Literature Review

38

39

CHAPTER -II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW

The following literature is carried out during research work

• Leyla et al ( 2010) reported the isolation & characterization of

seven flavonoids, the levels of total phenolics, flavonoids &

proanthocyanidins, & the antioxidant activity of the leaf extract of Rosa

agrestis Savi (Rosaceae). The results showed that the R. agrestis leaf

extract exhibited important antioxidative activity as measured by DPPH.

The flavonoids isolated from R. agrestis leaves were diosmetine,

kaemferol, quercetine, kaemferol-3-glucoside (astragalin), quercetine 3-

rhamnoside (quercitrine), quercetin-3e-xyloside & quercetin-3-galactoside

(hyperoside). Diosmetin (5,7,30-trihydroxy-40-methoxyflavone) was

isolated for the first time from Rosa species.

• Khan et al (2005) carried out extraction & analysis of essential oil

of Rosa species . Two rose species R. damascena & R. centifolia were

analysed. The results showed that recovery of concrete oil from petals of

R. damascena was higher (0.24%) than R. centifolia (0.22%) on fresh

weight basis. GC analysis revealed R. centifolia having higher content of

chemical constituents studied except phenyl ethyl alcohol which was

higher in R. damascena than Rosa centifolia. Geraniol, eugenol, rhodinol,

40

citronellol, linolool, phenyl ethyl alcohol, rhodinyl acetate are present in

essential oil of R. centifolia & R. damascena with variable percentage.

• Kumar et al (2009) carried out antioxidant activity & ultra-

performance LC-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight mass

spectrometry for phenolics-based fingrprinting of Rose species: R.

damascena, R. bourboniana & R. brunonii. The results showed that the

methanolic extracts of R. brunonii exhibited maximum free-radical-

scavenging activity followed by R. bourboniana & R. damascena at 100

µg/ml as evaluated by (DPPH) method. Ultra pressure liquid

chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-

flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS) was used to analyze

phenolic composition in the MeOH extracts from the fresh flowers of rose

species The dominance of quercetin, kaempferol & their glycosides was

observed in all the three species.

• Cai et al (2005) carried out identification of phenolic antioxidants

by LC-ESI-MS & MALDI-QIT-TOF MS from R. chinensis flowers. In this

study, LC-MS was employed to simultaneously identify many phenolic

constituents separated directly from crude extracts of the dried R.

chinensis flowers. LC-MS analysis showed that the major phenolic

constituents in the dried R. chinensis flowers were hydrolyzable tannins,

flavonols, & anthocyanins consisting of over 30 known & unknown

compounds. These included 16 hydrolyzable tannins (gallotannins &

ellagitannins), 17 flavonols, & 3 anthocyanins. The assay results of

antioxidant activity of the methanolic crude extracts indicated that the

phenolic antioxidants from R. chinensis flowers exhibited potent

antioxidant effects.

• Raj Janifer et al (2010) wrote on screening of phytochemical active

compounds of 21 medicinal plants of Trans Himalaya region.

41

Tannins, alkaloids, bitter glycosides, coumarins, steroids, anthracene

glycosides, flavonoids & cardiac glycosides are distributed in high 1

altitude medicinal plants belonging to many types of families (Lamiaceae,

Apiaceae, Rosaceae, Asteraceae, Rubiaceae, Crassulaceae, Urticaceae

& Zygophylaceae). These all plant constituents were assessed &

compared. The plant tested were Achillea milafolium, Artemiesin,

dracunulus, Bidens pilosa, Heraceleum pinnatum, Carum carvi,

Hippophae rhamnoids, Inula racemosa, Dracocephalum heterophyllum,

menthalongifolia, ferula jaeskiana, Nepeta podostachys, Gallium

pauciflorum, origanum vulgare, Rosa webbiana, Rosa microphylla,

Peganum harmala, Rhodolia imbricate, Rubia condifolia, Rhodiols

heterodenia, Tanicacetum gracile & Utrica hyperborea which have been

mainly utilized for time immemorial in the traditional Amchi system of

herbal medicine in the Leh Ladakh region of India. Phytochemical

constituents were quantitatively identified using aqueous extracts &

solvent portion of plants appling various biochemical testings. Further

study will isolate, characterize, identify & elucidate the structural formula &

structure activity relationaship of new bioactive herbal formulations. The

importance of these plants in traditional herbal medicine & the value of

the distribution of their chemical constituents are studied in the context of

the role of the plants in ethanomedicine in Leh Ledakh region. Rosa

webbiana is known as wild rose or siah & its flowers & fruits are were used

for the treatment of fever due to poison & food poisoning. Rosa webbiana

was also used for inflammation of liver, hepatitis & jaundice.

• Malpani A arti et al (2011) wrote on effect of aqueous extract of

Gloriosa superba roots on reproductive & cardiovascular system in female

albino rat.

42

HO

H3CO

OCH3

H3CO

O

CH3COHN

2-demethylcolchicine

from ancient time in traditional system of Indian medicine Gloriosa superb

was used to induce labor. The study was carried out to evaluate the

activity of H2O aqueous extract of plant root for female reproductive

system. The simple maceration method was used for extraction with

water. Toxicity (in mice) & antifertility study as well as phytochemical

analysis, uterotropic assay, ducioduoma model, utrotonic checking in vitro

& in vivo of H2O aqueous extract was performed on albino rats. Uterotonic

reference st&ard was taken oxytoxin. The effect of extract on

cardiovascular system is also studied. Phytochemical screening reveals

presence of tannins, flavonoids, glycosides & alkaloids in the H2O

aqueous extract of Gloriosa superb. The yield of extract was 6% & was

obtained as safe at a dose of 550 mg/kg/body weight. Early abortifacient

activity was shown by antifertility study. There is no change in weight of

uterus & ducidual. Both the extract & oxytoxin (St&ard) showed dose

dependent contraction but extract had no effect on cardiovascular system.

The oxytoxic & early abortifacient activity of extract was shown which is

mainly due to presence of alkaloid colchicine & colchicoids. This gives

ofjustification for its use in traditional medicine.

43

H3CO

H3CO

H3CO

H

NHCOCH 3 H

O

OCH3

Beta-lumicholchicine

CH3

H

CH3 H

H3C

CH3

CH3

HO

Beta-sitosterol

• Megala S et al (2012) developed a method for bioactive compound

analysis & used MS method for identification of Seeds & Tuber of Gloriosa

superb.

The article mainly highlight phytochemical & gas chromatographic-mass

spectroscopic (hyphenated technique) analysis of Gloriosa superb

medicinal plant. The MeOH extract of plant showed presence of bioactive

& phytochemical constituents found in gas-mass analysis of Gloriosa

superb. The final results found five bioactive compounds in tuner & 4

phytochemical constituents in seeds. Seeds have high contents of

alkaloids.

44

H3CO

H3CO

OH

H3CO

O

CH3COHN

3-demethylcolchicine

• Hemant Badwaik et al (2011) reported review on pharmacological

profile of Gloriosa superba known as phytomedicine.

Synthetic medicines are increasing very fastly in the world drug market.

Ayurvedic medicines are the only altrative way to replace the medicines by

indigenous plant derived copounds. Gloriosa supeba is one of them. It

was used in ancient medicine as ethinomedicine plant. Phytochemical

study of Gloriosa superba shows presence of colchicines & β-sitosterol,

higher carbon chain fatty acids, β-lumicolchicine, γ-lumicholchine,

gloricine, 2-dehydroxy-6-demethoxy benzoic acid, N-formyl desacetyl

cholchicine & new colchicines glycosides 3-demethyl-ocholchicine, 2-

demethyl-o-colchicine & α-D-glucopyranoside. The FDA approved used of

Colchicine is in acute episodes of gout. The drug is also useful as anti-

tumor, antimicrobial, anticoagulant, antilipooxygenase & antidote in snake

bite. Hower plant is very poisonous if ingested directed. The side effect of

drug is nausea & GIT problems. The plant is main source of colchicines as

natural & synthetic way.

45

H3CO

H3CO

H3CO

H

NHCOCH 3 H

O

OCH3

Delta-lumicholchicine

• Geetangli et al (2012) described review on Gloriosa superba;

important medicinal plant

Gloriosa superb is herbaceous stout, perennial creeper, climbing herbs.

The plant is very important in medicine to cure ailments in Africa & Asia.

The important constituents of plant are colchicines & colchicoids which are

highly dem&ed by pharma industries & are very costly due to excessive

use of plant in large number of ailments. The plant is rarely available

species & threatened category. There is great problem of low set seed but

because of industries dem& it is now under cultivation. The conservation

of plant is very necessary otherwise plant will be lost upto 2020.

Phytochemical screening yielded alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids &

glycosides in H2O aqueous extract. EtOH & water extract yielede

phytosterols, fixed oils, fats, carbohydrates, mucilage, phenolic

compounds, saponins & gums. Alcoholic extract of dried tuber & plant

produced dextrose, organic acid, fatty alcohol & hydrocarbons. Tuber &

seed extracts isolated various compounds mainly colchicines &

colchicocides & semisynthetic derivatives of thiocolchicocides.

These derivatives were synthesized using plant raw material as starting

point after that the acetylation, methylation, esterification, sufonation,

amidation reactions were carried out in different solvent systems. The

optimum growth was found in alcoholic solvent system. Some structure

are given below of chemical constituents of Gloriosa superba.

46

H3CO

H3CO

OCH3

H3CO

O

CH3COHN

Colchicin e

H3CO

H3CO

OCH3

H3CO

O

OHCHN

Gloriosin e

• Ghazghazi et al (2010) carried out determination of phenols,

essential oil & carotenoids of R. canina from Tunisia & their antioxidant

activities. The results showed that the carotenoids identified in fruit

samples were carotene & lycopene. The essential oils of R. canina leaves

predominantly compromise of palmitic acid & vitispirane & their

concentrations were dependent on the harvesting zone. The phenol &

47

flavonoid contents & anti-oxidant activity of samples were varying,

depending on the locality from where they were collected.

• Kumarasamy et al (2003) carried out the determination of

bioactive flavonoid glycosides from the seeds of R. canina. The results

showed that preparative RP-HPLC analysis of the methanol extract of the

seeds of R. canina yielded two geometric isomeric flavonoid glycosides

characterized by spectroscopic techniques (UV, HRFABMS, & 1D & 2D

NMR) & comparison with the published data (Budzianowski & Skrzypczak,

1995; Kumar et al., 1985). Compounds were characterized as kaempferol-

3-O-(6-O-E-p-coumaroyl)-b-D-glucopyranoside & kaempferol-3-O-(6-O-Z-

p-coumaroyl)-b-D-glucopyranoside. The qualitative antioxidant assay

using DPPH spray on TLC plate bearing the spot of methanol extract of

the seeds of R. canina indicated the presence of antioxidant components

in the seeds. The isolated compounds showed some antioxidant

properties in a quantitative DPPH assay.

• Salminen et al (2005) carried out characterization of

proanthocyanidin aglycones & glycosides from rose hips by high-

pressure liquid chrometography–mass spectromtrey, & their rapid

quantification together with Vitamin C. The results showed that 15

individual proanthocyanidin aglycones & 19 glycosides, together with a

complex mixture of chromatographically non-separated proanthocyanidin

glycosides were detected. The non-separated glycosides being novel

plant derived copounds were characterized from R. canina hips using

high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionisation mass

spectrometry (HPLC–ESI-MS). Along with these phenolics, a 50%

aqueous ethanol extract of rose hips was found to contain high levels of

Vitamin C.

48

• Wong et al (2010) carried out evaluation of antioxidant, anti-

tyrosinase & antibacterial activities of selected China rose (Hibiscus)

species. Six species were assessed for their total phenolic content, total

anthocyanin content, ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity

(AEAC), ferric reducing power (FRP), ferrous ion chelating (FIC) ability &

lipid peroxidation inhibition (LPI) activity. Antityrosinase & antibacterial

activities of four species were assessed using the modified dopachrome &

disc diffusion methods, respectively.

• Ozkan et al (2004) determined antioxidant & antibacterial activities

of R. damascena flower extracts. The total phenolic contents were 276.02

mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g in fresh flower extract (FF) & 248.97mg

GAE/g in spent flower (SF) extract. FF & SF extracts showed 74.51 &

75.94 % antiradical activities at 100 ppm. The antioxidant activity of FF

extract (372.26 mg/g) was higher than that of SF extract (351.36mg/g).

Antibacterial activity of the extracts was determined by the agar diffusion

method against 15 species of bacteria: Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus

cereus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus feacalis, Escherichia coli,

Escherichia coli O157:H7, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Mycobacterium

smegmatis, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas

fluorescens, Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium,

Staphylococcus aureus & Yersinia enterocolitica. Both extracts were

effective against all the bacteria except E. coli O157:H7, although the FF

extract was more effective than the SF extract. FF & SF extracts showed

the strongest effects against S. enteritidis & M. smegmatis, respectively

• Stajner et al (2003) carried out evaluation of the antioxidant

abilities of Allium species. Antioxidative properties of leaves of different

wild (Allium flavum L., Allium sphaerocephalum L., Allium atroviolaceum

Bois., Alliumvienale L., Allium scorodoprasum L.) & grown (Allium

49

nutans L., Allium fistulosum L., Alliumvienale L., Allium pskemense B.

Fedtsch, Allium schenoprasum L., Allium cepa L., Allium sativumL.).

Allium sorts were investigated. Activities of antioxidant enzymes

(superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase) &

also the content of total flavonoids, chlorophylls a & b, carotenoids,

vitamin C & soluble proteins were determined. Results indicated that some

of grown Alliums such as Allium sativum L., A. vineale L., Allium cepa L.,

A. fistulosum L. & A. nutans L. possessed high antioxidant activities.

Among the wild Alliums, A. flavum L. & particulary A. ursinum L. exibited

high antioxidant activities.

• Shashi Ranjan et al (2010) investigated anti-inflammatory &

analgesic potential of leaf extract of Allium stracheyi. Results of qualitative

analysis indicated that petroleum ether & chloroform extract is rich in

steroids while methanolic & aqueous extract is rich in alkaloid & saponins.

The anti-inflammatory effect was observed in methanol, petroleum ether &

aqueous extract & compared with the st&ard Diclofenac sodium. Out of

the three extracts methanolic extract showed important percent reduction

(60%) as compared to the diclofenac sodium that showed 72% inhibition

of paw volume. The reduction was non-important in case of petroleum

ether extract & aqueous extract with 46 & 20% inhibition when the dose

administered was 100mg/kg.

• Higuchi et al (2003) investigated antioxidative activity of sulfur-

containing compounds in Allium species for human low-density lipoprotein

(LDL) oxidation in vitro. Anti-oxidative activities of sulfur containing amino

acids, dialk(en)yl disulfides, dialk(en)yl trisulfides, & that LOOH

formation on human LDL was inhibited by the addition of S-methyl-L-

cysteine, S-propyl-L-cysteine, S-allyl- L-cysteine, S-methyl-L-cysteine

sulfoxide, S-propyl-L cysteine sulfoxide, dimethyl trisulfide, diallyl

50

trisulfide, diethyl trisulfide, di-n-propyl trisulfide, di-isopropyl trisulfide, di-n-

butyl trisulfide etc.

• Marotti et al (2002) carried out characterization of flavonoids in

different cultivars of onion (Allium cepa L.). Twelve cultivars of different

colored onions (white, golden & red) were evaluated for fresh bulb yields &

flavonoid contents. The flavonoids extracted with methanol/water/acetic

acid (50:42:8, v:v:v) from fresh bulbs & characterized by HPLC on a DAD

detector were mainly constituted of quercetin & isorhamnetin in the form

of aglycones & glycosides.

• Nencinib et al (2007) carried out evaluation of antioxidative

properties of Allium species growing wild in Italy. Antioxidant activity of

aqueous extracts of different parts belonging to three Allium species

growing wild in Italy: Allium neapolitanum Cyr., A. subhirsutum L. & A.

roseum L., compared with the in vitro antioxidant activity of aqueous

extracts of bulbs & leaves of the much studied garlic (Allium sativum L.).

The flowers of species growing wild showed the higher antioxidant power

even by the leaves, while the antioxidant capacity of the bulbs was lower.

• Galdòn et al (2008) investigated the flavonoids composition of

onion cultivar (Allium cepa L.). Total phenol & flavonoid contents were

analyzed by HPLC coupled with a diode array detector in 5 traditional

onion cultivars from Tenerife (Guayonje, San Juan de la Rambla, Carrizal

Alto, Carrizal Bajo, & Masca) & a commercial cultivar (Texas Early Grano

502). Five quercetin chemical species (isoquercetin, quercetin diglucoside,

quercetin monoglucoside 1, quercetin monoglucoside 2 & free quercetin)

& kaempferol were identified & quantified in the onion samples. Variations

were noted total phenol, quercetin diglucoside,

51

isoquercetin, QMG/QDG ratio, & kaempferol contents between different

onion cultivars.

• Kekuda et al (2009) carried out the antibacterial & anthelmintic

activity of E. kologa Schldl . Phytochemical analysis of methanolic extract

showed the presence of tannins, saponins & flavonoids. Terpenoids,

alkaloids & steroids were not detected. The results of antibacterial activity

indicated antibacterial activities towards the Gram-positive bacteria to

more extent than Gram negative bacteria. Among different extracts tested,

maximum inhibition of test bacteria was found in methanolic extract

followed by chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone & least in petroleum ether

extract. Acetone & chloroform extracts showed good anthelmintic activity

& caused paralysis of worms in relatively shorter time (70 minutes) when

compared to other extracts.

• Tolkachev et al (2008) carried out phytochemical study of the bark

of some plants of the Elaeagnaceae family as a natural source of β-

carboline indole alkaloids. Six β-carboline indole alkaloids viz. harmane,

tetrahydroharmane, dihydroharmane, tetrahydroharmol, N-

methyltetrahydro harmol were identified using TLC & synthetic carbolines

as st&ards. In addition, the structures of the isolated alkaloids were

elucidated using IR & PMR spectra.

• Bucur et al. (2009) carried out & compared the polyphenols in two

soft extracts of E. angustifolia using HPLC-MS analysis. Major

compounds were identified as kaempferol, after hydrolysis (kaempferol

heterosides were presented) & p-cumaric acid before hydrolysis of the

extracts. An unknown heteroside hamnetol or isorhamnetol was identified

in the MS. Such compounds can be also found in Hippophae rhamnoides

L. species of the same family, which means that they can be a common

element of the species of Elaeagnaceae family.

52

• Abizov et al. (2008) determined composition of biologically active

substances isolated from the fruits of E. angustifolia introduced in the

European part of Russia. The polysaccharide complex of the fruit

consisted of glucose, mannose, galactose, fructose, xylose, & rhamnose

while rutin, quercetin, isorhamnetin, isorhamnetin-3-O-galactopyranoside,

eleagnoside, kaempferol, & caffeic acid constituted the flavonoid fraction

of the fruit. Aspargic acid, threonine, serine,glutamine, proline, glycine,

alanine, valine, methoinine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine,

histidine, lysine,arginine, tryptophan, cysteine, & cysteinic acid were also

identified in fruit.

• Hosseinzadeh et al (2003) studied the muscle relaxant activity of

E. angustifolia L. fruit seeds in mice. The aqueous & ethanolic extracts

(i.p.) induced a muscle relaxant effect in a dose dependent manner as

effective as diazepam (1 mg/kg). The results suggested that fruit seeds

exerted muscle relaxant activity due to flavonoid component(s).

• Hua Li et al (2009) investigated HT1080 tumor cell invasion

inhibition of methanol extract of E. glabra, a Korean medicinal plant. The

results showed that methanol extract suppresses cell invasion,

gelatinolytic activities, & protein & mRNA expressions of both MMP-2 &

MMP-9 inHT1080 cells.

• Hill R. A. et al (1993) reported terpenoids as a Natural product are

very useful inherbal medicines. They classified the terpenoids as given

below Terpens are hydrocarbon like pinine & terpenoids are oxygenated

hydrocarbons like phenol, alcohol, ethers, esters, ketones & aldehydes.

These are biosynthesized from isoprene unit that contain C5H8 formula &

chemically 2- methyl-1,3-butadiene.

53

Monoterpenoids (C10H16)

d) acyclic : ocimene, myrecetine, citral, citranellal, geraniol,

citranellol, linalool

e) monocyclic : d-limonene, carvone, pulegone, menthol,

menthone, α-terpeneol

f) bicyclic : camphor, borneol, isoborneol, pinine, fenchone

Sesquioterpenoids (C15H24)

d) acyclic : farnesol

e) monocyclic : zinziberine, curcumin

f) bicyclic :

Diterpenoids(C20H32)

d) acyclic :

e) monocyclic :

f) bicyclic :

Triterpenoids (C30H48) : Squalene, α amyrin β amyrin

Triterpenoids(C40H64) : carotene, crocine, bixin, cycophene

54

Composition of volatile oils

Name Botanical name Important

constituents

Terpenes or Sesquieterpenes

Turpentine Pinus spp. Terpenes

(pinenes, camphene)

Juniper Juniperus communis pinenes,

camphene & cadinene

Alcohols

Cori&er Cori&rum sativum Linalol (65-80%);

terpenes

Oil of rose Rosa spp. Geraniol,

citronellol (70-75%); esters

Geranium Pelargonium spp. Geraniol,

citronellol; esters

Indian or Turkish geranium Cymbopogon spp. Geraniol (85-90%)

S&al wood Santalum album Santalols (sesquiterpene

alcohols); esters, aldehyde

Esters & alcohols

Lavender Lav&ula officinalis Linalol; linalyl acetate

(much), ethyl phenyl ketone

Rosemary Rosemarinus officinalis Borneol & linalool

(10-18%); bornyl acetate

Pepperment mentha piperita Menthol (45%);

Menthyl acetate (4-9%)

Aldehydes

Cinnamon bark Cinnamomum verum presl. Cinnamiac aldehyde

(60-75%); eugenol; terpenes

55

Cassia

aldehyde (80%)

Cinnamomum cassia Cinnamiac

Lemon Citrus limonis citral (4%);

limonene (about 90%)

Lemon grass

Cymbopogon spp.

Citral & citronellal

(75-80%)

Terpenes or Sesquieterpenes

Turpentine Pinus spp. Terpenes

(pinenes, camphene)

Juniper Juniperus communis pinenes,

camphene & cadinene

Ketones

Spearmint Mentha spicata Carvone (55-70%);

limonene, ester

Caraway Carum carvi Carvone (60%);

limonene

Dill Anethum graveolens Carvone (50%);

limonene

Phenols

Clove Syzygium aromaticum Eugenol (85-

90%); acetyl eugenol & vanillin

Cinnamon

80%)

Cinnamomum verum presl. Eugenol (upto

Thyme Thymus vulgaris Thymol (20-

30%)

Tulsi

Ocimum sanctum

Eugenol

Ajawan Trychyspermum ammi Thymol (4-55%)

Ethers

Anise

Pimpinella anisum

Anethole (80-90%);

chavicol ether

56

Fennel Foeniculum vulgaris Anethole (60%);

fenchone (20%)

Eucalyptus Euclyptus globulus Cineole (70%);

terpenes

Cajuput Melaleuca spps Cineole (50-60%)

terpenes, alcohols

Camphor Cinnamomum camphara Camphor; safrole;

terpenes

Indian dill & Parsley Peucedanum soja Apiole

(Dimethoxysafrole)

Nutmeg Myristica fragrans Myristicin

(methyl safrole), terpenes

Peroxides

Chenopodium Chenopodium ambrosioids Ascaridole

(60-70%); terpene oxides

57

H3C

Acyclic Terpenoids H3C

CH2OH

CHO

Aromatic Compounds

H3CO

HO

OCH3

H3C CH3

H3C

CH3

CHO CH3

CH2

Geraniol Citral Cinnamic aldehyde Anthole Euginol

Monocyclic Monoterpenoids

H3C

H2C

H3C

H3C

H3C H3C

O

H3C

CH3

H3C

CH3

H3C

OH

CH3

H3C

OH

CH3

H3C

O

CH3

H3C

CH3

Limonene Beta Phellandrene alpha Terpineol Menthol Menthone Carvone

Bicyclic Monoterpenoids -

. . . . O .

O OH O O

. - - - - - - .

- -

CH2 -

.

alpha pinene Borneol Camphor Cineol Thujone Fenchone

Artemisia: flower heads of Artemisia cina BergArtemisia brevifolia

Darona oil: flowering herbs of Artemisia pallone (Compositisae)

Arnica: flower heads of Arnica montana (Compositae)

Oil of S&alwood: heart wood of Sabtalum album (Santalaceae)

Clove: dried flower buds of Eugenia caryophyllus myrtaceae, 15 %

Euginol

Hop: dried flower(strobilis) of Humulus lupulus (Cannabinaceae)

Saussurea: roots of Saussorea lappa (Compositae)

Acorus: rhizomes of Acorus calamus (Araceae) Asarone

Cubeb: unriped fruits of piper cubeba (Piperaceae) Cubebi

Valeria: Dried rhizomes, stolons of valeriana wallichi (Valerianaceae)

Feverfew: fresh dried leaves of aerial part of Tanacetum parthenium

(asteraseae)

58

Taxus (Diterpenoids) : Taxus buccata – Europeon, Taxus

cuspidata(Japan),Taxus brevifolia (Pacific yew) Paclitaxaled

Coleus (Diterpenoids) : roots of coleus fors kohli (Labiatae)Forkolin,

phytol,abietic acid

Amergris (Triterpenoid): Sperm Phystere catodon (Physterae),

squalene, amyrin

Annato (Tetraterpenoid): dried seeds of Bixa Orenella (Bixaceae), Bixin

Crocus (Tetraterpenoid): dried stigma of crocus sativus (Iridicas)

CrocinCrocetin + 2-gentibiose, Picrosin Glucose + Saffranal

• Fiaz Aziz Minhas et al (2013) reported antimicrobial or

antimicrobial or antibacterial spectrum of activities of the leaves & roots of

Elaeagnus umbellate thumb.

Bioactive compounds are obtained from plants that are rich sources. Many

medicinal plants have an important an important role in biomedicine.

Some bioactive compounds are lethal to plants & animals. Leaves & roots

of Elaeagnus umbellate were extracted with successive solvent extraction

method using various solvents like MeOH, MeCN, chloroform, di ethyl

ether & H2O on the basis of ethanomedical uses. The crude extracts were

tested for their antibacterial activity against many Gram +ve & Gram –ve

bacteria. The antifungal activity is also tested. The MeOH, EtOH, Pet.

Ether, Et acetate, CHCl3 & MeCOMe extracts of plants have validated

antibacterial activities against Gram +ve & Gram –ve bacterias. The

CH3COCH3, Pet ether, Et acetate & MeOH extracts of leaves & roots of

plants have siginificant antibicrobial activity while chloroform & EtOH

extracts showed moderate activity & water extract did not possess any

activity against all tested bacteria. EtOH & MeOH extracts have important

antifungal activity. The root extracts of plant were found more active than

leaves extracts against micro-organism.

59

• Manske R H S et al (1965) reportd alkaloids & its importance in

medicine Alkalis like substances are known as alkaloids. These are basic

in nature. The basicity is due to nitrogen atom present in ring or outside

the ring. Maximum alkaloids are organic solvent soluble & water insoluble

but their salts are water soluble product with mineral acid. The alkaloids

may contain one or more number of nitrogen & may exist in the form as

primary (R-NH2), e.g. mescaline; secondary amine (R2-NH-), e.g.

ephedrine, colchicine; tertiary amine (R3N); e.g. atropine, quinine,

morphine & quaternary ammonium compounds (R4N+X); tubocurine

chloride. These are classified as 1) true alkaloid 2) Proto-alkaloids

(ephedrine & pseudoephedrine 3) pseudo-alkaloid (purines).

The test which are used to identify the alkaloids are

Meyer’s test: true alkaloids give white precipitate with Meyer’s reagent

(K2HgI4).

Dragnedorff’s Test: true alkaloids give brick red precipitate with

Dragnedorff’s reagent with potassium bisumth iodate (KBiI4).

Wegner’s Test: Alkaloids give yellow precipitate with Wegner’s reagent (I2

+ KI).

Hager’s Test: Alkaloids give yellow precipitate with Hager’s reagent

(Picric acid)

Mueroxide Test: purines give purple color with mueroxide reagents

(Purpuric acid)

• Biosynthesis of alkaloids: alkaloids are biosynthesized by amino

acids in different plants. Ornithine amino acid is major source of

pyrrolidine ring for tropane alkaloids. Lysine amino acid mainly

synthesizes piperidine & pyridine derivatives.

60

Table 2.1 : List of alkaloids biosynthesized from different amino acids.

S.

No.

Name of Amino acids Name of Alkaloid

1. Orinithine & phenyl alanine Atropine, hyoscyamine, Scopolamine

2. Phenylalanine Ephedrine & Mescaline

3. Tyrosine

Papaverine, morphine, codeine &

thebaine

4. Dihydroxyphenylalanine Colchicines & emetine

5. Tryptophane & tryptamine

Quanine, Reserpine, Vincristine,

Vinblastine, Strychnine, Ergotamine

6. Ornithine Kushgrine, Hygrine

7. Lysine Anabasine, aerecoline, Nicotine, piperine

Functions of alkaloids:- alkaloids are found in plants in a very minute

amounts. The roles of alkaloids in plants are followings:

They are the reserve substances with an ability to supply nitrogen.

They might be defensive mechanisms for plants growing in dry regions to

protect from grazing animals, herbivores & insects.

It is also possible that they are end products of detoxification mechanism

in plants, & by this way check formation of substances which may prove to

be harmful to the plant.

They might have a possible role as growth regulatory factors in the plants.

They are present normally in conjugation with plant acids, like meconic

acid (morphine), cinchotannic acid (quinine) etc. Therefore, alkaloids could

be acting as carriers within plants for transportation of such acids.

Alkaloids are classified on different basic like pharmacological,

taxonomical, biosynthetic & chemical classification. Chemical classification

is most widely used. The alkaloidal drugs are categorized into two

divisions

61

a) True alkaloids (heterocyclic alkaloids) are divided into twelve groups

according to nature of the heterocyclic ring.

b) Protoalkaloids or biological amines & pseudoalkaloids.

Pyrrole & pyrolidine:- hygrine, kushigrine, stachydrine

Pyridine & piperidine:- arecoline, anabasine, coniine, lobeline,

pelletierine, trigonelline, piperine, racinine

Pyrrolizidine:- echimidine, senecionine, seneciphylline, symphitine

Tropane: - atropine, hyoscine, hyoscyamine, cocaine, pseudopelletierine,

meteloidine, calystigine

Quinoline:- quinine, quinidine, cinchonine, chinchonidine, cuspreine,

camptothecine.

Isoquinoline:- morphine, codeine, hydrastine, d-tubocurarine, berberine,

emetine, cephaeline, papaverine, narcotine, narceine, corydaline,

galanthamine, erythaline

Aporphine:- boldine, apomorphine

Indole:- ergometrine, ergotamine, reserpine, vincristine, vinblastine,

strychnine, brucine, physiostigmine, yohmbine, ajmaline

Imidazole:- pilocarpine, isopilocarpine, pilosine

Norlupinane:- cytisine, laburnine, lupanine, sparteine

Purine:- caffeine, theobromine, theophylline

Steroidal:- protovertine, solanidine, conessine, funtumine

Diterpene:- aconitine, aconine, hypoaconitine

Alkylamine:- ephedrine, pseudoephedrine.

62

CH3

N

HO

O

OH

Morphine (Papaver Somniferum)

9

10 8

H3CO 11 13 N 12 H

1

6 7 5

H N

2 4 21 3

H 20 H 14 19

OCH3

OCH3

15

O O H3C 17

18

OCH3

O OCH3 O

RESERPINE (Rauwolfia serpentina)

• Uddin Ghias et al (2012) described phytochemical investigation &

biological finding of aerial part of Elaeagnus Umbellata.

The MeOH extract of aerial part of Elaeagnus umbellate & various

solvents was tested for the secondary metabolites & biological activity.

Phytochemical investigation of aerial parts of plant revealed the presence

of bioactive secondary metabolic products; alkaloids, saponins,

terpenoids, tannins, anthraquinone, phelobatanins, flavanoids &

glycosides are absent. The Et acetate & MeOH extracts were found to be

moderately active against Staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus

epidermidis & Bacillus subtlis. The isolated products of n- C6H14 hexane,

Et acetate & MeOH extract showed validated diphenyl 1-picryl hydrazyl

(DPPH) free radical scavenging activity while CHCl3 extract did not show

this activity. The EC50 ranges from 5.5 to 250.6 mcg/ml & that of the

63

quercetin was 4.12 mcg/ml. this study showed that consumption of the

plant would extract many profitable effects by virtue of that antioxidant &

antibacterial activity.

• Bravo L. (1998) describes polymenols their dietary sources,

metabolism & its singnificance, these are Hydrolysable tannins: As the

name indicates, these tanins are hydrolyzed by acids or enzymes quickly

& products of hydrolysis are gallic acid or ellagic acid. On dry distillation,

galic acid & other components are get converted to pyrogallol. They

respond to ferric chloride solution, producing blue color. The examples of

hydrolysable tannins are galotannin in nutgal, rhubarb, clove & chestnut;

elagitannin from oak, myrobalans & pomegranate bark.

HOOC HO

HO HO OH

HO OH HO OH

CO O

OH

OH HO OH HO

Gl uOOC HO O CO

HO

Gallic acid pyrocatechol Glucogallin Pyrogallol Ellagic acid

2) Condensed tanins: They are also called as non hydrolysable

tanins, phlobatannins or proanthocyanidins. They are much resistant to

hydrolysis. They are related to flavonoid pigments because they are

formed via derivatives of flavones, like Catechine or flavan-3-ol or flavan-

3,4-diols. Unlike hydrolysable tanins or treatment with enzymes or mineral

acids, they are polymerized or decomposed into red colored substances

called phlobaphenes, which are insoluble in water & indicate the typical

brownish-red color of many plants & drugs. On dry distillation they yield

catechol. Tannins with ferric chloride produce brownish-green color. They

are distributed in different parts of plants. The green tea & hamamelis

leaves, cinchona, cinnamon & wild cherry

64

bark; male fern rhizome; cocoa, cola & areca seeds; pale & black catechu

contain these types of tannins.

3) Pseudotannins: This is not as such a separate group of tanins, but

may be treated as sub group because they do not obey to goldbeater’s

skin test & are low mol. wt. compounds. Chlorogenic acid in cofee &

nuxvomica, ipecacuanhic acid in ipecacuanha & Catechines in cocoa are

examples of pseudotanins. The detection test for chlorogenic acid is

carried out by extracting the drug with water & treating this extract with

ammonia solution, followed by exposure to air, which leads slowly to

formation of green color.

• Hollman P C H et al (1999) reported flavanoids are very important

constituents in herbal plants. Flavonoid occurs, either as free molecules or

as glycosides. They have widespread occurrence in plant kingdom.

Chemically flavonoids show a fifteen-carbon skeleton (C6 – C3 – C6),

which consists of two phenyl rings connected by a three-carbon bridge.

Chalcones & dihydrochalcones represent the two classes, in which the

three-carbon bridge is open but in remaining classes, the three-carbon

bridge is part of heterocyclic ring, involving a phenolic (carbonyl group

present on heterocyclic ring). Flavones show 2-phenyl-γ-chromane

structure. Although pure flavones are colorless, the yellow color of their

derivaties increases with rise in pH & number of hydroxyl groups.

Isoflavones are isomers of flavones are isomers of flavones where C-ring

& B-ring are joined through C-3, rather than C-2 (as in flavones).

Flavonoid are identified by Sinoda test . Flavonoids have been found to

possess a number of biological activities. Silymarin which is a

flavonolignan from seeds of milk thistle is antihepatotoxic.

Table 2.2: List of Some Important Flavonol Glycosides

S.N. Name of

drug

Biologi cal name Consti tuents Uses

Silymarin Seeds of Silybus

marianum

(Asteraceae)

Silybin, Silycristin Liver disorders

Gingko Leaves of Gingko

biloba

(Gingkoaceae)

Gingkolide, A, B, C Vascular

disorders

Buck wheat Dried fruits of

Fagopyrum

esculentum

(Polygonaceae)

Rutin (also from

Ruta graveolens)

Treatment of

capillary

bleeding

Citrus-fruits Rind of unripe

green citrus fruits

(Rutaceae)

Hesperidin In capillary

fragility

65

66

7

O

8 O 2 1

O 6 3

O 4 Dihydrochalcone Chalcone

5

Flavone

O O

O

O O OH

O Isoflavone Flavonone Flavonol

RO O

HO O

OH

RO

Hesperitin; R=H

O O (Flavanone)

OM e OH

Naringenin; R=H ( Flavanone)

Naringin R= rhamno-glucosyl

Hesperidin R= rhamno-glucosyl

OH OH

O HO OR

OR HO O

HO O OH

HO O

Quercetin; R= H, Hyperoside; R = galactosyl

Isoquercetin; R= glucosyl; Rutin;

R = rhamnoglucosyl (Flavonol)

Luteolin (Flavone)

• William wethering et al (1965) Reported saponin glycosides

containing steroidal nucleus. This is generally pentacyclic & steroidal

tritepenoid nucleus in plants

67

3

3

CH12 3

9

3 7

Diasgenin, Higogenin

Shataverin, Charantin

contain this

CH3

H3C

CH3

CH3

Panaxadiol, Senegin II

Asiatic acid, glycerrhizin

H3C CH3

nucleous CH3 contain this

nucleus CH3

CH3

CH3

Steroidal pattern of Saponins

(Tricyclic Triterpenoid s)

Pentacyclic Triterpenoids

Steroidal nomenclature (IUPAC) & stereochemistry :- Steroids have a

common nucleus which is composed of phenanethrene &

perhydrocyclopantane ring that has unique numbering system.

12 17

12 CH3

20 CH3

21 18

11 13

1 H H 16

18 17 H 11

13 H H

CH 18 17 H

11 13 9 14

2 10 8 15

H H 5

1 C 3 19

2 10

H

16 14

8 15 2 H

1 CH H 16 19 9 14

10 8 15

3 7 3 5

7 5 H H

4 6 4 6 4 6

Estrane Pregnane Endrostane

• There are there three sex hormones estrogen, progesterone & endrogen.

First two are female sex hormones & contain estrane & pregnane ring

system in its structures. Third one is male hormone testosterone that

contains endrostane ring system. Cholesterol is most important steroid

that contain 27 carbon cholestane ring system in the structure. These all

have 5α nucleus.

68

CH3

7

21 CH3

11

1 CH93 2 19

10

3

20 12 CH317

18 13

16

8 14 15

23 25 22 24

27

CH3 26

O 5 4 6

Cholest-5-ene-3-ol (cholesterol)

• This cholesterol is biosynthesized from acetyl CoA in adrenal cortex & is

useful in biosynthesis of glucocorticoids & sex hormones. This is

converted to pregnenolone that is rate limiting step in the biosynthetic

pathways.

&rogens & anabolic agents:-

Estrogens & Progestational agents:-

Oral contraceptives:-

Adrenocorticoids

• Porter L W et al (1998) Investigated tanins & their derivatives in diferent

plants Tanins are the one of the most widely occurring group of natural

substances in different families of higher plants. These secondary

metabolites are present in solu. form in the cell sap & also in

distinct vacuoles. They have been known since long time as the

astringent substances, having the capacity to combine with tissue

proteins & precipitate them. They are therefore, used in medicines for

allied purposes or as mild antiseptics, in treatment of diarrhea, & to

check small haemorhages. Comercially, they find extensive aplication in

leather industry, when the skins of animals (animal hide) are treated

with tanins to prevent the putrefection. Chemicaly, they contain the

mixture of complex organic substances in which polyphenols are

present, generally ortho-dihydroxy or o-trihydroxy groups on a phenyl

ring.

69

Normally, they have fairly high molecular weight & unlike alkaloids, are

devoid of nitrogen.

• Tannins form colloidal solutions with water & are non-crystalline

substances. In solution, they show acidic reaction due to phenols. They

are soluble in alcohol, glycerine, dilute alkalies, but practically insoluble

in organic solvents except acetone. Tannins exhibit some specific

chemical reactions.

1) Solution of tanin precipitates gelatin, & alkaloids.

2) They are precipitated by strong potasium dichromate solution or

chromic acid solution

3) Tannins are precipitated by salts of coper, tin, & lead.

4) They show color rxn with iron salts. Ferric chloride gives bluish-

or brownish-green color; potasium fericyanide with amonia gives deep red

color.

Goldbeater’s skin test: Goldbeater’s skin is a prototype of untaned

fresh skin of an animal & is obtained as a membrane from the intestine

of ox. This membrane is treated with HCl, rinsed with distilled water &

then placed in tannin solution for 5 minutes. It is followed by washing with

distilled water & putting in ferrous sulphate solution. A brown or

black color is developed on the skin due to tannin.

Tannins are precipitated by 2 % solution of phenazone, the tannin

solution being prepared with sodium acid phosphate.

Resins & their derivatives Resins are amorphous products of complex

chemical natures. These are amorphous mixtures of essential oils,

oxygenated products of terpene & carboxylic acids found as exudations

from the trunk of various trees. They are transparent or translucent solids,

semi-solids or liquid substances containing large number of carbon atoms.

Most of resins are heavier than water. They are insoluble in water, but

soluble in alcohol, volatile oils, fixed oils, chloral hydrates & non-polar

organic solvents like benzene or ether. They are hard, electrically non-

70

conductive & combustible masses. When heated, they soften & ultimately

melt. They are usually formed in schizogenous or schizolysogenouse

cavities or ducts as end products of metabolism. Chemically, they contain

organic acids, alcohols, esters, & natural resins. Depending upon the type

of the constituents of the resins, they are further classified as: 1) acid

resins 2) ester resins 3) resin alcohols.

1) Acid resins: following are few examples of this type of resins

alongwith their acids; colophony (abietic acid), s&rac (s&racolic acid),

copaiba (copaivic & oxycopaivic acids), myrrh (commiphoric acid) shellac

(alleuritic acid)

2) Ester resins: this group contains ester as the chief constituents of

the resins, e.g. benzoin & storax, benzoin contains coniferyl benzoate &

contains cinnamyl cinnamate.

3) Resin alcohols: the contents are the complex alcohols of high

molecular weight. They are either found in free state or as esters. The

examples are balsam of peru with peruresinotannol, gurjan balsam with

gurjuresinol & guaiacum resin with guaic-resinol.

Resins & oils in homogenous mixture are called as oleoresins, e.g.

copaiba, Canada balsam, capsicum etc. Oleo-gum resins are the

homogenous mixtures of volatile oils, gum & resins, e.g. myrrh, guggul &

asafetida. Glycoresins are made up of resins & sugars & are present in

jalap & ipomoea, if the resin contains benzoic acid & or cinnamic acid, it is

called as a balsam , e.g. balsam of tolu, storax, balsam of peru, etc.

Resenes: these are the complex natural substances without any specific

chemical properties. They are inert chemically, they neither form any salt

nor get they hydrolysed. Examples are the gum copal, gutta purcha,

asafetida, colophony & dammar.

Isolation of Resins: Pharmaceutical resins are obtained from plants &

animals by one of the following methods

71

1. By extraction with alcohol & precipitation with water, e.g. jalap,

podophyllum, ipomoea, etc.

2. By distillation for separation of oil, e.g. copaiba, copophony, etc.

3. By heating the plant part, e.g. guaiacum.

4. As plant exudates by incisions, e.g. myrrh, asafetida, balsams, etc.

5. By collecting fossil resins, e.g. copal, kauri, etc.

6. By processing the encrustations i.e. shellac

Table 2.3: List of some important resins & derivatives

S.N. Name of

drug

Biologi cal name Consti tuents Uses

Ginger Zingiber officinale

(Zingiberaceae)

Volatile oil,

zingiberene,

curcumene, resin,

gingerol, shogaols,

gingediol

Aromatic

carminative,

flavouring

agent, motion

sickness

Ginger

oleoresin

Zingiber officinale

(Zingiberaceae)

gingerol, shogaols,

zingiberene

Flavour for

carbonated

beverage

Capsicum Capsicum annum

(Solanaceae)

Capsaicin,

capsanthin, carofene

pigments

Stomachic,

conterirritant in

rhumatism,

lumbago.

Capsicum

oleoresin

Capsicum annum

(Solanaceae)

Capsaicin,

capsanthin

Powerful

irritant of

capsicum

powder

Turmeric Curcuma longa

(Zingiberaceae)

Volatile oil,

curcuminoids

Anti-

inflammatory

Condiment,

spice

Asafoetida Ferula foetida Resin, gum, volatile Carminative,

(Umbelliferae) oil,

Asaresinotannol

nervine

stimulant,

intestinal

flatulence

Cannabis Cannabis sativa

(Cannabinaceae)

Resin,

tetrahydrocannabinol

Narcotic

analgesic,

psychotropic

Male fern Dryoptiris filix-

mas

(polypodiaceae)

Oleo-resin,

phloroglucinol

derivatives, filicic

acid, flavispidic acid

Anthelmintic

for tap worm,

tinea

Jalap Ipomoea purge

(Covolvulaceae)

Resin, volatile oil,

jalapin, convolvulin

Powerful

cathartic

Ipomoea Ipomoea

orizabensis

(Covolvulaceae)

Resin, jalapin Cathartic

Podophyllum Podophyllum

hex&rum, P.

emodi

(berberidaceae)

Resin, podophyllin,

peltatins

Purgative

treatment of

veneral worts,

anti-tumor

Podophyllum

resin

Podophyllum

hex&rum, P.

emodi

(berberidaceae)

Resin, podophyllin,

peltatins

Drastic

purgative

treatment of

veneral worts

Kaladana Ipomoea

hederaceae

(Covolvulaceae)

Resin (pharbiticin),

saponin

Cathartic

Colosynth Citrullus

colosynthis

(Cucurbitaceae)

Resin, alkaloids,

cucurbitacin E

Purgative

Benzoin Styrax benzoin Benzoic acid, Expectorant,

72

(Sumatra

benzoin)

Styrax tonkinesis

(Siam benzoin)

(Sryraceae)

cinnamic acid & their

esters, sumaresinolic

& siaresinolic acid,

coniferyl acetate

carminative,

antiseptic

Tolu balsum Myroxylon

balsumum

(Leguminasae)

Cinnamic acid,

benzoic acid,

benzoyl benzoate,

toluresinotannol,

volatilie oil

Expectorant,

flavouring

agent,

Antiseptic

Myrrh Commiphora

molmol

(Burserraceae)

Volatile oil, gum,

resin, commiphoric

acids

Antiseptic,

Stimulant

Storax Liquidamber

orientalis

(Hmamelidaceae)

Resin, (storesin),

free & cinnamic acid

ester

Stimulant,

Antiseptic & in

perfumes

Tar Pinus sylvestris

(Pinaceae)

Hydrocarbons,

terpenoids, resinous

susbstance

Expectorant,

Antiseptic

Guggul Commiphora

weighti

(Burseraceae)

Gum resin, steroids,

guggulosterones

Anti-

inflammatory,

hypolipidmic

Boswellia Boswellia serrata

(Burseraceae)

Resin, boswellic

acid, volatile oil,

sesquiterpenes

Rheumatoid

arthritis

Colophony Pinus species

(pinaceae)

Resin acids, abietic

acid, resene

Stimulant

diuretic

Balsum of

peru

Myroxylon

balsumum

(Leguminosae)

Resin, volatile oil,

esters of cinnamic

acid & benzoic acid

Scabies,

wounds,

Flavouring

73

74

agent

Lac Lacifer lacca

(Lacciferidae)

Resin, shelloic acid,

aleuric acid

Sustained

release

medicaments

• Capsicum: capsicum consists of the dried ripe fruits of capsicum annuum

family Solanaceae.

Constituents: In 1876, Thresh extracted the drug with petroleum, treated

the extract with aqueous alkali, & by passing carbon dioxide through the

alkaline liquid precipitated crystals of an intensely pungent compound,

capsaicin. The pungent phenolic fraction of capsaicin also contains a

proportion of 6,7-dihydrocapsaicin. The active constituent is in amount of

1.5%.

•

CH3O

HO

O

CH2 NH C (CH2)C4 H CH HC

CH3

CH3

Capsaicin (Vanillyl amide of isodecanoic acid) •

75

CH3O

O HO

CH3O

O

HO CH2 CH2 C CH2 CH (CH2)4CH3 HO CH2 CH2 C CH CH (CH2)4CH3

Gingerol (Main cosntituent for pungency) Shogaol (Anhydrus form of gingerol)

H3C

H3C

CH3

CH3

CH3O

HO

O

CH2 CH2 C CH3

Zingerone

H3C

H3C

CH3

O CH3

CH3

OH CH3

Zingiberene •

Ferulic acid (Hydroxymethoxy- cinnamic acid)

HO CH3O

O

Ar - Curcumene Zingiberol OH

O HO O O

CH CH C OH

HO CH CH C OH Umbellic acid ( dihydroxy- cinnamic acid)

Umbeliferone

• Vinayaka et al (2009) determined free radical scavenging &

insecticidal activity of E. kologa Schldl. The preliminary phytochemical

analysis of the methanol extract showed the presence of tannins,

saponins & flavonoids. Among various extracts methanol extract exhibited

high free radical scavenging activity followed by acetone, ethyl acetate,

chloroform & petroleum ether extracts. All the extracts, at concentration of

5mg/ml, exhibited over 50% mosquito (Aedes aegypti) larval mortality

except chloroform & petroleum ether extracts.

• Sun et al (2002) carried out fractional isolation & physico-chemical

characterization of hemicelluloses from Chinese shrubs Haloxylon

ammodendron & E. angustifolia. The cell wall material from these shrubs

was fractionated by successive extractions with ethanol/H2O under acidic

conditions to break the original hemicelluloses from dewaxed

76

H.ammodendron & E. angustifolia. Xylose, glucose, & galactose were the

major sugar constituents in the two acidic organosolv-soluble hemicellulosic

preparations.