ popular in Kekhale village. Malai Brinjal of Kurundwad are also
famous. In the eastern region, here the rainfall is low, Tobacco is the main corp. In addition to
this the district has Onions, Potatoes, Grapes and Bananas are the main fruits. The Green House
technique is also used is the district.
The soil in Hatkangale, Karveer, Radhanagri, Bhudargad and Ajara tehsil is moderately
fertile and low black in colour. The crops like Rice, Jawar and groundnut were taken during the
Kharif season Sugarcane and Vegetables were cultivated where the irrigation facilities are
available. The black and highly fertile land is found in the eastern region of districts in Shirol,
Hatkangale, Karveer, Kagal and Gadhinglaj tehsil here Jawar, Sugarcane and groundnut are the
main crops. In the drainage portion of rivers Warana, Kumbhi, Kasari, Bhogawati, Tulsi,
Vedganga, Panchagnga, Tamraparni, Ghataprabha, Dudhaganga, Hiryankeshi the soil is very
fertile and availability of water results in Sugarcane as a main crop.
4.4.5 Minerals
In Kolhapur district the minerals are bauxite, iron and silica the economically important
mineral in Kolhapur district is bauxite, it is alloy of Aluminum. The areas with bauxite in
sufficient quantities are Udgiri, Dhangarwadi, Panhalgad Radhnagari Gargoti, Nagartaswadi
kanur, kasarwada, Mogalgad and Tasingigad. Iron is found in the western hilly region of the
district in Shahuwadi and Radhanagri Tehsils. Silica is found in Radhanagri Tehsils, Porcelain is
fourd in Bhndurgad tehsil.
4.4.6 Forest
Mainly the forest is found in the western region of district with high rainfall. In this
forest Hirada, Aain, Jambhul, Dalchini and sag plant species were found and at the height the
trees like Chandon, Shisav, Kindal, Panbabhl, Khair and Bambu trees were commonly found. In
the forest, the rainfall is low, the trees like babali, bori, tadwal were found. Also the medicinal
plants like Kuda, Wakore, Bharang, Bawding, Satawi, Dhawari, Biba and Bhuikolha were
found is these forests. According to the survey carried out in 2007-08 the total area under forest
is 1742 sq.kms. Out of these 633 sq.kms. forest is reserved forest, 417 sq.kms. is protected
forest and remaining 692sq.kms. is the unclassified forest in the district. The percentage of land
occupied forest is 17% out the total Geographical area of the district.
4.5 Population:
According to census of 2001, population of Kolhapur district is 35, 23,162 consisting of
1807470 male population and 1715692 female population. The urban population in the district is
50,353 and the rural population is 2472809. The percentage of urban population is 29.65 and
rural population is 70.35. The population of children below six years is 449833. Table No. 4.1,
shows the tehsil wise population in the district.
Table No. 11 : Tehsil wise population of Kolhapur district.
S.
No.
Name of
Tehsil
Total
population
Urban
population
Rural
population
Percentage
of literacy
Population
Density
1 Shahuwadi 176859 5504 171355 66.93 169
2 Panhala 238383 3452 234931 74.16 419
3 Hatkangle 709628 355003 354625 80.25 1155
4 Karveer 906866 548814 358052 83.16 1354
5 Shirol 359179 64394 294785 80.15 714
6 Gagnbawada 32525 - 32525 60.74 116
7 Radhanagari 188107 - 188107 71.33 211
8 Kagal 248237 32980 215257 73.58 454
9 Bhudargad 144910 - 144990 72.92 225
10 Ajara 121430 14849 106581 69.37 221
11 Gadhinglaj 216257 25357 190900 71.81 450
12 Chandgad 180781 - 180781 66.67 190
Total 3525162 1050353 2472809 76.93 455
Source: Census of India – 2001, Home Ministry, GOVT of India Director,
Census office, Maharashtra state
4.5.1 Population Feature / characteristics.
Kolhapur district is at 9th
position in Maharashtra state in case of its population. The
highest percentage of population (26%) found is Karveer tehsil and the lowest (1%) in
Gaganbawada tehsil of Kolhapur. The highest density of population is in karveer tehsil and
lowest in Gaganbawada thesil. Kolhapur district is at the third position in the state incase of
density of population. Out of the total urban population of the district 47% of population is in
Kolhapur city 25% in Ichalkaranji town and remaining 28% is distributed in eight municipal
councils in the district.
4.5.2 Literacy:
Education has been widely spread into district due to the great visionary Chatrapati
Shahu, who beloved to Kolhapur. Kolhapur is at 14th
position in the state incase of literacy.
Table No. 4, consist of urban – rural, male – female classification of literacy in Kolhapur district.
Table No. 12 : Tehsil wise classification of population on the basis of literacy.
S. No. Name of the
tehsil
Urban
Rural
Percentage of Literacy
Total male female
1 Shahuwadi
Total 66.93 81.08 53.83
Rural 66.20 80.56 52.93
Urban 89.16 96.22 82.13
2 Panhala
Total 74.16 86.21 61.36
Rural 73.88 86.01 61.05
Urban 92.52 97.81 85.31
3 Hatkangle
Total 80.25 89.12 70.66
Rural 77.52 87.45 66.99
Urban 82.98 90.76 74.39
4 Karveer
Total 83.16 91.04 74.71
Rural 75.28 86.59 63.04
Urban 88.17 93.90 82.08
5 Shirol
Total 80.15 89.33 70.59
Rural 79.43 88.87 69.56
Urban 83.42 91.44 75.21
6 Gagnbawada
Total 60.74 75.29 46.01
Rural 60.74 75.29 46.01
Urban 0 0 0
7 Radhanagari
Total 71.33 85.40 56.67
Rural 71.33 85.40 56.67
Urban 0 0 0
8 Kagal
Total 73.58 85.70 61.08
Rural 72.45 85.06 59.40
Urban 81.02 89.91 71.94
9 Bhudargad
Total 72.92 86.14 59.89
Rural 72.92 86.14 59.89
Urban 0 0 0
10 Ajara
Total 69.37 82.58 57.45
Rural 97.18 81.19 54.78
Urban 85.03 91.77 78.03
11 Gadhinglaj
Total 71.81 83.96 60.07
Rural 69.76 82.54 57.55
Urban 86.97 93.92 79.64
12 Chandgad
Total 66.67 80.74 53.29
Rural 66.67 80.74 53.29
Urban 0 0 0
Total
Total 76.93 87.47 66.02
Rural 76.07 85.22 60.70
Urban 85.87 92.56 78.69
Source : an that of table 4.1
4.5.3 Male – Female Ration:
According to census of 2001, Number of female in Kolhapur district is 949 per 1000
male. Incase of urban area it is 919 and in rural area it is 962. There is tehsil wise variation in the
ration of male – female population. There is remarkable decrease in the number of female from
1961 in the district.
Table No. 13 : Show the male – female ratio in Kolhapur district
Year 1951 61 71 81 91 2001
Urban 927 885 887 895 914 919
Rural 982 987 987 993 978 962
Total 970 967 965 967 961 949
Source : Directorate of Finance and Stations, GOVT it Maharashtra
Socio – economic study of Kolhapur district, 2007 – 08
4.6 Socio – Cultural Background.
Kolhapur district is located at the border of Maharashtra and Karnataka state. From the
time ancient the people Hindu, Lingayat, Jain, Muslim, Tailangi, Gujarati and Marwari are the
inhabitants of the district. Deshastha were the original inhabitants of the region. The Deshastha
were Panchdravidatmaka, Kokanastha, Karhade, Senavi and Prabhu origins. Maratha occupies
the main position as per their population is concerned. The Deshas thas were Ragvedi and
Krishanayajurved. The population can be classified in diffrent communities and castes. Castes
were existing but there was no casticism until the British Raj and there were no caste – struggles.
The people are to celebrate each other’s festivals and rituals
Agricultural was the chief occupation of people and at the second position was
Knighthood. The former is the regions were popularly known as Kunbis and the knights as
Marathas. Marathas were dominant. They were enjoying power over the state, region and village
level. The people belonging to other communities were dependent on the Marathas. Every house
has their own goods,. Worship daily. The Rich knights have appointed Brahamins for worship.
All the daily poojas and rituals like shradhas were performed by these brahamins. The festivals
like Padwa, Dasara, Diwali, Nag Panchami, Rang Panchami, and Gauri Ganpati were the main
festival of celebration.
The people were fond of exercise and wrestling from the time ancient. In Kolhapur, ever
today, there are number of Akhadas (professional clanes of wresting). Chatrapati Shahu was the
patron for wresting. People have the habit of drinking fresh – warm milk. Today there are more
than 1000 families in Kolhapur, engaged in the sell of fresh – warm milk and this is one of the
uniqueness of Kolhapur.
Buddhism, thirnduism and Jainism are the three religions from ancient time in Kolhapur.
There are sculptures in Kolhapur showing the ancient teachings of Buddhism. Mahalaxmi of
Kolhapur, Jyotiba at Gajananwad, Khandoba of Jejuri, Ram, and Narsimha are the chief Goods
and places of pilgrimage of Hindus in the district. The sect of Varkari, Datta and Ramdasi are
the sects to follow the way of worship and ritual in the district. The Varkaris per forming wari of
both Kartiki & Ashadhi at Pandharpur were found in large number in Kolhapur. Nersobachi
Wadi is the well known place of pilgrimage for the Datta Sampradaya in the district. The yatras
at Narsobachiwadi and Jejuri were famous among the people of Kolhapur district. Bahubali and
the ancient caves at Khidrapur were the places of pilgrimage for Jains. Ramteerth at Ajara is the
famous tourist centre in the district. Darga at Gaganbawada and the Vaijyanath temple at
Mahipalgad in Chnadgad trlsils are also the places of tourist interest. Another ancient spiritual
centre is at Sidhgiri kshetra- Kaneri Math in the district for the Hindus. Radhanagari and
Lakshmi Dam are also the places of tourist interest in the district. Dajipur and Chandoli are
famous places for a wild life sanctuary. The historically famous places are Panhala and Pargad
forts, now developing as the places of tourist interest.
4.7 Financial Scenario:
Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy. People leading rural life and with diverse
sensibilities and traditions are living in Kolhapur district. The availability of irrigation, fertile
land and hard working farmers are the features of Agriculture in Kolhapur district. The economy
of the district is rich because of the production of the sugar and Jaggury in the district. It has
ultimately resulted in the standard of life. Ichalkaranji in Kolhapur is famous for textile industry,
specially incase of hand spinning of cloths. Ichalkaranji is known as Machester of India. In
addition to Sugar & textile another important industry in manufacturing motar engines and spare
parts. Kolhapur is also known for the silver articles with fine artistry. The manufacturing of
agricultural implements in the district has a significant place on the national map. According to
the annual Industry Survey of 2006, the number of registered industries in the district is 1490
and the sick units are 180. The employees in the industrial sector are 47081 on record.
4.8 Women Self Help Groups:
For the empowerment of women, to improve their financial status the govt. of India
declared 2001, as the year for women – empowerment as a matter of social indebtness women
was encouraged to form groups. In Kolhapur district 377000 women were engaged in there
groups, to be financially independent. The district central Co-operative Bank has provided
financial assistance to these groups of Rs. 19.87 crores to 19121 self help groups. The bank has
also provided finance to 1760 self help groups of below poverty line of Rs. 13.23 carors. The life
standard of women has improved due to this financial help.
4.9 Co-operative Sector:
Kolhapur district has shown an example of co-operation in the historical period. The
ancient Watekari and Fund system are the origins of cooperative movement by farmers. The
Mnshtifund system of collective grains for the needy people during the off seasons is also found
in Kolhapur district. The existing Bhishi system is also an example of the co-operative
movement in the district. Rajarshi Shahu has implemented the law of cooperative in 1912-13.
The ‘Urban cooperative Credit Society is the first co-operative society in Kolhapur district, later
on it was converted into Urban Cooperative Bank. The cooperative law of 1925 was
implemented in Kolhapur district in 1927, when there were 32 cooperative societies were
existing in the district. The cooperative movement established by R.B.I. was spread into district
within eight years. The Farmer’s cooperative Organization established in 1939 worked for the
sale and purchase of agricultural products. The district cooperative Bank of Kolhapur, the
supporter of co-operative sector was established in 1938. The branches of the bank opened in
rural areas of Kolhapur district contributed a lot for the development of cooperative sector.
Table No. 14 : The co-operative societies in Kolhapur district
Sr. No. Name of the Co-operative Society Numbers
1 Kolhapur District central co-operative Bank 1
2 Primary famer co-operative Society 1504
3 Anya dhanya Bank 16
4 Primary Urban Co-operative Bank 62
5 Employment Co-operative Credit Society 294
6 Market Committee 51
7 Process Co-operative Society 64
8 Urban Co-operative Credit Society 2158
9 Co-operative Farmer Society 15
10 Co-operative Water Suppliers Society 541
11 Khadi Co-operative Society 15
12 Electrical Co-operative Society 318
13 Industrial Co-operative Society 119
14 Industrial Vasahat Society 17
15 Consumer Co-operative Society 291
16 House Construction Co-operative Society 94
17 Labor Co-operative Society 94
18 Co-operative Sugar Factories 18
19 Vinkari Co-operative Society 47
20 Transport Co-operative Society 64
21 Milk Product Co-operative Society 2755
22 Co-operative Fishing Society 22
23 Co-operative Poultry Society 67
24 Co-operative Animal Society 271
25 Other Co-operative Societies 175
Total 9153
Source : http/info.kolhapur world.com/Kolhapur cooperative html.
4.9.1 Co-operative Sugar Industry:
The first sugar factory in Kolhapur district was established in 1958-59 at Bhogawati. The
Sugar industry plays a vital role in the economic, political and social development of the district.
The great leaders of the cooperative movements Maharshi Tatyasaheb Kore, Dadasaheb Patil,
Ratnappa Kumbhar, D. S. Narake have contributed a lot for the development movement of co-
operative sector in the district. There are 18 co-operative sugar factories in the district including
first women’s cooperative sugar factory in the district including first women’s cooperative sugar
factory in the Asia continent Tamoboli in Bhudargad Tehsil of district. There are 3.18 lacks of
member of these cooperative sugar factories. The cooperative sugar industry has provided
financial support to the farmers in the village. The sugar industries also hasits impact on the
politics and economics of the district.
Table No. 15 : List of Co-operative sugar Factories in Kolhapur district.
Sr.
No. Name of the Factory Location
1 Udya Singh Gaikwad Co-operative Sugar Factory Ltd.
Sonvade
Shahuwadi
2 Varna Varnanagar Panhala
3 Datt Co-operative Sugar Factory Ltd. Asrle-parle Hatkangle
4 Panchganga Co-operative Sugar Factory Ltd.Echalkarangi Hatkangle
5 Jawar Co-operative Sugar Factory Ltd. Huppari Hatkangle
6 Sharad Farmer Co-operative Sugar Factory Ltd. Narnde Hatkangle
7 Datt Farmer Co-operative Sugar Factory Ltd. Shirol Shirol
8 Bhogawati Co-operative Sugar Factory Ltd. Parite Karveer
9 Kumbha kasari Co-operative Sugar Factory Ltd. Kudige Karveer
10 Chh. Rajaram Co-operative Sugar Factory Ltd. Kasba Bavada Karveer
11 D. Y. Patil Co-operative Sugar Factory Ltd. Vesarf Gaganbawada
12 Sadashivrao Mandalik Co-operative Sugar Factory Ltd.
Hamidwada
Kagal
13 Chh. Shahu Co-operative Sugar Factory Ltd. Kagal Kagal
14 Dhudhaganga Vedganga Co-operative Sugar Factory Ltd.
Bidri
Kagal
15 Indira Mahila Co-operative Sugar Factory Ltd. Tamboli Bhudrgad
16 Ajra Farmer Co-operative Sugar Factory Ltd. Gavase Ajara
17 Gadhinglaj Tahasil Co-operative Sugar Factory Ltd. Harali Gadhinglag
18 Daolat Co-operative Sugar Factory Ltd. Halkarni Chandgad
Total 18
Out of the above mentioned sugar industries, the industries located at Bhogawati,
Kumbhi, Daulat, Datta (Shirol), warana and Shahu have started their own distilleries for alcohol
manufacturing. The units at Jawahar and Shahu has started the Project of electricity generation,
near about 60% of the population of the district are the stake holders of co-operative sugar
industry. There is a direct impact of this co-operative sector on the social, economic, educational
and political scenario of the district.
4.9.2 Co-operative Dairy Industry :
The co-operative Dairy industries in the district have been proved as one of the
supportive occupation to Agriculture. There were two different pictures in the district, there were
some people who are waiting for the milk and on the other hand some milk producers were
waiting for the customers. The cooperative dairy industry has given solution to both the
problems. A landless agricultural labour and a landlord, both are connected with the dairy
industry. The annual transaction out of dairy industry has given solution to both the problems.
The annual transaction out of dairy industry in the district is more than 1000 carores. It is the
second largest industry next to sugar industry in the district. Gokul Sahakari Dudh Sangh and
Warana Sahakari Dudh Sangh are the largest co-operative dairy units in the district. In addition
to these, there are near about 3988 co-operative dairy units in the district collecting and
processing milk.
4.9.3 District Central Cooperative Bank :
There are 207 branches of K.D.C.C. Bank in the district. 1697 cooperative organization
and 710 individual are the members of K.D.C.C. Bank. The share capital of the bank is Rs. 92.8
lack and the working capital is Rs. 20.57 corers. Deposits in the bank is of 15.93 corers and the
bank has provided short term, medium term and long term loan of Rs. 88.3 lacs, 508 lacs and 7.5
corers respectively.
The data collected in table No. 4.5 and 4.6 clearly shows the wide-spread co-operative
sector in the district. There is no even a single village without a cooperative venture. More than
95% of the population in the district is connected with some cooperative movement. The co-
operative movement is a remarkable achievement of Kolhapur district.
4.10 District Administration:
For the purpose of effective administration, twelve tehsils in the district have
beendivided into four revenue divisions. Karveer, Shahuwadi, Ichalkarnji and Gardhiglaj.
1. The tehsils under Karveer Revenue Division are Karveer, Panhala, Shahuwadi and
Kagal.
2. The tehsils under Ichalkaranji subdivision are Hatkanangale and Shirol.
3. The tehsils under Gadhinglas revenue division are Gadhiglaj, Chandgad and Ajara.
4. The tehsils in Radhanagri division are Bhudargad, Radhanagri and Ganganbawada.
There are 127 villages in the district and out of this 21 villages are without human inhabitant
and 18 towns.
Table No. 16 : Tehsil wise Urban/Rural area, no to towns and villages and distance from
Kolhapur city.
Sr.No. Name of tehsils Rural
urban
Area in
sq.kms.
No.of
villages
No. of
towns
Distance
from
Kolhapur
1 Shahuwadi
Total 1043.50
133 1 47 Rural 1041.50
Urban 1041.60
2 Panhala
Total 568.80
130 1 18 Rural 566.20
Urban 2.60
3 Hatkangle
Total 609.40
58 5 20 Rural 543.10
Urban 66.30
4 Karveer
Total 671.10
125 5 - Rural 578.10
Urban 93.00
5 Shirol
Total 507.90
54 2 60 Rural 480.70
Urban 27.20
6 Gagnbawada
Total 279.30
39 - 48 Rural 279.30
Urban 0
7 Radhanagari Total 892.30
114 - 48 Rural 892.30
Urban 0
8 Kagal
Total 547.50
86 2 18 Rural 506.60
Urban 40.90
9 Bhudargad
Total 644.40
114 - 64 Rural 644.40
Urban 0
10 Ajara
Total 548.80
96 1 101 Rural 541.00
Urban 7.80
11 Gadhinglaj
Total 481.20
91 1 80 Rural 472.10
Urban 9.10
12 Chandgad
Total 952.20
156 - 142 Rural 952.20
Urban 0
Total
Total 7746.40
1196 18 - Rural 7497.60
Urban 248.80
Source Collector & district election officer, Kolhapur District Election Plan – 2009
4.11 Political Background of Kolhapur:
Indian Freedom Struggle was led by Bhartiya Rashtriya Congress all over India and the
small states were also led by Bhartiya Praja Parishad against the British Rule in India. There was
a political agent appointed by British Rule as an observer in Kolhapur State, thus it gave
secondary place to the king. Rajarshi Shahu died in 1922, after that his son Chatrapati Rajaram
was coronated as the King of Kolhapur state, he ruled from 1922 to 1940. The year was the
beginning of Gandhian era in Indian Freedom struggle in India. Gandhi visited Kolhapur in 1927
and addressed a large gathering. The Raja Parishad was established in Kolhapur on 6th
Feb, 1939
by Madhavrao Bagal and Ratnappa Kumbhar. The Praja Provishad worked for social welfare
and national awareness agains British Rule in India. The existing King of Kolhapur was against
the Praja Parishad, he decleard prohibition general meetings and press publication, later on in
1943, Madharao Bagal, the leader of praja Parishad was arrested by the king of Kolhapur.
The praja Parishad has played viatal role in Indian Freedom struggle in Kolhapur during
1939 to 1949. The great leaders of praja parishad Madhavrao Bagal, Ratnappa Kumbhar,
Dinkarrao Desai, Nanasaheb Jagdale, Ranoba Minche, T. S. Karkhanis, Daulatrao Nikam has
their contribution for Indian Freedom struggle in Kolhapur state. In the course of time there was
a difference of opinion between Ratnappa Kumbhar and Madhavrao Bagal. It ultimately resulted
in the weakening of the movement in Kolhapur state and as a result of this the Praja Parishad in
Kolhapur was aboslished by Ratnappa Kumbhar on 19th Feb. 1949.
The activists of Praja Parishad after it abolition, turned towards different movements like
Congress, Socialist movement and Communist movement in pre-independent India. On 2/3
Aug., 1947. Shetakari Kamagar Paksha was established/formed at Alandi and developed in
Kolhapur. In the election of 1952, the candidate of Bhartiya Kamgar Paksha got victory and
elected though the shetkari Kamgar Paksh is at the declining stage in the state, but it is strong
even today in Kolhapur.
There is dispute among the congress leaders in Kolhapur. The division of congress at the
National level in 1999 also has its impact the Kolhapur district. Today there is impact of both the
congress parties in INC and Nationalist Congress in Kolhapur district politics. The other
political parties in the district are Shivsena, Indian Communist Party and Marxist Communist
Party. ‘Jan Suraja’ a new political party formed by Vinay Kore has its headquarter at Warana in
Kolhapur district. The farmers in district are also under the impact of Shetakari Sanghatana and
Raju Shetty’s Swabhimani Shetkari Sanghatana. Raju Shetty has the massive public support for
a protest against the govt. regarding the prices of sugarcane and Milk.
The details of two general Election of 2004 and 2009, voting the elected members of
Parliament and Assembly election were shown in the table 4.8
Table No. 17 : Parliamentary Election of 2004 (A)
Sr.No. Name of the
Constitution
Total
Voters
No. of voters voted Percentage
Male Female Total
1 Ichalkaranji 1215059 417168 364013 791181 65.11
2 Kolhapur 1162212 428602 385018 813620 70.01
Total 2377271 845770 749031 1604801 67.51
Table No. 18 : Parliamentary Election of 2009 (B)
Sr.
No.
Name of the
Constitution
Total
Voters
No. of voters voted Percentage
Male Female Total
3 Hatkanngle 1454889 518058 458714 976772 67.14
4 Kolhapur 1575932 542471 472588 1025059 65.04
Total 3030821 1060529 941302 2001831 66.05
Source : District Election Officer, Office of District Collector, Kolhapur
Table No. 19 : Details of Assembly Election – 2004 (A)
Sr.No. Name of the
Constitution
Total
Voters
No. of voters voted Percentage
Male Female Total
1 Shirol 236124 91837 82386 174223 73.78
2 Echalkaranji 264467 97020 85785 183805 61.12
3 Wadgaw 218553 83116 73678 156794 71.74
4 Shahuwadi 171070 71054 70938 141992 83.00
5 Panhala 160412 68142 66968 135110 84.33
6 Sangarul 194456 86295 78363 164658 84.88
7 Radhanagari 198668 79767 76253 156020 78.53
8 Kolhapur 217736 75797 65886 141683 65.07
9 Karveer 258178 101377 92461 193838 78.08
10 Kagal 183059 81923 79623 161546 88.25
11 Gadhinglaj 177008 65571 68419 133990 75.70
12 Chandgad 179187 70670 75741 146411 81.71
Total 2458938 972569 916501 1889070 76.82
Source, District Election Officer, Office of District Collector, Kolhapur
Table No. 20 : Details of Assembly Election – 2009 (B)
Sr.No. Name of the
Constitution
Total
Voters
No. of voters voted Percentage
Male Female Total
1 Shirol 254606 99390 28359 187749 73.74
2 Echalkaranji 261436 97442 85557 182999 70.00
3 Shahuwadi 240728 98310 94856 193166 80.24
4 Radhanagari 279337 107813 103689 211502 75.72
5 Kolhapur(w) 275565 91175 91050 190225 69.03
6 Kolhapur (E) 265753 81880 70043 151923 57.17
7 Karveer 257866 114260 121308 215568 83.60
8 Kagal 275921 113448 111571 225019 81.55
9 Chandgad 263518 101896 104860 206756 78.46
Total 2651137 1017618 941897 1959475 73.91
Source : District Election Officer, Office of District Collector, Kolhapur
Table No. 21 : Members of parliaments – 2004 (A)
Sr. No. Name Constitution Voters Political Party
1 Sou. Nivedeeta Mane Echalkaranji Rashtrawadi Congress
2 Sadashivrao Mandlik Kolhapur Rashtrawadi Congress
Sr. No. 22 : Members of parliaments – 2009 (B)
Sr. No. Name Constitution Voters Political Party
1 Raju Shetti Hatkangle Swabhimani Party
2 Sadashivrao Mandlik Kolhapur Rashtrawadi Congress
Table No. 23 : List of Assembly M.L.A. Oct. 2004
Sr. No. Name of MLA Constitution Political Party
1 Raju Shetti Shirol Swabhimani Party
2 Prakash Awade Echalkaranji Congress
3 Rajiv Awale Vadgaw Jansurajya Party
4 Satyajit Patil Shahuwadi Shiv Sena
5 Vinaya kore Gaganbawada Jansurajya Party
6 P. N. Patil Sangrula Congress
7 K. P. Patil Radhanagari Congress
8 Chh. Malojiraje Kolhapur Congress
9 Satej / Banti Patil Karveer Congress
10 Hasan Mushrif Kagal Rashtrawadi Congress
11 Babasaheb Kupekar Gadhinglaj Rashtrawadi Congress
12 Narshingrao G. Patil Chandgad Jansurajya Party
Source: District Election Officer, Office of District Collector, Kolhapur
4.12 Education in the district:
In the ancient history, Kolhapur was famous was famous as ‘Dakshin Kashi’. The ancient
Sanskrit literature has nourished in Kolhapur. There were number of Ved Pathashalas teaching
the ancient Sanskrit writing like Yajurved, Rugveda, Vyakaran, Nayaya, Sahitya Shastra, Kayva,
Jyotisha and Vedant. There were number of teaching communities in Kolhapur who were the
experts in ancient Sanskrit literature. Before the reign of Rajarshi Shahu, there were four Marathi
Medium Schools located at Kolhapur, Panhala, Alate and Shirol. In 1851, the first English
medium school was opened in Kolhapur and in 1867 the primary school was extended as an high
school. There were revolutionary changes in the educational scenario of Kolhapur after 1894, i.e.
the coronation of Rajashri Shahu as the King of Kolhapur State.
The financial weakness was the only problem of masses to keep them deprived of
education. Rajashree Shahu, a great revolutionary who had the keen interest in the welfare of the
unprevilaged classes opened first school in Kolhapur and it was financed by the state of
Kolhapur. Rajarshi Shahu was of the firm belief that providing education to his subjects in the
responsibility of the King. In 1997, he made the primary education as mandatory for the children
below the age of 14 years. It was the beginning of a new era in the National history of India.
Rajashri Shahu opened 22 hostels in Kolhapur state to provide lodging and boarding to the
students belonging to different castes. He opened castewise hostels like Maratha Hostel,
Lingayat Hostel, Muslim Hostel, Jain Hostel, Sonar Hostel and Chambhar Hostel for the
students belonging to the particular castes in the state. As a result of this, students from the entire
country were attracted at Kolhapur for education. Education was now under the patron hood of
the king, ultimately it flourished and nourished in Kolhapur state and Kolhapur come forward as
one of the best centre of education in India.
Alike Rajarshi Shahu, his son Chatrapati Shahu has taken all the care of education in the
state. The contemporary educationist, thinkers and philosophers, supported the kings for the sake
of education in the Kolhapur state, among them the notable are Rakhamabai Kelkar, Vasudev
Topkhane, Dikshit Guruji, Kramaveer Dr. Bhaurao Patil, Dr. Appasaheb Pawar, Bapuji
Solunkhe, Dr. D. T. Patil Dr.. J. P. Naik etc. were the pioneers of education. There is a vast
development of education in Kolhapur at all the level like primary, secondary, higher secondary,
Graduate, Post Graduate and at the Research Level, in the post independent India of last sixty
years.
4.12.1 School Education:
According to the survey of 2005-2006, there were 2150 primary, 667 Secondary & 125
higher secondary schools in the district. The total numbers of students were 6.9 lacks, out of this
55% of the students were of primary education, 29% of students were of secondary education
and remaining 16% of the students were at higher secondary level. The 80% students of primary
education were found in the schools run by Local Governing Agencies and 99% of student of
secondary level were in the schools run by private organizations.
Table No. 24 : Primary and Secondary Schools in Kolhapur District
Sr.No. Year Primary Schools Secondary Schools
1 1952-53 945 40
2 1963-64 1704 169
3 1973-74 1883 235
4 1983-84 1930 253
5 2005-2006 2150 667
Source: Maharashtra Gazetteer Kolhapur district, 1989
4.12.2 Higher Education:
Shivaji University Kolhapur was established on 18th
Nov. 1962. It was the land mark in
the educational history of Kolhapur. The first vice-chancellor Dr. Appasaheb Pawar started
‘Earn and learn’ scheme in the university especially for the students of weaker section who came
from the rural background. There are 34 post graduate departments in the university campus.
The university also provides education through the distance mode and Adults. There are 248
college in the region affiliated to Shivaji University Kolhapur. Now a day’s numbers of private
organizations are coming forward in the field of education and turn very useful in the course of
time.
4.13 Importance of Education :
There is a close relationship between education and society. The events and affairs of the
contemporary age have an impact on the day-today life. The age long traditions, rituals, values,
faith and standards also gives an impact on the human life. There are number of historical
changes that took place in social, religious, cultural, economic and educational life of India, we
may find the roots of these changes in the ancient times. Thus the social change is one of the
important factors for the scientific study. The ancient Sanskrit saying, ‘Sa Vidya Ya Vimuktaye
– Nahi Dnyan Sadrusham Pavitramih Vidyate’ represents the importance and significance of
education. The nations who realized the importance of education are only marching ahead today.
4.14 Educational Changes:
For thousands of years, Indian masses were the victims of ignorance. The basic cause of
misery in their life was their ignorance. The education, in India was considered as the right of
elites/forward castes and the masses were kept deprived of education. The history in India turned
upside down and resulted in a change, a social change took place.
4.14.1 Education Before the British Rule in India :
In India, before the British Rule, the educational institutions were very rare, and they
were of private ownership. The rulers’ never considered themselves responsible for the came of
education. The education provided by the ‘Hindu Pathashalas’ was traditional education, they
use to teach Maths, Grammar, Philosophy, logic, ancient Sanskrit literature and astrology.
Sanskrit was the medium of instruction and in madarsa the condition was the same, the
difference was only of medium in Madarsas it was either Urdu or Arabi.
In the ancient time the purpose of education was not the personality development of
mankind, it was not to bring awareness about the external world it was only for the sake of
providing ancient traditional knowledge. The primary education was given for the day to day
transaction and higher education was religious and philosophic in nature.
Education before the British Rule in India was limited for a category of people. It was
specially for Brahmins, Kings and princess the rich people and elite classes. The education was
not the right of masses the unprivileged classes, they were kept deprived of education up to the
Britishers arrival in India.
4.14.2 Education in India, During The British Rule :
The British Rule established in India at the beginning of 19th
century. It brought drastic
changes in the Indian social life. In the history of India, number of forgein political rulers, rolled
India but there was no much impact of the foreign rulers on Indian life, The British Rule in India
has charges the frame of Indian Social life. The educational changes brought by the British Rule
in India equally brought a drastic change in Indian social life. The modern education system was
started in India by the British Rule. As a result of it both the rulers and the ruled were equally
benefited and it helped to bring a social change in Indian life.
The public education system came into existence in India during the British Rule. There
were charges in the system of education from tradition to modern. Now education was not the
right of a group of people only. But it was now open for each and everybody apart of his caste,
class and religion. The political rulers before the British Rule were not ready to accept the
responsibility of education of subject, but East India Company for the first time in India accepted
the responsibility of education with consent from the British Parliament. Even before the East
India Company, the Christian Missionaries in India were working for the Promotion and
Propaganda of Public education in India.
The Britishers were in need of clerks in India for their administration and also they were
in need of skilled salesman to sell the goods manufactured in England and being sold in India. It
was the basic purpose of British Rule to provide education to native Indians. Apart from it they
were the true lovers of knowledge. Whatever may be the purpose of British Rule, but they led
the foundation of modern education in India.
4.14.3 Development of Modern Education in India :
Education is the powerful medium of social change. Education was the beginning of
modernization in India. The modern education in the begining of renaissance in India. The
British Rulers have changed the age long Indian way of life. The Indian Renaissance thinkers
were impressed by the new British way of life and they realized the need of it. The education,
modern way of life and the material progress are the result of modern education. The Indian
social activists, thinkers and Philosophers traced the need of Modern Education and make
persuasion to open new educational institution in India during the British Rule. It was the
beginning of modern education in India.
4.14.4 Educational Development of Education in Kolhapur District:
Kolhapur district is a significant place in the religious, social, political, literary, cultural
and educational life of Maharashtra state. Kolhapur district has tremendous contribution in the
development of social life of the state of Maharashtra Kolhapur is popularly known as ‘Shakti
Peeth’ and ‘Dharma Peeth’ of Maharashtra, and also known as ‘Dakshin Kashi’. Tradition of
teaching and learning of ancient knowledge is one of the specialities of Kolhapur district.
Rajarshi Shahu, the king who had keen interest in the well being of the people and who
got a prominent place in the development of Modern Maharashtra. He worked to bring
education, Social and economic awareness among the people of his state. Before Rajarshi
Shahu’s Coronation on the king, it was highly difficult to get even a single youth in the
backward community, who had completed his education up to Matriculation. The masses and
backward communities were the rictims it ignorance and superstition. Education was only the
right of brahimins and some other rich people Brahimins was the dominant community in the
education from, ages in India and the massen were leading the life of ignorance and poverty.
Chatrapati Shahu has ignited the lamp of knowledge in the dark life of the unprestiaged
classes at large He provided free primary to higher education to the subjects of his state.
Eucation is the source of desired prosperity. Chatrapati shahu a king who is aware of the well
being of the subjects ruled his state very successfully. He provided education to the rural masses
to bring desired changes in their personality, He provided free and mandatory primary education
to masses He had truly popularized and prapogated education in the state of Kolhapur.
After the death of Rajarshi Shahu, his son Rajaram was coroneted as the king of
Kolhapur on 31 may, 1922, a like his father he also worked for the well being of masses and
provided them free and mandatory primary to higher education in the state of Kolhapur.
Zilla Parishad Kolhapur was established in 1962. The educational administration was now
the responsibility of Z. P. In the urban region the responsibility was taken by the Municipal
corporation and Municipal Councils.. As per the statutes of Maharashtra Zilla Parishads and
Panchayat Samitee’s the power were given to these organizations to inspect the schools. In
addition to Z. P. There are numbers of N.G. O. S. who are working in the field of education.
4.15 Geographical Location of Ajara,Gadhiglaj and Chandgad.
Kolhapur is the rich district. The three tehsils selected for the present study are located in
the southern region of district. The irrigation facility for agriculture is available throughout the
year in this region and ultimately the region has a good crop yield. Total numbers of villages
including three tehsils are 349 (Ajara – 99, Gadhinglas – 93, Chandgad – 157). The geographical
area of the region selected for study is 1982.18 Sq. Km. (Ajara – 548.74 Sq. Km., Gadhinglaj –
480.92 Sq. Km., Chandgad – 952.74 Sq. Km.) and the population is 4,63,765 (Ajara – 4,06,425,
Gadhinglaj – 1,97,600 and Chandgad – 1,59,740).
The eastern portion presents a relatively plain area where as to western part has varied
topography with narrow basin and small hills the western and southern boundary of the region is
delimited by Western Ghats
Table 25 : Chandgad, Ajara & Gadhinglas Tahsil : At a Glance
Sr.
No. Aspects
Details
Chandgad Ajara Gadhinglas
1 Climate 18.5 Min. Temp.
30.0 Max.
Temp.
18.5 Min.
Temp.
30.0 Max.
Temp.
18.5 Min.
Temp.
30.0 Max.
temp.
2 Forest Area 22747.11 Hec. 15768.75 Hec. 1791.61 Hec.
3 Agriculture Area 53,97,153 Hec. 40,50,142
Hec.
1009,21 Hec.
4 Density of Population 188 / Sq. Km. 218 / Sq. Km. 446 / Sq. Km.
5 Literacy 66.7
80.7 – Male
53.3 – Female
69.4
82.6 – Male
57.5 – Female
71.8
84.0 – Male
60.1 – Female
6 Temperature 13.10C Min.
35.50C Max.
13.10C Min.
35.50C Max.
13.10C Min.
35.50C Max.
7 Sex Ratio (M/F) 1000/1033 1000/1082 1000/1016
8 Villages 157 99 93
9 Rainfall 2700 Mm. 3140 Mm. 965 Mm.
Historical Background
Ajara and Gadhinglas are the two tehsils, which are included in Kolhapur district, even
before the reign of Rajarshi Shahu, so there is well impact of Rajarshi Shahu as a ruler on these
two tehsils. Gadhinglas and Ajara tehsils have a glorious historical tradition. There was historic
‘Devdashi Movement’ that took place in the historical timings. The historical forts Samangarh,
Godargardh, Hargapurgarh, Pargarh, Kalanandigarh and Gandharvgarh are located in this region
and they are in good condition. Chatrapati Shivaji visited this region. There is the ‘Samadhi’ of
Prataprao Gujar in this region.
Chandgarh was the part of Belgaon district up to 1956. It was only the Marathi speaking
tehsil in Belgaon district, and thus remained neglected by the Karnataka state. Chandgarh is
geographically prosperous tehsil, but it remained educationally backward. In 1956, on 1st
November, Chandgarh was included in Kolhapur district.
All the three tehsils have literary significance as the great Marathi writers are from this
region like Shivaji Sawant and Ranjeet Desai. These three tehsils have a rich history.
Social and Cultural Activities
In Chandgarh, Ajara and Gadhinglas Tehsil, people belonging to different castes, cultures
and religion are living together happily. There are socio-cultural organizations like Bhajani
Mandals, play groups, Rotary Club, Lion’s Club, Friends Club and Mahila Atyachar Nirmulan
Samitee working efficiently and effectively for the purpose for which they have formed.
Traditional festivals were celebrated in a secular way. The festivals like Navratri, Rawalnath
Mahotsav, Ganesh Utsav, Yatra Utsav, Holi, Deepawali, Nagpanchami, Pola, Id-Ul-Fitra,
Ambedkar Jayanti, Shiv Jayanti, Buddha Pornima etc. are celebrated together traditionally by the
people belonging to different castes and religions.
Educational Background
There are number of schools and colleges in the selected area of study. The colleges
located are Shivaji College, Dr. Ghali College, Omkar College and Women’s College in
Gadhinglas tehsil, Ajara College in Ajara, R. B. Madkholkar College, Y. C. College and Arts
College in Chandgarh tehsil. The N. G. O’s like Khedut Shikshan Santha, founded by the great
visionary R. B. Madhkholkar in 1953 is working efficiently for the cause of education in the
region. It is working specially in the rural area for rural students.
As the concept of Global village, picking up momentum, the world is facing tremendous
changes in the English language today. In this changing scenario, the role of teachers, teaching
English language, assumes more significant, thus the role of English teachers has become more
challenging to face the changing scenario for the better future of students.
The importance of English, as a language is increasing day by day, but on the other hand
the teaching of English in the Marathi medium schools located in the area selected for the study
is found incapable of facing the contemporary challenges. English teachers, teaching in Marathi
schools are far behind the challenges to face.
Table 26: Educational Background
Sr.
No. Aspects
details
Ajara Gadhinglas Chandgad
1 Z. P. Schools 122 128 202
2 Secondary Schools
& Colleges
(Junior & Senior)
86 40 83
3 English Medium
Schools
5 5 10
4 Z. P. School
Teachers
500 531 655
5 Headmasters 57 46 90
6 Graduates 57 59 79
7 Extent Officer 4 4 5
8 Kendra Pramukh 11 13 16
The training programmes, orientation courses organized to train the teachers with a new
methods and techniques of teaching English have been resulted fruitless.
While teaching English grammar the teacher states the rules and then translates it into
mother tongue. There is no drilling of structures is takes up. Due to the excessive use of
grammar and translation method the four skills of teaching are being neglected by the teachers.
The parent-teacher awareness plays an important role in shaping the future of children.
Effective teaching takes place only when the learning experience chosen for teaching the
subject is in accordance with the appropriate method, which ultimately leads in achieving the
objectives set down for teaching of English.
Majority of the Indian population live in rural area, the quality of education in the rural
area is not up to the standard, the picture is same in case of Chandgarh, Ajara and Gadhinglas
tehsils selected for the study. The picture is gloomy and ultimately it has an effect on the future
of students in the region. This problem is faced largely in the area selected for the present study.
Life Pattern
In Chandgarh, Ajara and Gadhinglas tehsils, the water for irrigation is available in a
maple amount, so the cast crops were taken in the region and developed dairy industry have
improved economic / financial status of the farmers. These three tehsils, selected for the study,
are the rich tehsils and ultimately the people are leading progressed life style. The medium of
communication, at the most, is Marathi, the other languages spoken by people are Kannada and
Hindi, who are the inhabitants of rural area and dependent upon agriculture.
Economic Condition of People
The natural resources are also available in ample amount in the region selected for the
study. Water storage facilities like, Dams, Ponds and bandhare in these tehsils, have provided
water for agriculture and irrigation through out the year in addition to the rainfall of 100 to 125
mm in the region. As a result of water facilities made available for agriculture the annual income
in the area of the formers is good as compared to the rest of the district.
Means of Livelihood
The southern part of the district is financially rich. The natural resources, sufficient
rainfall, flowing rivers, the dams and project have played a vital role for the prosperity of this
region. The cash crops like sugarcane, rice, potato, sweet potato, groundnut and the vegetables
are generally cultivated and harvested by the farmers in this region. The sugarcane is the chief
financial source of the farmers in addition to it is fishery.
Majority of the population in the three tehsils selected for the study resides in the rural
area. 80% of the population is engaged in agriculture as a chief occupation. The wearing of the
people is half panties and shirts, women wear Navwari sarees, the youngstars are using Punjabi
suits, jeans and shirts. The mother tongue of the majority of population is Marathi. The main diet
in the region is rice, dal, jawar roti, chapatti and some of them also prefer non-vegetarian food
mainly the fish.
16 References
1. Choudhari K. K.; ‘Gazetter of Maharashtra State’; Kolhapur District, Secretory, Cultural
Dept., Govt. of Maharashtra, Mumbai, 1989.
2. Bhide G. R. and Deshpande P. L.; ‘Kolhapur darshan, Hon. Madanmohan Lohia Gourav
Granth’; International Publication Services, Pune, 1971.
3. Malashe G. P.; ‘Kolhapur : A studies urban geography’; Pune University, Pune, 1974.
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edition,
2009.
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Kolhapur, Jan. 2009.
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edition, 2008.
7. Garge S. M.; ‘Marathi Riyasat’; Popular Publication, 1989.
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Jan. 2003.
10. Pawar Tulsingrao; ‘Rajashree Shahu Smarak Grantha’; Maharashtra History Prabodhini,
Kolhapur, 2008.
11. Chauhri K. K.; ‘Rajashree Shahu Smarak Grantha’; Maharashtra History Prabodhini,
Kolhapur, 2008.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ministory of Finance and Statistics; ‘District social and economic budget’; Kolhapur
District, 2007.
15. Government of india; Census Department, Maharashtra Census, 2001.
16. Ibid.
17. Bhide G. R. and Deshpande P. L.; Census Department, Maharashtra Census, 2001.
18. Magar Jaikumar; Maharashtra State Bureau of textbook production and curriculum
research; Pune, 2008.
19. Chavan V. M.; ‘Daily Lokmat’; Anniversory, Rajsing, Kolhapur, 20.08.2009.
20. Economic and Statistical Directories.
21. Patil Ramesh; ‘Daily Lokmat’; Anniversory, Rajsing, Kolhapur, 20th
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