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Biology 105 – Human Biology

Example Midterm Exam 3

Session 2016Sections

Class LocationDays / Time

Instructor

Fall69003 4 Units2210 / 2030T Th 8;00 AM – 9;20 AM LECT 9;30 AM – 12;20 PM LABRIDDELL

Fall69007 4 Units2210 / 2030T Th 8;00 AM – 9;20 AM LECTh 9;30 AM – 12;20 PM LABRIDDELL

TOPICS

CV Review

Digestion

Nutrition

Urinary

Endocrine

Respiratory

Histology

Page 1 of 46 document.docx





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CARDIOVASCULAR

Name these Vessels, Valves and Chambers

1. Identify !

2. Identify ?

3. Identify @

4. Identify %

5. Identify #

6. Identify $

7. Identify &

Schematic CODE Choices

ABCDE

ABACADAEBCBDBECDCEDE

ABCABDABEACD

Abdominal Inferior Vena CavaAbdominal Superior Vena CavaAortic ArchAortic ValveAscending AortaCoronary ArteryCoronary SinusDescending Abdominal AortaDescending Thoracic AortaDescending Vena CavaHead and neckInterventricular SeptumL AV ValveLower LimbsPulmonary ValveR AV ValveThoracic Inferior Vena CavaThoracic Superior Vena CavaUpper Limbs






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8. The heart AND PERIARDIUM ARE LOCATED WITHIN THE by theA) pleural cavity.B) peritoneal cavity.C) cardiac skeleton.D) mediastinum.E) coronary sinus.

9. The wall between the atria is called theA) ventricle.B) coronary sinus.C) coronary sulcus.D) auricle.E) interatrial septum.

10. The loose-fitting sac around the heart is lined by theA) parietal pericardium.B) epicardium.C) endocardium.D) parietal myocardium.E) parietal endocardium.

11. The innermost layer of the heart wall is theA) mediastinum.B) parietal pericardium.C) epicardium.D) myocardium.E) endocardium.

12. Blood returning directly from the systemic circulation enters theA) right atrium.B) right ventricle.C) left atrium.D) left ventricle.E) pulmonary trunk.

13. The tricuspid valve is locatedA) in the opening of the aorta.B) in the opening of the pulmonary trunk.C) where the vena cavies join the right atrium.D) between the right atrium and right ventricle.E) between the left atrium and left ventricle.






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14. The left and right coronary arteries supply blood to the muscle tissue of theA) intestines.B) head.C) brain.D) heart.E) liver.

15. The heart is surrounded by the ________ cavity.A) peritonealB) valvularC) cardiacD) coronaryE) pericardial

16. The ________ circuit carries blood to and from all parts of the body except the lungs.A) pulmonaryB) coronaryC) systemicD) systolicE) diastolic

17. The muscle layer of the heart is the ________.A) epicardiumB) myocardiumC) endocardiumD) visceral pericardiumE) endothelium

18. ________ permit the exchange of nutrients, dissolved gases, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues.

A) VeinsB) ArteriesC) Arterial trunksD) CapillariesE) Vena cavae

19. The right ventricle pumps blood to theA) left atrium.B) left ventricle.C) lungs.D) systemic circuit.E) right atrium.






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20. The first blood vessels to branch from the pulmonary trunk are theA) pulmonary arteries.B) bronchial arteries.C) circumflex arteries.D) carotid arteries.E) subclavian arteries.

21. The pulmonary arteries carry blood to theA) heart.B) lungs.C) brain.D) kidneys.E) pancreas.

22. The following is a list of vessels and structures that are associated with the heart.1. right atrium2. left atrium3. right ventricle4. left ventricle5. vena cavae6. aorta7. pulmonary trunk8. pulmonary veins

What is the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation?A) 1, 2, 7, 8, 3, 4, 6, 5B) 1, 7, 3, 8, 2, 4, 6, 5C) 5, 1, 3, 7, 8, 2, 4, 6D) 5, 3, 1, 7, 8, 4, 2, 6E) 5, 1, 3, 8, 7, 2, 4, 6

23. Which of the following is greatest during left ventricular systole?A) the pressure in the ventricleB) the pressure in the aortaC) the pressure in the left atriumD) the pressure in the arteriesE) the pressure in the right atrium

24. The second heart sound ("dup") is produced as the atrioventricular valves ________ and the semilunar valves ________.

A) open; closeB) close; openC) open; openD) close; closeE) The actions of the valves do not contribute to the heart sounds.






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25. Following are events that occur during the cardiac cycle.1. Ventricular pressure increases and exceeds pressure in the arteries.2. Ventricles fill passively.3. Atrial relaxation begins.4. Atrial contraction forces a small amount of additional blood into relaxed ventricles.5. Pressure in ventricles drops and blood flows back against cusps of semilunar valves, forcing them closed.6. Ventricular contraction pushes AV valves closed.Choose the correct order of events in the cardiac cycle.A) 4, 6, 3, 1, 2, 5B) 2, 4, 3, 6, 1, 5C) 3, 6, 1, 5, 4, 2D) 2, 5, 1, 6, 3, 4E) 4, 3, 6, 1, 5, 2






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GREEK LATIN Lexicon

Greek / Latin CODE Common Name

Which ones do you know by now?

Ana

Tomos

Endo

Inter

Intra

Gastro

Hepato

Leuko

Erythro

Epi

Para

Meta

Uri

Uni

Mono

Baso

Philic

Phobic

Hydrto

Pulmon

etc

A

B

C

D

E

AB

AC

AD

AE

BC

BD

BE

CD

CE

DE

ABC

ABD

ABE

ACD

ACE

ADE






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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1) Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by theA) upper (conducting) portion of the respiratory tract.B) lower (respiratory) portion of the respiratory tract.C) lungs.D) alveoli.E) bronchioles.Answer A

3) The lining of the trachea isA) simple squamous epithelium.B) ciliated cuboidal epithelium.C) ciliated columnar epithelium.D) transitional epithelium.E) connective tissue.Answer C

4) Functions of the respiratory system includeA) protecting respiratory surfaces from dehydration, and temperature changes.B) producing leukocytes.C) generating neurotransmitters.D) providing erythrocytes.E) melanin synthesis and utilization.Answer A

5) Microorganisms removed from incoming air by the mucus of the respiratory tract are ultimately exposed toA) toxins in the mucus.B) the cilia.C) stomach acids and enzymes.D) a lack of nutrients.E) erythrocytes.Answer C

6) The nasal cavity opens into the nasopharynx at theA) internal nares.B) external nares.C) vestibules.D) turbinates.E) palates.Answer A

8) Which of the following forms much of the anterior and lateral surfaces of the larynx, and often contains an "Adam's apple"?






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A) arytenoid cartilageB) thyroid cartilageC) cuneiform cartilageD) corniculate cartilageE) cricoid cartilageAnswer B

9) A chamber shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is theA) larynx.B) glottis.C) vestibule.D) pharynx.E) trachea.Answer D

11) The glottis isA) the inferior margin of the soft palate.B) a flap of elastic cartilage.C) the passage from the pharynx to the larynx.D) the opening to the pharynx.E) part of the hard palate.Answer C

12) The elastic structure that folds back over the glottis, preventing the entry of liquids or solid food into the respiratory tract during swallowing, is theA) thyroid cartilage.B) glotttis.C) corniculate cartilage.D) cuneiform cartilage.E) epiglottis.Answer E

13) The structure that provides posterior support to the larynx is theA) glottis.B) cricoid cartilage.C) epiglottis.D) arytenoid cartilage.E) cuneiform cartilage.Answer B 14) The tracheaA) is lined by dense regular connective tissue.B) is reinforced with C-shaped cartilages.C) contains the vocal cords.D) always maintains the same diameter.E) ends distally at the level of the diaphragm.Answer B 16) Airways that supply one lobe of a lung are called






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A) secondary bronchi.B) bronchioles.C) tertiary bronchi.D) primary bronchi.E) alveoli.Answer A

22) In this procedure, an incision is made through the anterior tracheal wall A) tracheostomyB) tracheotomyC) bronchoscopyD) laryngotomyE) None of these is correct.Answer B

23) The function of the nasal conchae is toA) divide the nasal cavity into a right and a left side.B) provide an opening into the pharynx.C) provide a surface for the sense of smell.D) create turbulence in the air to trap small particulates in mucus.E) provide an opening to the outside of the body.Answer D

24) The pitch of a vocal sound is controlled by changing theA) force of air.B) diameter, length, and tension of the vocal cords.C) size of the laryngeal cartilage.D) shape of the laryngeal cartilage.E) length and depth of the nasal cavity.Answer B

28) The following is a list of some of the structures of the respiratory tree:1 - secondary bronchi2 - tertiary bronchi3 - bronchioles4 - primary bronchi

The order in which air passes through these structures beginning at the trachea isA) 4-1-2-3.B) 3-2-1-4.C) 2-3-1-4.D) 4-1-3-2.E) 1-2-3-4.Answer A






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29) The walls of the alveoli are lined byA) stratified cuboidal epithelium.B) pseudostratified epithelium.C) simple squamous epithelium.D) loose connective tissue.E) hyaline cartilage.Answer C

30) The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs areA) bronchioles.B) alveolar ducts.C) pleural spaces.D) alveoli.E) capillary beds.Answer D

35) The lungs are divided into ________ that are separated by deep fissures.A) lobulesB) alveoliC) bronchiD) bronchiolesE) lobesAnswer E

40) Pulmonary ventilation refers toA) the movement of air into and out of the lungs.B) the movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood.C) the movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space.D) the movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells.E) the utilization of oxygen.Answer A

41) Which of the following is defined as the absorption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide by cells?A) hypoxiaB) external respirationC) anoxiaD) pulmonary ventilationE) internal respirationAnswer E

44) Contraction of which muscle normally accounts for around 75% of the air movement in normal quiet breathing?A) diaphragm






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B) rectus abdominisC) internal intercostalsD) external intercostalsE) internal obliquesAnswer ALabeling Exercises

Figure 1 Components of the Respiratory System

Use Figure 1 to identify the labeled part.

87) Label A________Answer Nasal conchae

88) Label B________Answer Nose

89) Label C________Answer Larynx






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90) Label D________Answer Trachea 1

91) Label E________Answer Bronchus

92) Label F________Answer Bronchioles

93) Label G________Answer Pharynx

94) Label H________Answer Internal nares

95) Label I________Answer Nasal cavity

96) Label J________Answer Vein

97) Label K________Answer Artery

98) Label L________Answer Alveolus

99) Label M________Answer Capillary network






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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

1) Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?A) stomachB) liverC) spleenD) colonE) esophagusAnswer B 2) Ingestion refers to theA) progressive dehydration of indigestible residue.B) input of food into the digestive tract through the mouth.C) chemical breakdown of food.D) absorption of nutrients in the gut.E) mixing of nutrients with digestive enzymes.Answer B

5) The oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and anus are lined byA) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.B) cuboidal epithelium.C) stratified squamous epithelium.D) simple epithelium.E) simple columnar epithelium.Answer C

6) The movement of small organic molecules, electrolytes, vitamins, and water across the digestive epithelium and into the intestinal fluid of the digestive tract is calledA) secretion.B) ingestion.C) digestion.D) absorption.E) excretion.Answer D

10) The release of water, acids, enzymes, and buffers by the digestive epithelium is called ________.A) digestionB) secretionC) excretionD) absorptionE) ingestionAnswer B






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12) Contraction of the ________ layers of the intestinal wall functions to both agitate materials and propel them along the digestive tract.A) mucosaB) submucosaC) serosaD) muscularis externaE) adventitiaAnswer D

13) Which of the following lies under the skin covering the lateral and posterior surfaces of the mandible?A) sublingual salivary glandB) parotid salivary glandsC) exocrine pancreasD) frenulumE) submandibular salivary glandsAnswer B

15) The salivary glands that produce secretions rich in salivary amylase are theA) sublingual glands.B) submandibular glands.C) lingual glands.D) parotid glands.E) submaxillary glands.Answer D

16) The ________ are conical teeth used for tearing or slashing.A) incisorsB) cuspidsC) bicuspidsD) molarsE) premolarsAnswer B

18) Salivary amylase functions to digestA) proteins.B) lipids.C) cellulose.D) nucleic acids.E) carbohydrates.Answer E

19) Which of the following produces secretions with mostly buffers and mucus, but few enzymes?A) parotid and submandibular salivary glands






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B) parotid salivary glands onlyC) sublingual and parotid salivary glandsD) submandibular and sublingual salivary glandsE) pancreas and parotid salivary glandsAnswer D

20) Chewing is calledA) segmentation.B) pendulum movements.C) peristalsis.D) ingestion.E) mastication.Answer E

25) The roof of the oral cavity is formed by theA) vestibule.B) hard and soft palate.C) gingival.D) tongue.E) pharynx.Answer B

29) The digestion of carbohydrates and lipids begins in theA) oral cavity.B) esophagus.C) stomach.D) small intestine.E) large intestine.Answer A

30) Ducts from which of the following open into the mouth behind the teeth on either side of the lingual frenulum?A) sublingual salivary glandsB) pancreasC) submandibular salivary glandsD) parotid salivary glandsE) lingual salivary glandsAnswer C

31) The first place in which mechanical processing of food takes place is theA) oral cavity.B) esophagus.C) stomach.D) large intestine.E) small intestine.Answer A

33) During eating, the pH of saliva rises toA) 9.0.B) 7.5.






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C) 6.5.D) 4.0.E) 2.5.Answer B

34) Functions of the tongue includeA) sensory analysis of food.B) production of salivary antibodies such as IgA.C) production of salivary amylase.D) absorption of nutrients.E) secretion of digestive enzymes.Answer A

35) Infection of the ________ by the mumps virus can produce temporary or permanent diabetes.A) liverB) sublingual salivary glandsC) testesD) pancreasE) parotid salivary glandsAnswer D

40) The largest area of the stomach is called theA) fundus.B) pylorus.C) cardia.D) body.E) sphincter.Answer D

41) Which major layer of the stomach contains an extra layer that adds strength and assists in the formation of chyme?A) serosaB) mucosaC) adventitiaD) submucosaE) muscularis externaAnswer E

44) The portion of the stomach superior to the cardia is theA) rugae.B) pylorus.C) fundus.D) antrum.E) body.Answer C

45) The esophagus connects to the smallest part of the stomach, known as theA) body.B) antrum.






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C) pylorus.D) cardia.E) fundus.Answer D

48) Hydrochloric acid keeps the stomach contents at a pH of ________.A) 6.5 - 8.0B) 1.5 - 2.0C) 4.5 - 6.0D) 7.0E) 3.5 - 5.0Answer B

54) Rugae areA) mucosal ridges in the stomach.B) involved in absorption of liquids from the stomach.C) pockets in the lining of the stomach that contain secretory cells.D) located in the esophagus.E) present when the stomach is at maximum distention.Answer A

57) Which of the following is(are) a potent stimulator(s) of gastrin?A) proteins, small doses of alcohol, and caffeineB) parasympathetic innervationC) the sight of foodD) the smell of foodE) chyme entering the esophagusAnswer A

59) The intestinal lining bears a series of transverse folds called ________.A) rugaeB) mucous glandsC) villiD) circular foldsE) microvilliAnswer D

64) The portion of the small intestine that is closest to the stomach is theA) ileum.B) colon.C) cecum.D) jejunum.E) duodenum.Answer E

65) The portion of the small intestine that performs the bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption is theA) ileum.B) duodenum.






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C) jejunum.D) pylorus.E) cecum.Answer C

66) The longest portion of the small intestine is theA) cecum.B) appendix.C) ileum.D) jejunum.E) duodenum.Answer C

69) Most nutrient absorption takes place in the ________.A) small intestineB) mouthC) stomachD) ascending colonE) sigmoid colonAnswer A

70) Lacteals are found in the ________.A) liver lobulesB) stomach rugaeC) pancreatic isletsD) esophageal adventitiaE) small intestinal villiAnswer E

72) Plicae and intestinal villiA) increase the absorptive surface area of the small intestine.B) carry products of digestion that will not pass through the walls of blood capillaries.C) produce new cells for the mucosa of the small intestine.D) secrete digestive enzymes.E) produce hormones.Answer A

74) Which of the following is the primary digestive organ involved in regulating the composition of circulating blood?A) pancreasB) stomachC) small intestineD) large intestineE) liverAnswer E 76) Enzymes from the ________ do most of the digestive work in the small intestine.A) pancreasB) liver






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C) gallbladderD) stomachE) large intestineAnswer A

77) Bile salts break lipid droplets apart in a process called ________.A) absorptionB) emulsificationC) bile storageD) bile synthesisE) secretionAnswer B 78) The human liver is typically composed of ________ lobe(s).A) oneB) twoC) threeD) fourE) fiveAnswer D

79) Which structures of liver lobules ultimately merge to form the hepatic veins?A) hepatic ductsB) hepatic arteriesC) capillary bedsD) central veinsE) portal veinsAnswer D 80) The basic functional units of the liver are theA) hepatocytes.B) liver cells.C) lobules.D) portal areas.E) bile canaliculi.Answer C

81) ________ are arranged within a lobule of the liver into a series of irregular, one-cell-thick plates radiating outward.A) Portal cellsB) HepatocytesC) Bile canaliculiD) Bile ductsE) Hepatic ductsAnswer B

82) Bile is produced in theA) liver.B) duodenum.






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C) pancreas.D) gall bladder.E) appendix.Answer A

85) Which of the following digestive structures is retroperitoneal?A) ileumB) pancreasC) stomachD) gallbladderE) liverAnswer B

86) Which pancreatic digestive enzymes digest starches?A) carbohydrasesB) lipasesC) proteasesD) peptidasesE) nucleasesAnswer A

93) Decreased levels of bile salts in the bile would interfere withA) protein digestion.B) fat digestion and absorption.C) digestion of disaccharides.D) digestion of complex carbohydrates.E) digestion of vitamins.Answer B

96) Near the spleen, the colon turns and becomes theA) ascending colon.B) transverse colon.C) descending colon.D) sigmoid colon.E) rectum.Answer C

98) An expanded pouch in the region of the ileum at the ileocecal valve is theA) appendix.B) sigmoid colon.C) rectum.D) haustra.E) cecum.Answer E 99) Major regions of the large intestine include theA) cecum, colon, and duodenum.B) duodenum, ileum, and jejunum.






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C) cecum, colon, and duodenum.D) ascending colon, descending colon, and ileum.E) cecum, colon, and rectum.Answer E

100) Functions of the large intestine includeA) chemical digestion of chyme.B) temporary food storage.C) reabsorption of water and compaction of feces.D) absorption of the products of digestion.E) hormone production.Answer C

106) Match the structure(s) of the digestive system with its/(their) corresponding function(s).

_____ 1. oral cavity, teeth, tongue A. dehydration and compaction of indigestible materials in preparation for elimination

_____ 2. salivary glands B. secretion of bile (important for lipid digestion), storage of nutrients, many other vital functions

_____ 3. liver C. storage and concentration of bile_____ 4. pharynx D. transport of materials to the stomach_____ 5. esophagus E. secretion of buffers and digestive enzymes by

exocrine cells; secretion of hormones by endocrine cells

_____ 6. gallbladder F. mechanical processing, moistening, mixing with salivary secretions

_____ 7. stomach G. chemical breakdown of materials by acid and enzymes; mechanical processing through muscular contractions

_____ 8. large intestine H. secretion of lubricating fluid containing enzymes that break down carbohydrates

_____ 9. pancreas I. enzymatic digestion and absorption of water, organic substrates, vitamins, and ions

_____ 10. small intestine J. muscular propulsion of materials into esophagusAnswer 1-F, 2-H, 3-B, 4-J, 5-D, 6-C, 7-G, 8-A, 9-E, 10-I

07) Match the description in the first column with its corresponding term in the second column.

_____ 1. collagen fibers that extend from the dentin A. uvula of the root of the tooth to surrounding bone

_____ 2. structure that helps prevent food from B. frenulumentering the pharynx too soon

_____ 3. enzyme that breaks down starches C. palate_____ 4. roof of the oral cavity D. amylase_____ 5. thin fold of mucus membrane that anchors E. periodontal ligament

the tongue to the oral cavity floorAnswer 1-E, 2-A, 3-D, 4-C, 5-B






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Labeling Exercises

Figure 16-1 Structural Components of the Digestive Tract

Use Figure 16-1 to identify the labeled part.

108) Label A ________Answer Mesenteric artery and vein109) Label B ________Answer Circular folds (Plicae circulares)

110) Label C ________Answer Mucosa

111) Label D ________Answer Submucosa

112) Label E ________Answer Muscularis externa






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113) Label F ________Answer Serosa (visceral peritoneum)

114) Label G ________Answer Circular fold (Plica circulares)

115) Label H ________Answer Mucous epithelium

116) Label I ________Answer Lamina propria

117) Label J ________Answer Mucosa 118) Label K ________Answer Villi

119) Label L ________Answer Mucosal glands

120) Label M ________Answer Submucosal gland

121) Label N ________Answer Muscularis mucosae

122) Label O ________Answer Lymphatic vessel 123) Label P ________Answer Artery and vein

124) Label Q ________Answer Submucosal plexus

125) Label R ________Answer Circular muscle layer

126) Label S ________Answer Myenteric plexus

127) Label T ________Answer Longitudinal muscle layer






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Nutrition and Metabolism

1) The sum of all of the chemical reactions occurring within the human body is calledA) glycolysis.B) oxidation.C) catabolism.D) anabolism.E) metabolism.Answer: E

2) The synthesis of new organic molecules, involving the formation of new chemical bonds, is called ________.A) glycolysisB) catabolismC) anabolismD) differentiationE) lipolysisAnswer: C

7) In the liver and skeletal muscles, glucose molecules are stored asA) triglycerides.B) fatty acids.C) pyruvate.D) sucrose.E) glycogen.Answer E

12) Most cells generate ATP and other high-energy compounds by breaking down carbohydrates, especially ________.A) riboseB) galactoseC) sucroseD) fructoseE) glucoseAnswer: E

33) Which of the following is never catabolized for energy, even in cells dying of starvation?A) DNAB) proteinsC) rRNAD) tRNAE) mRNA






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Answer: A

36) Which of the following is a complete protein source?A) cornB) spinachC) riceD) eggsE) orangesAnswer: D39) A bulk mineral that is essential for normal muscle and neuron function isA) sodium.B) potassium.C) calcium.D) magnesium.E) selenium.Answer: C

40) An ion that is a necessary component of high-energy compounds, nucleic acids, and bone matrix isA) chloride.B) sulfate.C) phosphate.D) bicarbonate.E) iodide.Answer: C

41) Which of the following comprise the best source of vitamin C?A) milk and meatB) bread and potatoesC) vegetablesD) citrus fruitsE) breads and cheesesAnswer: D

44) Which of the following is a trace mineral?A) chlorideB) sodiumC) calciumD) ironE) magnesiumAnswer: D

49) The natural dietary sources for vitamin B12 (cobalamin) areA) fruits only.B) meats and milk.C) vegetables only.D) breads and potatoes.E) leafy vegetables.Answer: B






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50) ________ is a trace mineral, which is a component of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochromes.A) MagnesiumB) CalciumC) ZincD) CopperE) IronAnswer: E

51) ________ are inorganic ions released through electrolytes, such as sodium chloride.A) MineralsB) EnzymesC) Water-soluble vitaminsD) Essential proteinsE) Fat-soluble vitaminsAnswer: A

57) The daily average water requirement for humans is ________.A) 250 mlB) 2500 mlC) 500 mlD) 1500 mlE) 1000 mlAnswer: B

62) A Calorie unit used in food is equal to the amount of energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water ________ degree(s) Celsius.A) 1B) 2C) 10D) 100E) 1,000Answer: A






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URINARY SYSTEM

1) Organs of the urinary system that are actively involved with urine transport are theA) urethra and ureters.B) kidneys and bladder.C) ureters and kidneys.D) urethra and bladder.E) kidneys and urethra.Answer: A

2) Urine is temporarily stored by theA) liver.B) urinary bladder.C) kidney.D) ureter.E) urethra.Answer: B

3) Which of the following transports urine from the kidney toward the bladder?A) small intestineB) prostateC) liverD) ureterE) urethraAnswer: D

The kidneysA) transport urine, as well as semen, in males.B) are covered by a layer of muscularis mucosa.C) conduct urine to the exterior.D) produce urine.E) temporarily stores urine prior to elimination.Answer: D

5) By adjusting the volume of water lost in urine, and releasing erythropoietin and renin, the urinary system specifically functions inA) helping to stabilize blood pH.B) conserving valuable nutrients.C) regulating blood pressure.D) regulating plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, and other ions.E) controlling the concentration of calcium ions.Answer: C






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6) Which of the following are components of a renal corpuscle?A) glomerulus and glomerular capsuleB) glomerulus and renal tubuleC) glomerular capsule and renal tubuleD) renal tubule and collecting tubuleE) pyramid and glomerulusAnswer: A

7) The renal pyramid isA) the outermost layer of kidney tissue.B) a conical-shaped structure that is located in the renal medulla.C) an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule and located in the area of the hilus.D) a large branch of the renal pelvis.E) a knot of capillaries that lies within the renal corpuscle.Answer: B

8) The large, funnel-shaped chamber that connects to the ureter is called theA) medulla.B) renal column.C) renal pelvis.D) nephron.E) calyx.Answer: C

11) The renal ________ is the site at which the renal artery and renal nerve enter and the renal vein exits.A) cortexB) medullaC) columnD) hilumE) sinusAnswer: D

13) The portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting system is theA) proximal convoluted tubule.B) loop of Henle.C) distal convoluted tubule.D) collecting duct.E) minor calyx.Answer: C

16) Considering the spatial relationship of the kidneys, the ________ kidney often sits slightly ________ than the ________ kidney.A) left; lower; rightB) left; more anterior; rightC) right; lower; leftD) right; higher; leftE) right; more posterior; leftAnswer: C






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17) Which of the following is correct about the location of the kidney(s)?

A) There is one kidney deep to the liver.B) The kidneys are bilateral and retroperitoneal.C) The left kidney is lower than the right.D) The kidneys are in the anterior abdominal wall.E) The kidneys lie in the pelvic cavity, and only their superior surfaces are covered by a layer of peritoneum.Answer: B 23) Following is a list of components of the renal tubule system.1 - ascending limb of nephron loop2 - ureter3 - distal convoluted tubule4 - descending limb of nephron loop5 - minor calyx6 - proximal convoluted tubule7 - papillary duct8 - renal pelvis

Choose the correct order of components through which the initial filtrate of urine flows from the renal corpuscle and is conducted to the urethra to be excreted as urine.A) 4-1-6-3-7-5-8-2B) 3-4-1-6-5-8-7-2C) 6-1-4-3-5-7-8-2D) 3-1-4-6-8-7-5-2E) 6-4-1-3-7-5-8-2Answer: E

24) Which of the following will likely occur if glomerular blood pressure falls significantly?A) Excretion of waste products will increase.B) Kidney filtration will stop.C) There will be no effect on pH control.D) Active secretion will occur normally in the distal convoluted tubule.E) The renin-angiotensin system is unaffected.Answer: B 18-3

29) Which process is the vital first step essential to all kidney functions?A) active secretionB) reabsorption of nutrientsC) reabsorption of water form the tubular fluidD) glomerular filtrationE) excretion of metabolic waste productsAnswer: D






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32) Filtration is ________.A) movement of fluid from the peritubular fluid to the tubular fluidB) the process in which useful organic molecules, nutrients, or water are reclaimedC) a highly selective processD) the process in which blood pressure forces fluid and dissolved solutes out of the glomerular capillaries and into the surrounding capsular spaceE) a process that can further decrease the plasma concentration of undesirable materials, including many drugsAnswer: D 37) ADH is released by cells in the ________.A) juxtaglomerular complexB) posterior pituitaryC) heartD) adrenal glandsE) macula densaAnswer: B

45) When the level of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) increases,A) the rate of sodium ion reabsorption in the DCT decreases.B) less urine is produced.C) less water is reabsorbed by the nephron and collecting duct.D) the water content of urine increases.E) the sensation of thirst is inhibited.Answer: B

49) The ureters and urinary bladder are lined byA) stratified squamous epithelium.B) pseudostratified columnar epithelium.C) simple cuboidal epithelium.D) transitional epithelium.E) simple columnar epithelium.Answer: D

53) The micturition reflex begins to function whenA) the stretch receptors have provided adequate stimulation to the sympathetic motor neurons.B) the stretch receptors have provided maximum stimulation to the parasympathetic motor neurons.C) the stretch receptors have provided adequate stimulation to the parasympathetic motor neurons.D) the stretch receptors have provided maximum stimulation to the sympathetic motor neurons.E) the stretch receptors are initially distorted.Answer: C

75) Any condition accompanied by severe kidney damage can result in ________, the second most common acid-base disorder.A) metabolic acidosisB) metabolic alkalosisC) respiratory acidosis






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D) respiratory alkalosisE) pyelonephritisAnswer: A76) Organic acids, or metabolic acids, are generated during the normal process of ________.A) metabolismB) metabolic generation of waterC) exhalationD) reabsorptionE) active secretionAnswer: A

83) Match the region of the nephron in the first column with its primary function in the second column._____ 1. renal corpuscle A. conduction of urine to minor calyx_____ 2. distal convoluted tubule B. reabsorption of ions, vitamins, water,

and organic molecules_____ 3. papillary duct C. reabsorption of sodium ions and secretion

of acids_____ 4. collecting duct D. reabsorption of water and sodium ions_____ 5. proximal convoluted E. filtration of plasma to initiate urine

formation tubuleAnswer: 1-E, 2-C, 3-A, 4-D, 5-B

84) Match the acid-base disorder in the first column with its characteristic treatment in the second column._____ 1. metabolic acidosis A. improve ventilation_____ 2. metabolic alkalosis B. administer bicarbonate

_____ 3. respiratory acidosis C. reduce respiratory rate, allow rise in _____ 4. respiratory alkalosis D. no treatment for pH below 7.55; for above

pH 7.55, administer ammonium chlorideAnswer: 1-B, 2-D, 3-A, 4-C






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Labeling Exercises

Photo Credit: Ralph T. Hutchings

Figure 18-1 The Structure of the Kidney

Use Figure 18-1 to identify the labeled part.

85) Label A: ________Answer: Renal cortex

86) Label B: ________Answer: Renal medulla

87) Label C: ________Answer: Renal sinus

88) Label D: ________Answer: Hilum






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89) Label E: ________Answer: Renal pelvis

90) Label F: ________Answer: Renal papilla

91) Label G: ________Answer: Ureter

92) Label H: ________Answer: Fibrous capsule

93) Label I: ________Answer: Renal columns

94) Label J: ________Answer: Renal pyramid

95) Label K: ________Answer: Minor calyx

96) Label L: ________Answer: Major calyx

97) Label M: ________Answer: Nephron loop

98) Label N: ________Answer: Renal corpuscle

99) Label O: ________Answer: Proximal convoluted tubule

100) Label P: ________Answer: Distal convoluted tubule

101) Label Q: ________Answer: Collecting duct

102) Label R: ________Answer: Hilum

103) Label S: ________Answer: Ureter

104) Label T: ________Answer: Renal papilla






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105) Label U: ________Answer: Minor calyx

106) Label V: ________Answer: Renal pelvis

107) Label W: ________Answer: Major calyx

108) Label X: ________Answer: Renal sinus

109) Label Y: ________Answer: Renal pyramids

110) Label Z: ________Answer: Renal medulla

111) Label AA: ________Answer: Renal cortex






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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

The nervous systemA) is ideal for crisis management.B) communicates by the release of hormones.C) has effects that are very long-lived.D) is regulated mainly by positive feedback.E) does not rely on the binding of receptors to target cells.Answer: A

Generally, the actions of hormonesA) tend to be less widespread than actions of the nervous system.B) can produce complex changes in physical structure and physiological changes.C) are faster to react than the nervous system.D) are shorter-lasting than the actions of the nervous system.E) do not affect homeostasis.Answer: B

The hormone leptin is secreted by (the) ________.A) pancreasB) kidneysC) adipose tissueD) hypothalamusE) anterior pituitaryAnswer: C

9) Steroid hormonesA) are proteins.B) are structurally similar to cholesterol.C) are the largest class of hormones.D) include pancreatic hormones.E) are secreted by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.Answer: B

Hypothalamic hormones that stimulate the synthesis and secretion of one or more hormones in the anterior lobe are calledA) permissive hormones.B) synergistic hormones.C) regulating hormones.D) stimulating hormones.E) releasing hormones.Answer: E






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The highest level of endocrine control is provided by theA) thyroid gland.B) pancreas.C) suprarenal glands.D) hypothalamus.E) thymus.Answer: D

All hormones areA) steroids.B) cholesterol based.C) proteins.D) inorganic compounds.E) chemical messengers.Answer: E

6) Steroid hormonesA) bind to receptors on the surface of the cell.B) function by way of a second messenger system.C) cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane.D) bind to intracellular receptors.E) function by activating cAMP.Answer: D

7) Hormone concentration levels are most commonly controlled byA) positive feedback.B) the quantity of circulating hormone.C) negative feedback.D) cellular demands.E) body temperature.Answer: C

0) The hypothalamus transports hormones to the posterior pituitary by way ofA) neural axons, directly.B) direct mechanical control.C) releasing and inhibiting hormones.D) altering ion concentrations in the anterior pituitary.E) gap junctions.Answer: A

) Which of the following primarily targets the gonads (ovaries and testes)?A) growth hormoneB) follicle-stimulating hormoneC) prolactinD) insulinE) thyroxineAnswer: B






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The posterior pituitary gland secretesA) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).B) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).C) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).D) oxytocin (OT).E) melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH).Answer: D

6) The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids isA) TSH.B) ACTH.C) FSH.D) LH.E) MSH.Answer: B

7) The pituitary hormone that promotes testosterone release in males and ovulation in females isA) TSH.B) ACTH.C) FSH.D) LH.E) GH.Answer: D

0) Where are the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary made?A) thyroidB) anterior pituitaryC) hypothalamusD) posterior pituitaryE) suprarenal glandAnswer: C

The two hormones referred to as gonadotropins areA) GH and TSH.B) FSH and LH.C) ADH and ACTH.D) PRL and OT.E) ADH and OT.Answer: B

Hypothalamic signals reach the anterior pituitary through theA) infundibulum.B) hypophyseal portal system.C) hypothalamic axons.D) hypophysis.E) thymus.Answer: B






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Triiodothyronine is a hormone secreted by theA) thyroid gland.B) pancreas.C) parathyroid glands.D) hypothalamus.E) anterior pituitary.Answer: A

6) Hormones produced by the ________ are derived from molecules to which iodine atoms have been attached.A) thymusB) thyroid glandC) pancreasD) parathyroid glandsE) adrenal glandsAnswer: B

50) The release of parathyroid hormone is controlled byA) thyroid hormone.B) TSH.C) the hypothalamus.D) blood calcium ion levels.E) cellular oxygen consumption.Answer: D

56) Cells of the adrenal cortex produceA) epinephrine.B) ADH.C) corticosteroids.D) parathyroid hormone.E) insulin.Answer: C

57) One hormone that is released from the adrenal medulla isA) insulin.B) aldosterone.C) cortisol.D) androgen.E) epinephrine.Answer: E

58) Aldosterone is the principal ________.A) mineralocorticoidB) thyroid hormoneC) glucocorticoidD) pancreatic hormoneE) androgenAnswer: A






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6) Which of the following are sex hormones that are produced by the adrenal cortex?A) androgensB) prostaglandinsC) glucocorticoidsD) mineralocorticoidsE) aldosteronesAnswer: A

6) Melatonin is the hormone produced by the ________.A) anterior pituitaryB) thyroidC) pineal glandD) thymusE) posterior pituitaryAnswer: C

65) The alpha cells of the pancreas produceA) insulin.B) glucagon.C) rennin.D) ADH.E) parathyroid hormone.Answer: B

66) Which of the following is the pancreatic hormone that is released when blood glucose levels rise?A) growth hormoneB) cortisolC) insulinD) glucagonE) erythropoietinAnswer: C

67) When blood glucose levels fall,A) insulin is released.B) glucagon is released.C) peripheral cells take up less glucose.D) protein synthesis decreases.E) fat cells increase their rates of triglyceride synthesis.Answer: B

68) Insulin causesA) decreased rate of glucose transport into target cells.B) decreased amino acid absorption.C) conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles.D) increased breakdown of fats to fatty acids in adipose tissue.E) increased blood glucose levels.Answer: C






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7) Hormone-producing cells of the testes produceA) estrogen.B) progesterone.C) leptin.D) testosterone.E) renin.Answer: D

86) Match the endocrine gland in the first column with its associated hormone in the second column._____ . pancreas A. progesterone_____ . kidney B. testosterone_____ . posterior pituitary C. ADH_____ . testis D. glucagon_____ 5. ovary E. EPOAnswer: -D, -E, -C, -B, 5-A






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Labeling Exercises

Figure 0- Organs and Tissues of the Endocrine System

Use Figure 0- to identify the labeled part.






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87) Label A: ________Answer: Hypothalamus

88) Label B: ________Answer: Pituitary gland

89) Label C: ________Answer: Thyroid gland

90) Label D: ________Answer: Adrenal glands

9) Label E: ________Answer: Pancreas or Pancreatic islets

9) Label F: ________Answer: Pineal gland

9) Label G: ________Answer: Parathyroid glands

9) Label H: ________Answer: Heart

95) Label I: ________Answer: Thymus

96) Label J: ________Answer: Adipose tissue

97) Label K: ________Answer: Digestive tract

98) Label L: ________Answer: Kidneys

99) Label M: ________Answer: Gonads






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HISTOLOGY – Outline Format Classiifcation

Can you identify the secondary format for this classification?Can you identify an example of each of these from your Compendia, from your text Books?

ConnectiveFibrous

DenseElasticIrregularRegular

LooseAdiposeAreolarReticular

FluidBlood

Cells / Formed ElementsErythrocytesLeukocytes

BasophilsEosinophilsLymphocytesMacrophagesMonocytesNeutrophils

PlateletsPlasma

LymphSupportive

CartilageElasticFibro(ous)Hyaline

BoneCompactCancellous / Spongy / Trabecular

EpithelialPseudostratifiedSimple

ColumnarCiliatedNon-Ciliated

CuboidalSquamous

StratifiedColumnarCuboidalSquamous

KeratinizedNon-Keratinized

Transitional






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MuscleCardiacSkeletalSmooth

NervousNeuroglia

CNSAstrocytesEpendymalMicrogliaOligodendrocyte

PNSSatelliteSchwann

Neurons
