101 Muslim Scientists

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101 Muslim Scientists The Qur'an calls upon Muslims to look around them and study the physical world, so that they mightappreciate the majesty of Allah's creation.

" Behold! in the creation of the heavens and the earth; in the alternation of the night and the day; in thesailing of the ships through the ocean for the benefit of mankind; in the rain which Allah Sends downfrom the skies, and the life which He gives therewith to an earth that is dead; in the beasts of all kinds thatHe scatters through the earth; in the change of the winds, and the clouds which they trail like their slavesbetween the sky and the earth -- (Here) indeed are Signs for a people that are wise." (Surah Al-Baqarah2:164)

And the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) told Muslims to "seek knowledge, even if it be inChina." (Meaning 'seek knowledge wherever it may be found.')

Throughout Islamic history, that is exactly what Muslims have done. Particularly in the 7th-13th centuriesC.E., the Islamic world was in the midst of its "Golden Age," paving the way for the growth of modernsciences. Rather than stifling science, the religion of Islam encouraged its study. Scientific inquiry was

widespread, and some of the greatest scholars and scientists of the world made wondrous discoveries andinventions. Muslims led the world in the study of medicine, astronomy, mathematics, geography,chemistry, botany, and physics. They transmitted their studies to the West, where their work was builtupon and further disseminated.

[email protected]@yahoo.com is a non-profit endeavour committed towards education throughinformation.

DISCLAIMER This compilation presented here is purely done from information available in the internet. Beingencyclopedic in nature, there might be information that may not be hundred percent authentic, or theremight be information that needs further research. The purpose of this compilation is to trigger interest inall of us, towards knowledge. Allah knows best.

This Compact Disc is not for sale. No copyright.
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1: Prophet Mohammed Rasool Salallaho alayhiwassalam 570 CE- 632 CE / -52 AH 10 AH

NAME FIELD PAGE

8th CENTURY

2 : Abu Musa Jbir ibn Hayy n (Geber) 721 CE - 99 AH Father of chemistry 15

3 : Yaqub ibn Tariq 7_ _ CE - 1_ _ AH Astronomy 16

4 : Al-Khwarizmi 780/850 CE - 158 AH Father of Algebra 17

5 : Al-Jahiz 781 CE - 159 AH Polymath 18

6 : ibn Matar 786 CE 164 AH Mathematician 19

7 : Al-Balkhi 787 CE - 165 AH Polymath 20

8 : Muhammad ibn-Saad 790 CE - 168 AH Historian 21 9 : Al-Fazari 796 CE - 174 AH Inventor 22

9th CENTURY

10 : Ali Ibn Isa 800 CE 178 AH Ophthalmologist 23

11 : Al-Kindi 800 CE - 178 AH Polymath 24

12 : Banu Musa brothers 800 CE - 178 AH Mechanics 25

13 : Hunayn ibn Ishaq 809 CE - 187 AH Medicine 26

14 : Abbas Ibn Firnas 810 AH - 188 AH Polymath 27

15 : Al-Dinawari 828 CE - 206 AH Polymath 28

16 : Al Farghani 833 CE - 211 AH Astronomy 29

17 : Ahmed ibn Yusuf CE 835 - 213 AH Mathematician 30

18 : Thabit ibn Qurra 836 CE - 214 AH Polymath 31

19 : Ibn Duraid 837 CE 215 AH Philologist 32

20 : Al-Tabari 846 CE - 224 AH Historian 33

21 : Abu Kamil Shuja ibn Aslam 850 CE - 228 AH Mathematician 34

22 : Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi 850 CE - 228 AH Polymath 35

23 : Ibn Aslam 850 CE - 228 AH Mathematician 36

24 : Al-Battani 853 CE - 231 AH Mathematician 37

25: Ishaq bin Ali al-Rahwi 854 CE 232 AH Medicine 38

26 : Al-farabi 870 CE - 248 AH Polymath 39
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27 : Abu al-Hasan 'Ali al-Mas'udi 896 CE - 274 AH Historian 40

10th CENTURY

28 : Abu Ja'far al-Khazin 900 CE - 278 AH Astronomy 41

29 : Al-Nayrizi 900 CE 278 AH Mathematician 42

30 : Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi 903 CE - 281 AH Astronomy 43

31 : Ibn Miskawayh 932 CE - 310 AH Historian 44

32 : Abu Al-Qasim (Albucasis ) 936 CE - 314 AH Medicine 45

33 : Ibn Sahl 940 CE - 318 AH Physics 46

34 : Al-khujandi 940 CE - 318 AH Astronomy 47

35 : al-Quhi 940 CE - 318 AH Geomentry 4836 : Ibn Hawqal 943 CE - 321 AH Geography 49

37 : Al-Muqaddasi 945 CE - 323 AH Geography 50

38 : Al-Sijzi 945 CE - 323 AH Astronomy 51

39 : Ibn Yunus 950 CE 330 AH Astronomy 52

40 : Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi 952 CE 330 AH Mathematician 53

41 : Al-Karaji 953 CE - 331 AH Mathematician 54

42 : Abu Nasr Mansur 960 CE - 338 AH Astronomy 55

43 : Ibn Al Haitham (Alhacen) 965 CE - 343 AH Physics 56

44 : Al-Mawardi (Alboacen) 972 CE - 350 AH Philology 57

45 : Al-Biruni 973 CE - 351 AH Polymath 58

46 : Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi 982 CE - 360 AH Physician 59

47 : Ali ibn Ridwan 988 CE - 366 AH Physician 60

48 : Al-Jayyani 989 CE - 367 AH Mathematician 61

49 : Al-Saghani (d) 990 CE - 368 AH Astronomy 62

50 : Abu'l-Wafa 998 CE - 376 AH Mathematician 63

11th CENTURY

51 : Ibn Al-Jazzar 1000 CE - 378 AH Medicine 64

52 : Abu Mansur Muvaffak 1000 CE - 378 AH Medicine 65

53 : Al-Qumri 1000 CE - 378 AH Medicine 66


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54 : Ibn senna (Avicenna) 980 CE - 378 AH Polymath 67

55 : Abi -l-Rijal 1000 CE- 378 AH Astorlogy 68

56 : Al-Majriti 1008 CE - 386 AH Astronomy 69

57: Ali ibn Ahmad al-Nasawi 1010 CE 388 AH Mathematician 70

58 : Al-Zarqali (Arzachel) 1028 CE - 406 AH Mathematician 71

59 : Ibn Al-Thahabi 1033 CE - 411 AH Medicine 72

60 : Omar khayyam 1048 CE - 426AH Mathematician 73

61 : Al-Baghdaadi 1080 CE - 458 AH Medicine 74

62 : Ibn Zuhr 1091 CE - 469 AH Medicine 75

63 : Ibn Bajjah 1095 CE - 473 AH Polymath 76

12th CENTURY64 : Al-Tughrai 1100 CE - 478 AH Alchemy 77

65 : Al-Khazini 1100 CE - 478 AH Polymath 78

66 : Al-Idrisi 1100 CE - 478 AH Cartographer 79

67 : Jabir ibn Aflah 1100 CE - 478 AH Astronomy 80

68 : Ibn Tufail 1105 CE - 483 AH8 Polymath 81

69 : Ibn Hubal 1122 CE - 500 AH Medicine 82

70 : Ibn rushd (Averroes) 1126 CE - 504 AH Polymath 83

71 : Al-Samaw'al 1130 CE - 508 AH Mathematician 84

72 : Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi 1135CE - 513 AH Mathematician 85

73 : Ibn Jubayr 1145 CE 523 AH Geography 86

74 : Al-razi 1149 CE - 527 AH Polymath 87

75 : Ali ibn al-Athir 1160 CE - 538 AH Historian 88

76 : Abd-el-latif 1162 CE - 540 AH Medicine 89

77 : Ibn al-Baitar 1197 CE - 575 AH5 Botanist 90

13th CENTURY

78 : Nasir al-Din al-Tusi 1201CE - 579 AH Polymath 91

79 : Al-Betrugi 1204 CE - 582 AH Astronomy 92

80 : Al-Jazari 1206 CE - 584 AH Emgineering 93


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81 : Ibn al-Nafis 1213 CE - 591 AH Physiologist 94

82 : Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi 1236 CE - 614 AH Polymath 95

83 : al-Samarqand 1250 CE 628 AH Astronomy 96

84 : Ibn al-Banna 1256 CE - 634 AH Mathematician 97

85 : Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi (D) 1266 CE - 644 AH Astronomy 98

86 : Kamal al-Din al-Farisi 1267 CE - 645 AH Mathematician 99

14th CENTURY

87 : Ibn al-Shatir 1304 CE - 682 AH Astronomy 100

88 : Ibn Battuta 1304 CE - 682 AH Traveler 101

89 : Ibn Khaldun 1332 CE - 732 AH Historian 102

90 : Qadi Zada al-Rumi 1364 CE 742 AH Astronomy 103 91 : Jamshid al-Kashi 1380 CE - 758 AH Astronomy 104

92 : Serafeddin Sabuncuoglu 1385 CE - 763 AH Physician 105

93 : Ulugh Beg 1393 CE - 771 AH Astronomy 106

15th CENTURY

94 : Al-Umawi 1400 CE 778 AH Mathematician 107

95 : Ali Kuscu 1403 CE - 781 AH Mathematician 108

96 : Al-Qalasadi 1412 CE - 79O AH Algebra 109

97 : Ahmad Bin Majid 1421 CE - 799 AH Cartographer 110

98 : Piri Reis 1465 CE - 843 AH Cartographer 111

16th CENTURY

99 : Mansur Ibn Ilyas 1500 CE - 878 AH Physician 112

100 : Taqi al-Din 1526 CE - 904 AH Polymath 113101 : Al-Birjandi 1528 CE 934 AH Astronomy 114


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BIOGRAPHY OF PROPHET MUHAMMAD (pbuh) Dr. A. Zahoor and Dr. Z. Haq

http://www.cyberistan.org/islamic/muhammad.html

Father : AbdullahMother : AminaGrandfather : Abdal MuttalibUncle : Abu Talib

birth & upbringingProphet Muhammad (s) was born in 570 CE in Makkah ( Bakka, Baca , Mecca). His father, Abdullah, diedseveral weeks before his birth in Yathrib (Medinah) where he went to visit his father's maternal relatives.His mother died while on the return journey from Medinah at a place called Abwa when he was six yearsold. He was raised by his paternal grandfather 'Abd al Muttalib (Shaybah) until the age of eight, and afterhis grandfathers death by Abu Talib, his paternal uncle.

'Abd al Muttalib's (i.e: Rasools grandfather) mother, Salma, was a native of Medinah and he was born andraised as a young boy in Medinah before his uncle Muttalib brought him to Makkah to succeed him. Manyyears before Muhammad's birth, 'Abd al Muttalib had established himself as an influential leader of the

Arab tribe Quraish in Makkah and took care of the Holy sanctuary Kabah. Makkah was a city state well connected to the caravan routes to Syria and Egypt in the north and northwest and Yemen in thesouth. Muhammad (s) was a descendant of Prophet Ismail through the lineage of his second son Kedar .

adulthood & marriageUnder the guardianship of Abu Talib, Muhammad (s) began to earn a living as a businessman and a trader. At the age of twelve, he accompanied Abu Talib with a merchant caravan as far as Bostra in Syria.Muhammad (s) was popularly known as al-Ameen for his unimpeachable character by the Makkans and

visitors alike. The title Al-Ameen means the Honest, the Reliable and the Trustworthy, and it signified thehighest standard of moral and public life.

Upon hearing of Muhammads (s) impressive credentials, Khadijah, a rich merchant widow, askedMuhammad (s) to take some merchandise for trade to Syria. Soon after this trip when he was twenty-five,Khadijah proposed marriage to Muhammad (s) through a relative. Muhammad (s)accepted the proposal.

At that time, Khadijah was twice widowed and forty years old. Khadijah (ra) and Muhammad (s) were the

parents of six children - four daughters and two sons. His first son Qasim died at the age of two. He wasnicknamed Abul Qasim, meaning the father of Qasim. His second son Abdullah died in infancy. Abdullah was also called affectionately as Tayyab and Tahir because he was born after Muhammadsprophethood. The four daughters were: Zainab, Ruqayyah, Umm Kulthum, and Fatimah (ra).

Ka'bah is the first house of worship built on earth for the worship of Allah , the One True God. It wasre-built (raised from the existing foundation) by Prophets Ibrahim (Abraham) and Ismail (Ishmael). Allah is the proper name of the One True God, creator and sustainer of the universe, who does not have a
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partner or associate, and He did not beget nor was He begotten. Unlike the word god, the word Allahdoes not have a plural or gender.

The Holy sanctuary Kabah was now filled with three hundred sixty idols. The original, pristine messageof Prophet Ibrahim was lost, and it was mixed with superstitions and traditions of pilgrims and visitors

from distant places, who were used to idol worship and myths. In every generation, a small group of menand women detested the pollution of Kabah and kept pure their practice of the religion taught byProphets Ibrahim and Ismail. They used to spend some of their time away from this polluted environmentin retreats to nearby hills.

Messenger receives the QuranMuhammad (s) was forty when, during his one of many retreats to Mount Hira for meditation during themonth of Ramadan, he received the first revelation from the Archangel Jibril (Gabriel). On this firstappearance, Gabriel (as) said to Muhammad: "Iqraa," meaning Read or Recite. Muhammad replied, "Icannot read ," as he had not received any formal education and did not know how to read or write. The

Angel Gabriel then embraced him until he reached the limit of his endurance and after releasing said:"Iqraa." Muhammads answer was the same as before. Gabriel repeated the embrace for the third time,asked him to repeat after him and said:

"Recite in the name of your Lord who created! He created man from that which clings. Recite; and thyLord is most Bountiful, He who has taught by the pen, taught man what he knew not."

These revelations are the first five verses of Surah (chapter) 96 of the Quran. Thus it was in the year 610CE the revelation began.

Muhammad (s) was terrified by the whole experience of the revelation and fled the cave of Mt. Hira[Qur'an 81:19-29]. When he reached his home, tired and frightened, he asked his wife: cover me, coverme, in a blanket. After his awe had somewhat abated, his wife Khadijah asked him about the reason of hisgreat anxiety and fear. She then assured him by saying: "Allah (The One God) will not let you downbecause you are kind to relatives, you speak only the truth, you help the poor, the orphan and the needy,and you are an honest man. Khadijah then consulted with her cousin Waraqa who was an old, saintly manpossessing knowledge of previous revelations and scriptures. Waraqa confirmed to her that the visitor wasnone other than the Angel Gabriel who had come to Moses. He then added that Muhammad (s) is theexpected Prophet . Khadijah accepted the revelation as truth and was the first person to accept Islam.She supported her husband in every hardship, most notably during the three-year boycott of theProphets clan by the pagan Quraish. She died at the age of sixty-five in the month of Ramadan soon afterthe lifting of the boycott in 620 CE.

Gabriel (as) visited the Prophet as commanded by Allah revealing Ayat (meaning signs, loosely referred to

as verses) in Arabic over a period of twenty-three years. The revelations that he received were sometimes afew verses, a part of a chapter or the whole chapter. Some revelations came down in response to aninquiry by the nonbelievers. The revealed verses were recorded on a variety of available materials (leather,palm leaves, bark, shoulder bones of animals), memorized as soon as they were revealed, and were recitedin daily prayers by Muslims [Qur'an 80:13-16]. Angel Gabriel taught the order and arrangement of verses,and the Prophet instructed his several scribes to record verses in that order [Qur'an 75:16-19 and 41:41-42]. Once a year, the Prophet used to recite all the verses revealed to him up to that time to Gabriel toauthenticate the accuracy of recitation and the order of verses [Qur'an 17:106]. All the revealed verses
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( over a period of 23 years and ending in 632 CE) were compiled in the book known as Quran. Thename Quran appears in the revealed verses. The Quran does not contain even a word from the Prophet.

The Qur'an speaks in the first person, i.e., Allah's commandments to His creation. Gabriel also visited theProphet throughout his mission informing and teaching him of events and strategy as needed to help inthe completion of the prophetic mission. The Prophets sayings, actions, and approvals are recorded

separately in collections known as Hadith. The mission of Prophet Muhammad (s) was to restore the worship of the One True God, the creator andsustainer of the universe, as taught by Prophet Ibrahim and all Prophets of God , and to demonstrate andcomplete the laws of moral, ethical, legal, and social conduct and all other matters of significance for thehumanity at large.

The first few people who followed this message were: his cousin Ali, his servant Zayd ibn Harithah, hisfriend Abu Bakr and his wife and daughters. They accepted Islam by testifying that:

"There is no Deity (worthy of worship) except Allah (The One True God) and Muhammad is theMessenger of Allah."

Islam means peace by submission and obedience to the Will and Commandments of God and those whoaccept Islam are called Muslims, meaning those who have accepted the message of peace by submission toGod.

The first few years of his mission In the first three years of his mission forty people (men and women) accepted Islam. This small groupcomprised of youth as well as older people from a wide range of economic and social background. TheProphet was directed by a recent revelation to start preaching Islam to everyone. He then began to reciterevelations to people in public and invite them to Islam. The Quraish, leaders of Makkah, took hispreaching with hostility. The most hostile and closest to the prophet was his uncle Abu Lahab and his

wife. Initially, they and other leaders of Quraish tried to bribe him with money and power including anoffer to make him king if he were to abandon his message. When this did not work, they tried toconvince his uncle Abu Talib to accept the best young man of Makkah in place of Muhammad (s) and toallow them to kill Muhammad (s). His uncle tried to persuade the Prophet to stop preaching but theProphet said: "O uncle, if they were to put the sun in my right hand and the moon in my left hand to stopme from preaching Islam, I would never stop. I will keep preaching until Allah makes Islam prevail or Idie."

The Quraish began to persecute Muslims by beating, torture and boycott of their businesses. Those who were weak, poor or slaves were publicly tortured. The first person to die by this means was a Muslim women by the name Umm Ammar (the mother of Ammar Ibn Yasir). The Muslims from well-to-do

families were physically restrained in their homes with the condition that if they recant they will be allowefreedom of movement. The Prophet was publicly ridiculed and humiliated including frequent throwing offilth on him in the street and while he prayed in the Kabah. In spite of great hardships and no apparentsupport, the message of Islam kept all Muslims firm in their belief. The Prophet was asked by God to bepatient and to preach the message of Quran. He advised Muslims to remain patient because he did notreceive any revelation yet to retaliate against their persecutors. [ Persecution ]
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Muslims migration to Abyssinia When the persecution became unbearable for most Muslims, the Prophet advised them in the fifth yearof his mission (615 CE) to emigrate to Abyssinia (modern Ethiopia) where Ashabah (Negus, aChristian) was the ruler. Eighty people, not counting the small children, emigrated in small groups toavoid detection. No sooner had they left the Arabian coastline, the leaders of Quraish discovered their

flight. They decided to not leave these Muslims in peace, and immediately sent two of their envoys toNegus to bring all of them back. However, Negus allowed them to stay under his protection after heinvestigated Muslim belief and heard the revelations about Jesus and Mary (peace be upon themboth), which appears in Chapter 19, entitled Mary, of the Quran. The emigrants were allowed freedom of

worship in Abyssinia.

The Quraish then made life even more difficult for the Prophet by implementing total ban on contact with the Prophets family (Bani Hashim and Muttalib). The ban lasted for three years without the desiredeffect. Just before the ban was lifted, the Prophet was contacted by the leaders of Quraish to agree to acompromise under which they should all practice both religions (i.e., Islam and Idolatry). Upon hearingthis, the Prophet recited a revelation (Chapter 109) he had just received and which ends with the words:"... For you your religion and for me mine." The ban was lifted when leaders of Quraish discovered thattheir secret document on the terms of ban, which they had stored in Kabah, was eaten by worms and allthat was left were the opening words In Your name, O Allah. The effects of the three-year boycott leftthe Prophet with more personal sorrow when he lost his beloved wife Khadijah (ra) and uncle Abu Talibsoon after the ban was lifted.

After Khadijah's death in 620 CE, the Prophet married a widowed Muslim woman, Sawdah (ra) who was fifty years old. She and her husband had emigrated to Abyssinia in the early years of persecution. After her husband died, she came back to Makkah and sought Prophets shelter. The Prophet, recognizingher sacrifices for Islam, extended his shelter by marrying her. Later in the same year, the Prophet uponreceiving the divine command in a dream, after approval of Sawdah, contracted marriage to Aishah, thedaughter of his dear companion Abu Bakr . She joined the Prophet in Medinah, completing the marriage

contract. Sawdah and Aishah (ra) were the only wives until he was fifty-six years old.

Taif denies Islam After the death of his uncle Abu Talib, the Prophet went to Taif (about 50 miles east, southeast ofMakkah) to seek their protection. They flatly refused and mocked at him, and severely injured him byinciting their children to throw stones at him. Gabriel (as) visited the Prophet here suggesting that theangels were ready to destroy the town if he were to ask Allah for the punishment. Nevertheless, theProphet declined and prayed for future generations of Taif to accept Islam [ Taif ]. It was on the returnjourney from Taif that the verses from Surah Al Jinn (Chapter 72) were revealed. It indicated that theQuran is a book of guidance to both the Jinns and Humankind.

al-Israa and al-Miraaj Soon after the terrible disappointment at Taif, the prophet experienced the events of al-Israa and al-Miraaj (621 CE). In the Al-Israa, Gabriel (as) took the Prophet from the sacred Mosque near Kabah tothe furthest (al-Aqsa) mosque in Jerusalem in a very short time in the latter part of a night. Here, ProphetMuhammad met with previous Prophets (Abraham, Moses, Jesus and others) and he led them in prayer.

After this, in Al-Miraj, the Prophet was taken up to heavens to show the signs of God. It was on thisjourney that five daily prayers were prescribed. He was then taken back to Kabah, the whole experiencelasting a few hours of a night. Upon hearing this, the people of Makkah mocked at him. However, when
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his specific description of Jerusalem, other things on the way, and the caravan that he saw on this journeyincluding its expected arrival in Makkah turned out to be true, the ridicule of the nonbelievers stopped.

The event of Israa and Miraaj is mentioned in the Quran - the first verse of Chapter 17 entitled TheChildren of Israel.

The Hijra in 622 ce In 622 CE, the leaders of the Quraish decided to kill the Prophet and they developed a plan in which oneman was chosen from each of the Quraish tribes and they were to attack the Prophet simultaneously.Gabriel informed the Prophet of the plan and instructed him to leave Makkah immediately. The Prophet,after making arrangements to return the properties entrusted to him by several nonbelievers, left with AbuBakr in the night he was to be assassinated. They went south of Makkah to a mountain cave of Thawr [seeQur'an 9:40], and after staying three nights they traveled north to Yathrib (Medinah) about two hundredfifty miles from Makkah. Upon discovery of his escape, the leaders of Quraish put up a reward of onehundred camels on him, dead or alive. In spite of all their best scouts and search parties, Allah protectedthe Prophet and he arrived safely in Quba , a suburb of Medinah [Qur'an 28:85]. This event is known asthe Hijra (migration) and the Islamic calendar begins with this event. The people of Aws and Khazraj inMedinah greeted him with great enthusiasm in accordance with their pledge made at Aqaba less than ayear ago during the annual pilgrimage. One by one those Muslims (men and women) of Makkah who werenot physically restrained, and who could make a secret exit, left for Medinah leaving behind theirproperties and homes.

To insure the peace and tranquility, the Prophet proposed a treaty defining terms of conduct for allinhabitants of Medinah. It was ratified by all - Muslims, non-Muslim Arabs and Jews. After his emigrationto Medinah, the enemies of Islam increased their assault from all sides.

The Battles of Badr, Uhud and Allies (Trench) These battles were fought near or around Medinah. In these battles until the year 627 CE, thenonbelievers with encouragement from Jews and other Arabian tribes attacked the Prophet and Muslimcommunity. The Muslims while defending their city and religion lost many men, which resulted in many

widowed Muslim women and numerous orphaned children . In these circumstances, ProphetMuhammad (s) married several women during fifty-sixth year up to the sixtieth year of his life. He did notcontract any marriage in the last three years of his life, following the revelation limiting the number of

wives up to a maximum of four. This is the first time in the history of revealed scriptures that a limit onthe number of wives was imposed and the terms of conduct were specified. The Prophet was instructednot to divorce any of his wives after this revelation [Qur'an 33:52]. All of the ladies he took as wives wereeither widowed or divorced, except Aishah.

The Prophet married Umm Salamah (ra) in 626 CE. Her husband had died of wounds inflicted in theBattle of Uhud (625 CE). When the Prophet asked her for marriage, she replied: "O Messenger of God, I

suffer from three shortcomings. I am a very jealous woman, and I am afraid this might cause me to dothings that you dislike. Secondly, I am an old woman. Finally, I have many children." The Prophetanswered: "Regarding your jealousy, I pray to God to remove it from you. As for your age, we are similarin age. As for the children, your children are mine." Thus it was that she agreed to marry the Prophet. TheProphets marriage contract with Umm Habibah (ra) was solemnized, by proxy, by Negus, King of

Abyssinia, in 628 CE.
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Two of his wives, Juwayriah and Safiyah, were prisoners of war. Both belonged to the family of the chiefof their tribes and were set free by the Prophet; they then gladly accepted Islam and were pleased tobecome the Prophets wives. The Prophets marriages provided security to women who would haveotherwise remained unmarried, unprotected, or felt humiliated. His marriages were also a means oftransmitting important teachings of Islam. The Prophet's wives, called the "Mothers of the

Believers,"[Qur'an Surah 33, Verse 6 and the last part of Verse 53] showed themselves as examples ofproper Muslim womanhood. All his wives, especially 'Aishah, transmitted many ahadith (sayings, deeds,and actions) from Prophet Muhammad (s).

The treaty of Hudaybiyah A year after the Battle of Allies (Trench), the Prophet and fifteen hundred of his companions left forMakkah to perform the annual pilgrimage (628 CE). They were barred from approaching the city atHudaybiyah , where after some negotiations a treaty was signed allowing for them to come next year.

This treaty facilitated exchange of ideas among the people of the whole region without interference. Manydelegations from all regions of Arabia came to the Prophet to investigate the teachings of Islam, and alarge number of people accepted Islam within a couple of years. The Prophet sent many of hiscompanions (who memorized the Qur'an by heart) to new communities to instruct them about thepractice of Islam. More than fifty of them were murdered by non-believers.

A few weeks after Hudaybiyah the Prophet sent letters to several kings and rulers (including the twosuperpowers - Byzantines and Persians) inviting them to Islam. Negus, the king of Abyssinia, and theRuler of Bahrain accepted Islam , and Emperor Heraclius acknowledged MuhammadsProphethood . Among rulers who accepted Islam but without any initiative from the Prophet wasChakrawati Farmas, a Hindu King of Malabar (located on the southwest coast of India).

About two years later at the end of 629 CE, the Quraish violated the terms of the Treaty ofHudaybiyah by helping Banu Bakr in the surprise attack on Bani Khuzaah who were allied with theProphet. Some of Bani Khuzahs men escaped and took shelter in Makkah and they sought redress.However, the leaders of Quraish did nothing. They then sent a message to the Prophet for help.

The conquest of Makka The Prophet, after confirming all the reports of the attack and subsequent events, marched to Makkah with an army consisting of three thousand Muslims of Medinah and Muslims from other Arabcommunities that joined him on the way totaling ten thousand Muslims . Before entering the city he sent

word to citizens of Makkah that anyone who remained in his home, or in Abu Sufyans home, or in theKabah would be safe. The army entered Makkah without fighting and the Prophet went directly to theKabah. He magnified Allah for the triumphant entry in the Holy city. The Prophet pointed at each idol

with a stick he had in his hand and said, "Truth has come and Falsehood will neither start nor will itreappear" [Qur'an 17:81]. And one by one the idols fell down. The Kabah was then cleansed by the

removal of all three hundred sixty idols, and it was restored to its pristine status for the worship of One True God (as built by Prophets Ibrahim and Ismail).

The people of the city expected general slaughter in view of their persecution and torture of Muslims forthe past twenty years. While standing by the Ka'bah, the Prophet (s) promised clemency for the Makkans,stating: "O Quraish, what do you think that I am about to do with you?" They replied, "Good. You are anoble brother, son of a noble brother." The Prophet forgave them all saying:
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"I will treat you as Prophet Yousuf (Joseph) treated his brothers. There is no reproach against you. Go toyour homes, and you are all free."

The Prophet also declared:

Allah made Makkah holy the day He created heavens and earth, and it is the holy of holies untilthe Resurrection Day. It is not lawful for anyone who believes in Allah and the last day to shedblood therein, nor to cut down trees therein. It was not lawful to anyone before me and it will notbe lawful to anyone after me.

The people of Makkah then accepted Islam including the staunch enemies of the Prophet. A few of thestaunchest enemies and military commanders had fled Makkah after his entry. However, when theyreceived the Prophets assurance of no retaliation and no compulsion in religion, they came back andgradually the message of Islam won their hearts. Within a year (630 CE), almost all Arabia accepted Islam

Among the Prophets close companions were Muslims from such diverse background as Persia , Abyssinia, Syria and Rome. Several prominent Jewish Rabbis, Christian bishop and clergymen acceptedIslam after discussions with the Prophet.

One night in March 630 CE, Angel Gabriel visited the Prophet and addressed him as: "O father ofIbrahim." A few hours later, the Prophet received the news of the birth of his son from his wife Mariah ,and the Prophet named him Ibrahim. He was the only child born after the six children from Prophetsfirst wife Khadijah. Ibrahim died when he was ten months old. On the day of Ibrahim's death, there wasan eclipse of the sun. When some people began to attribute it to the Prophet's bereavement, he said: "Thesun and the moon are two signs of the signs of God. Their light is not dimmed for any man's death. If yousee them eclipsed, you should pray until they be clear."

The great change in Arabia alarmed the two superpowers , Byzantines and Persians. Their Governors,particularly the Byzantines, reacted with threats to attack Medinah. Instead of waiting, the prophet sent asmall army to defend the northmost border of Arabia. In the remaining life of the Prophet, all of themajor battles were fought on the northern front. The Prophet did not have a standing army. Whenever hereceived a threat, he called the Muslims and discussed with them the situation and gathered volunteers tofight any aggression.

His first & last Haj The Prophet performed his first and last pilgrimage in 632 CE. One hundred twenty-thousand men and women performed pilgrimage that year with him. The Prophet received the last revelation during thispilgrimage. Two months later, Prophet Muhammad (s) fell ill and after several days died on Monday, 12Rabi al-Awwal, the eleventh year after Hijra (June 8, 632 CE) in Medinah. He is buried in the same place

where he died.

Prophet Muhammad lived a most simple, austere and modest life. He and his family used to go withoutcooked meal several days at a time, relying only on dates, dried bread and water. During the day he wasthe busiest man, as he performed his duties in many roles all at once as head of state, chief justice,commander-in-chief, arbitrator, instructor and family man. He was the most devoted man at night. Heused to spend one- to two-thirds of every night in prayer and meditation. The Prophet's possessionconsisted of mats, blankets, jugs and other simple things even when he was the virtual ruler of Arabia. Heleft nothing to be inherited except a white mule (a gift from Muqawqis ), few ammunition and a piece of
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land that he had made a gift during his life time. Among his last words were: "We the community ofProphets are not inherited. Whatever we leave is for charity."

The Prophet. The Messenger. The Man Muhammad (s) was a man and a messenger of Allah (The One God). He is the last of the prophets

[Qur'an 33:40] sent by Allah to guide man to the right path; Adam was the first Prophet. The Quranmentions twenty-five Prophets by name and provides a great insight of their mission, struggle and theircommunities. The Quran exonerates prophets from charges leveled against them in previous Scriptures.

The Quran also mentions four previously revealed Scriptures : Suhoof (Pages) of Ibrahim (Abraham), Taurat ('Torah') as revealed to Prophet Moses, Zuboor ('Psalms') as revealed to Prophet David, and Injeel('Evangel') as revealed to Prophet Jesus (pbuh). Islam requires belief in all prophets and revealed scriptures(original, non-corrupted) as part of the Articles of Faith. Muhammad (s) is greatly respected as the modelof Quranic behavior. Muslims mention his name by adding "peace be upon him," a phrase used with thename of all prophets [e.g., Qur'an Surah 37: verses 79, 109, 120 and 130; also 33:56]. All sincere Muslimstry to follow the Quran and the Prophets example to minute details. The account of every aspect of hislife has been preserved (numerous daily accounts including his family life). Prophet Muhammad (s) hasserved as an example for all Muslims in all periods to modern times. He will remain a model example forall of humanity.

At the end of his mission, the Prophet was blessed with several hundred thousand followers (men and women) of Islam. Thousands prayed with him at the mosque and listened to his sermon. Hundreds ofsincere Muslims would find every opportunity to be with him following five daily prayers and at othertimes. They used to seek his advice for their everyday problems, and listened attentively to theinterpretation and application of revealed verses to their situation. They followed the message of theQuran and the Messenger of Allah with utmost sincerity, and supported him with every thing they had.

The most excellent among them are Abu Bakr, 'Umar, 'Uthman, Ali, Talha, Zubair, 'Abdur Rahman ibn Auf, S'ad bin Abi Waqqas, S'ad bin Zaid, Abu 'Ubeidah, Hasan, Hussain, and several dozen others. Theyfaithfully carried the message of Islam after the Prophet, and within ninety years the light of Islam reached

Spain, North Africa, the Caucasus, northwest China and India.

Allah : Allah is the proper name in Arabic for The One and Only God, The Creator and Sustainer of the universe. It is used bythe Arab Christians and Jews for the God (Eloh-im in Hebrew; 'Allaha' in Aramaic, the mother tongue of Jesus, pbuh). The

word Allah does not have a plural or gender. Allah does not have any associate or partner, and He does not beget nor was Hebegotten. SWT is an abbreviation of Arabic words that mean 'Glory Be To Him.'s or pbuh : Peace Be Upon Him. This expression is used for all Prophets of Allah .ra: Radiallahu Anha (May Allah be pleased with her).ra: Radiallahu Anhu (May Allah be pleased with him).
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#2: Abu Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber) 721 CE - 99 AHHe is considered by many to be the father of chemistry .

Abu Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan 721 CE - 99 AH known also by his Latinised name Geber , was a prominent Muslim polymath: a chemist and alchemist , astronomer and astrologer, engineer ,philosopher , and pharmacist and physician.

Jabir was born in Tus , Khorasan , in Iran, then ruled by the Arab Umayyad Caliphate . He was the sonof Hayyan al-Azdi, a pharmacist of the Arabian Azd tribe who emigrated from Yemen to Kufa (in

present-day Iraq ) during the Umayyad Caliphate. Jabir grew up in Yemen and studied the Koran,mathematics and other subjects under a scholar named Harbi al-Himyari. After the Abbasids took

power, Jabir went back to Kufa, where he spent most of his career.

In Kufa he became a student of the celebrated Islamic teacher and sixth Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq . He beganhis career practising medicine, under the patronage of the Barmakid Vizir of Caliph Haroun al-Rashid.

Contributions to chemistry

Jabir is mostly renowned for his contributions to the modern discipline of chemistry. He is credited withthe invention of many types of now-basic chemical laboratory equipment, and with the discovery anddescription of many now-commonplace chemical substances and processes such as the hydrochloric andnitric acids, distillation, and crystallisation that have become the foundation of today's chemistry andchemical engineering .

Jabir is also credited with the invention and development of several chemical instruments that are stillused today. Jabir applied his chemical knowledge to the improvement of many manufacturing processes,such as making steel and other metals, preventing rust, engraving gold, dyeing and waterproofing cloth,tanning leather, and the chemical analysis of pigments and other substances. He developed the use ofmanganese dioxide in glassmaking, to counteract the green tinge produced by iron a process that is stillused today. He noted that boiling wine released a flammable vapor, thus paving the way to Al-Razi'sdiscovery of ethanol.

The seeds of the modern classification of elements into metals and non-metals could be seen in his

chemical nomenclature.

Ref: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia www.pre-renaissance.com
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# 3: Yaqub ibn Tariq 7_ _ CE 1_ _ AHHe was an excellent astronomer who developed from Greek, Indian, and Iranian sources the basicstructure of Arabic astronomy.

Yaqub ibn Tariq is known as a contemporary and collaborator of the 8thcentury scholars in Baghdad(particularlyFazari ) who developed from Greek, Indian, and Iranian sources the basic structure of Arabicastronomy. Works ascribed by later authors to Yaqub include the Z j malul fr al Sindhind lidaraja daraja(Astronomical tables in the Sindhind resolved for each degree), Tark b al aflk (Arrangement of the orbs),and Kitab alilal (Rationales [of astronomical procedures]). He is also said to have written a Taqi kardajtaljayb (Distribution of the kardajas of the sine [sine values]), and M irtafa a min qaws nif alnahr(Elevation along the arc of the meridian), which may be related to or incorporated within one of his moregeneral works. An otherwise unknown astrological work entitled Al maqalat (Chapters) is also attributedto Yaq b by one (unreliable) source. None of the above works is now extant, and only the first three areknown in any detail from later writings.

Contributions

Yaqub's zij (handbook with astronomical tables), like that of Fazar1, was apparently based on the Sanskritoriginal of the Z j al Sindhind, translated by them in Baghdad in the 770s. (A highly embroidered 12th century account of Yaqub's involvement in this translation is given by Abraham ibn Ezra .) Also likeFazr 's, the surviving fragments of Yaqub's zij are a heterogeneous mix from different traditions. Forexample, the mean motion parameters are Indian, as is the rule for visibility of the lunar crescent; the

calendar is Persian; and the Indian sunrise epoch for the civil day appears to have been converted to theGreek inspired noon epoch by the simple expedient of moving the prime meridian 90 (or 1/4th day)eastward from the usual location of Arin (Ujjain).

The Tarkib alaflak was an early work on the topic that became known as haya or cosmography (i.e., thearrangement, sizes, and distances of the celestial orbs). Yaqub's work apparently stated the orbital radii andsizes of the planets, as well as rules for determining accumulated time according to techniques in Sanskrittreatises. Biruni in the 11th century mentioned the Tarkib as the only Arabic source using the Indiancosmographic tradition (although at least some of the same values were known from other zijes); if hisdescriptions of some of Yaqub's rules are accurate, Yaqub did not always fully understand or correctlyinterpret the Indian procedures.

It is also from Biruni that we derive our knowledge of the Kit b al ilal, an early representative of the genreof rationales or causes treatises that undertook to provide mathematical explanations of thecomputational rules in z jes. All of Birunis references to this work are contained in his al ilal (Onshadows), so they are limited to trigonometric procedures using gnomon shadows in calculations of timeand location. By this time, evidently, Yaq b's works were valued primarily for the information theyprovided about early influences from the Indian tradition, many of which were replaced in later Islamicastronomy by predominantly Ptolemaic techniques.
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Ref:islamsci.mcgill.ca

#4: al-Khwarizmi 780 - 850 CE / 158 AH Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi

He is considered the Father of Algebra. The words algorism and algorithm stem from Algoritmi, theLatinization of his name.

al-Khwarizmi was a Persian Islamic mathematician, astronomer , astrologer and geographer. He was bornaround 780 in Khw rizm (now Khiva, Uzbekistan ) and died around 850. He worked most of his life as ascholar in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad.

His Algebra was the first book on the systematic solution of linear and quadratic equations. Consequently

he is considered to be the father of algebra. His contributions not only made a great impact onmathematics, but on language as well. The word algebra is derived from al-jabr , one of the two operationsused to solve quadratic equations, as described in his book. The words algorism and algorithm stem from

Algoritmi , the Latinization of his name. His name is also the origin of the Spanish word guarismo and ofthe Portuguese word algarismo, both meaning digit.

Contributions

His major contributions to mathematics, astronomy , astrology , geography and cartography providedfoundations for later and even more widespread innovation in algebra, trigonometry , and his other areasof interest. His systematic and logical approach to solving linear and quadratic equations gave shape to the

discipline of algebra , a word that is derived from the name of his 830 book on the subject, al-Kitab al- mukhtasar fi hisab al-jabr wa'lor: "The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing".

The book was first translated into Latin in the twelfth century.

His book On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals written about 825, was principally responsible for thediffusion of the Indian system of numeration in the Middle-East and then Europe . This book alsotranslated into Latin in the twelfth century, as Algoritmi de numero Indorum . From the name of the author,rendered in Latin as algoritmi , originated the term algorithm.

He also assisted in the construction of a world map for the caliph al-Ma'mun and participated in a projectto determine the circumference of the Earth, supervising the work of 70 geographers to create the map of

the then "known world".[9]

When his work was copied and transferred to Europe through Latin translations, it had a profound impacton the advancement of basic mathematics in Europe. He also wrote on mechanical devices like theastrolabe and sundial.
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ref: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia www.famousmuslims.com

# 5: Al-Jahiz 781 CE 159 AH Abu Uthman Amr ibn Bahr al-Kinani al-Fuqaimi al-Basri Author of works on Arabic literature, biology, zoology , history , early Islamic philosophy , Islamicpsychology , Mu'tazili theology , and politico-religiouspolemics.

Not much is known about Al-Jahiz's early life, but his family was very poor. He used to sell fishalong one of the canals in Basra to help his family. Yet, despite his difficult financial troubles, thatdidn't stop him from seeking knowledge since his youth. He used to gather with a group of otheryouths at the main mosque of Basra, where they discussed various subjects of sciences. He alsoattended various lectures done by the most learned men in philology , lexicography , and poetry . Over aspan twenty-five years, he had acquired great knowledge about Arabic poetry , Arabic philology , historyof the Arabs and Persians before Islam, and he studied the Qur'an and the Hadith . His education washighly facilitated due to the fact that the Abbasid Caliphate was in a period of cultural, and intellectualrevolutions. Books became readily available, and this made learning easily available.

He moved to Baghdad, the capital of the Arab Islamic Caliphate at the time, in 816 AD, because the Abbasid Caliphs encouraged scientists and scholars and had just founded the House of Wisdom . Due tothe Caliphs' patronage, his eagerness to reach a wider audience, and establish himself, al-Jahiz stayedin Baghdad (and later Samarra) where he wrote a huge number of his books.

Other works The earliest works on social psychology and animal psychology were written by al-Jahiz, who wrote anumber of works dealing with the social organization of ants and with animal communication andpsychology.[14]

ref: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia www.salaam.co.uk
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27tazilihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_poetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27anhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/816http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wisdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jahiz#cite_note-Amber-376-13#cite_note-Amber-376-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Jahiz#cite_note-Amber-376-13#cite_note-Amber-376-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samarrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wisdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/816http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caliphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadithhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27anhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_poetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%27tazilihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_literature


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# 6: ibn Matar 786 CE 164 AH

Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf ibn MatarHe was an Arab mathematician who made the first translation of Euclid's Elements from Greek into

Arabic.

Ibn Matar was an Arab mathematician who made the first translation of Euclid's Elements from Greek into Arabic. He made a second, improved, more concise translation for al-Ma'mun. Around 829 he translatedPtolemy 's Almagest , which at that time had also been translated by Hunayn ibn Ishaq and Sahl al-abar .

Ref: Wikipedia, the free encyclopediahttp://islamsci.mcgill.ca
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ma%27munhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almagesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunayn_ibn_Ishaqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahl_al-%E1%B9%ACabar%C4%ABhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahl_al-%E1%B9%ACabar%C4%ABhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahl_al-%E1%B9%ACabar%C4%ABhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunayn_ibn_Ishaqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almagesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ma%27munhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid%27s_Elementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab


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# 7: al-Balkhi 787 CE-165 AH Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi

Mathematician, astronomer, astrologer.First astronomer to define astrological ages eg. the Age of Pisces, the Age of Aquarius.

Ja'far ibn Muammad Ab Ma'shar al-Balkhi ( 10 August 787 in Balkh, Afghanistan 9 March 886 in al- Wasit, Iraq ), also known as al-Falaki or Albumasar was aSouth Asian Afghan mathematician, astronomer ,astrologer and Islamic philosopher. Many of his works were translated into Latin and were well known inamongst many European astrologers, astronomers, and mathematicians (Mathematici) during theEuropean Middle Ages.

Astrology and natural philosophy

Richard Lemay has argued that the writings of Albumasar were very likely the single most importantoriginal source of Aristotle's theories of nature for European scholars, starting a little before the middle ofthe 12th century. [1]

It was not until later in the 12th century that the original books of Aristotle on nature began to becomeavailable in Latin. The works of Aristotle on logic had been known earlier, and Aristotle was generallyrecognized as "the master of logic." But during the course of the 12th century, Aristotle was transformedinto the "master of those who know," and in particular a master of natural philosophy . It is especiallyinteresting that the work of Albumasar (or Balkhi) in question is a treatise on astrology. Its Latin title isIntroductorium in Astronmiam , a translation of the Arabic Kitab al-mudkhal al-kabir ila 'ilm ahkam an-nujjum ,

written in Baghdad in the year 848 A.D. It was translated into Latin first by John of Seville in 1133, andagain, less literally and abridged, byHermann of Carinthia in 1140 A.D. Amir Khusrav mentions that AbuMashar came to Benaras (Varanasi) and studied astronomy there for ten years.

Astronomy

Abu Ma'shar has been credited as the first astronomer to define astrological ages - the Age of Pisces, the Age of Aquarius, etc. - on the basis of the precession of the equinoxes through the zodiac.

Abu Ma'shar developed a planetary model which some have interpreted as a heliocentric model. This isdue to his orbital revolutions of the planets being given as heliocentric revolutions rather than geocentric revolutions, and the only known planetary theory in which this occurs is in the heliocentric theory. His

work on planetary theory has not survived, but his astronomical data was later recorded by al-Hashimi andal-Biruni.

ref: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisces_%28constellation%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Aquariushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/787http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/886http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_astrologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_ibn_Muhammad_Abu_Ma%27shar_al-Balkhi#cite_note-0#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Sevillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_of_Carinthiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amir_Khusrav&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisces_%28constellation%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Aquariushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precession_%28astronomy%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zodiachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocentrismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit_%28disambiguation%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocentric_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Rayh%C4%81n_al-B%C4%ABr%C5%ABn%C4%ABhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab%C5%AB_Rayh%C4%81n_al-B%C4%ABr%C5%ABn%C4%ABhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocentric_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit_%28disambiguation%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocentrismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zodiachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precession_%28astronomy%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Aquariushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisces_%28constellation%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amir_Khusrav&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_of_Carinthiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Sevillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_ibn_Muhammad_Abu_Ma%27shar_al-Balkhi#cite_note-0#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_astrologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/886http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/787http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Aquariushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisces_%28constellation%29


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# 8: Muhammad ibn-Saad 790 CE-168 AH A historian. Author of Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabeer.

It is an encyclopedic work which the author intended to take up to 15 volumes, serving the Sunnah andHadith scholarship.

Muhammad ibn-Saad was born in Basrah. He traveled to Baghdad where he lived for many years, studyingunder his well-known teacher, Muhammad ibn-Umar al-Waqidi. He also traveled to Kufah and Madinah.

There is no doubt that his trip to Madinah was prior to 200 AH, as he reports meeting several scholarsthere, many of whom died before the beginning of the third century.

When he traveled his main occupation was to meet scholars, particularly scholars of Hadith , to read underthem, and to collect books. Hence, he was able to meet many of the most distinguished contemporaryfigures in the study of Hadith . He is described by scholars as one who has transmitted numerous Hadith sand read a large number of books.

This suggests that he authored several books, and had many interests, but historical sources mention onlythree of his books which are really one book, known as Al-Tabaqat . The other two are a summary of thisbook, and the life of the Prophet, which is perhaps an extraction of al-Tabaqat, as the first two volumes ofthis book are devoted to the history of the Prophet and his life.

Although Ibn-Saad was highly interested in Hadith , biographies and history, he did not confine himself tothese. He appears to have given linguistic study fair attention, and mastered all methods of reciting theQur'an. The book that kept Ibn-Saad's name well-known in scholarly circles up to our present time, and islikely to keep it that way forever, is known for short as Al-Tabaqat , while its full name isKitab al-Tabaqat aKabeer . It is an encyclopedic work which the author intended to take up to 15 volumes, serving the Sunnah

and Hadith scholarship.

ref: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia www. ibnalhyderabadee.wordpress.com


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# 9: al-Fazari 796 CE 174 AHMuhammad al-Fazari is credited to have built the first astrolabe in the Islamic world.

al-Fazari was a Muslim philosopher, mathematician and astronomer . He is not to be confused with hisfather Ibrahim al-Fazari, also an astronomer and mathematician.

While some sources refer to him as an Arab, other sources state that he was a Persian.

Al-Fazari translated many scientific books into Arabic and Persian. He is credited to have built the firstastrolabe in the Islamic world.

Along with Yaqub ibn Tariq and his father he helped translate the Indian astronomical text byBrahmagupta (fl. 7th century), the Brahmasphutasiddhanta , into Arabic as Az-Z j al Sin al- Arab ., or theSindhind . This translation was possibly the vehicle by means of which the Hindu numerals weretransmitted from India to Islam.

Ref: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia www.muslimheritage.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Fazarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqub_ibn_Tariqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmaguptahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmasphutasiddhantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_numeralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_numeralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmasphutasiddhantahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmaguptahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaqub_ibn_Tariqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Fazarihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe


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# 10 Ali Ibn Isa 800 CE 178 AH Ali Ibn Isa or Ali Ben Isa was an Arab astronomer , geographer and ophthalmologist in the 9th century .

He wrote the landmark textbook on ophthalmology in medieval Islam, Notebook of the Oculists, for which he was known in medieval Europe as Jesu Occulist, with "Jesu" being a Latin translation of "Isa",the Arabic name for Jesus.

In Islamic astronomy and Islamic geography , together with Chalid Ben Abdulmelik in 827, he measuredthe Earth 's circumference, getting a result of 40,248 km (or, according to other sources, 41,436 km).

ref: Wikipedia, the free encyclopediahttp://islamsci.mcgill.ca
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_geographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_medieval_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_medieval_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_translations_of_the_12th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_geographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalid_Ben_Abdulmelikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/827http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/827http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalid_Ben_Abdulmelikhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_geographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_translations_of_the_12th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_contributions_to_Medieval_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_medieval_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_medieval_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_geographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_astronomy


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# 11: Al-Kindi (Alkindus ) 800 CE- 178 AH Y aqub ibn Isaq al-Kindi

House of Wisdom . Translation of Greek texts into the Arabic language .Introduction of Indian numerals to the Islamic and Christian world.Pioneer in cryptanalysis and cryptology .

Also known by the Latinized version of his name Alkindus to the West, was a Muslim Arab polymath: aphilosopher , scientist, physicist, astrologer, astronomer, cosmologist , chemist, logician, mathematician,musician, physician, psychologist, and meteorologist. Al-Kindi was the first of the Muslim Peripatetic philosophers, he was also a pioneer in chemistry , cryptography , medicine, music theory , physics,psychology , and the philosophy of science.

Al-Kindi was a descendant of the Kinda tribe. He was born and educated in Kufa, before going to pursuefurther studies in Baghdad. Al-Kindi became a prominent figure in the House of Wisdom , and a numberof Abbasid Caliphs appointed him to oversee the translation of Greek scientific and philosophical textsinto the Arabic language. This contact with "the philosophy of the ancients" (as Greek and Hellenisticphilosophy was often referred to by Muslim scholars) had a profound effect on his intellectualdevelopment, and lead him to write a number of original treatises of his own on a range of subjectsranging from metaphysics and ethics to mathematics and pharmacology .

In the field of mathematics, al-Kindi played an important role in introducing Indian numerals to theIslamic and Christian world. He was a pioneer in cryptanalysis and cryptology , and devised several newmethods of breaking ciphers, including the frequency analysis method. Using his mathematical andmedical expertise, he was able to develop a scale that would allow doctors to quantify the potency of their

medication. He also first experimented with music therapy .

Ref: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/kin.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wisdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_numeralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptanalysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_astrologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy_%28Islam%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorologisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripatetic_schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinditeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kufahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wisdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_numeralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptanalysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encryptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_analysis_%28cryptanalysis%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_therapyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_analysis_%28cryptanalysis%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encryptionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptanalysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_numeralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wisdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kufahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinditeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripatetic_schoolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorologisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_psychologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy_%28Islam%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_astrologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptanalysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_numeralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wisdom


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# 12: Banu Musa brothers 800 CE - 178 AH

The Banu Musa brothers "Sons of M s" were three Persian scholars, of Baghdad, active in theHouse of Wisdom :

Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ms ibn Shkir (800-873), who specialised inastronomy , engineering ,geometry and physics. Ahmad ibn Ms ibn Shkir (805-873), who specialised in engineering andmechanics. Al-Hasan ibn Ms ibn Shkir (810873), who specialised in engineering and geometry.

The Banu Musa brothers invented a number of automata (automatic machines ) and mechanicaldevices, and they described a hundred such devices in their Book of Ingenious Devices. Some ofthese inventions include:

Book on the motion of the orbs

In physics and astronomy , Muhammad ibn Musa was a pioneer of astrophysics and celestialmechanics. In the Book on the motion of the orbs, he was the first to discover that the heavenlybodies and celestial spheres were subject to the same laws of physics as Earth , unlike the ancients

who believed that the celestial spheres followed their own set of physical laws different from that ofEarth.

Astral Motion and The Force of Attraction : In mechanics and astronomy, Muhammad ibn Musa,in his Astral Motion and The Force of Attraction, discovered that there was a force of attraction between heavenly bodies,[7] foreshadowing Newton's law of universal gravitation.[8]

On mechanics: Ahmad (c. 805) specialised inmechanics and wrote a work on pneumatic devicescalled On mechanics.

The Book of the Measurement of Plane and Spherical Figures: The Banu Musa's most famousmathematical treatise is The Book of the Measurement of Plane and Spherical Figures, whichconsidered similar problems as Archimedes did in his On the measurement of the circle and On thesphere and the cylinder.

The elongated circular figure: The youngest brother, al-Hasan (c. 810), specialised in geometryand wrote a work on the ellipse called The elongated circular figure.

Ref:Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wisdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_Muhammad_ibn_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_ibn_Sh%C4%81kirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_Muhammad_ibn_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_ibn_Sh%C4%81kirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_Muhammad_ibn_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_ibn_Sh%C4%81kirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_Muhammad_ibn_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_ibn_Sh%C4%81kirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_Muhammad_ibn_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_ibn_Sh%C4%81kirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_Muhammad_ibn_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_ibn_Sh%C4%81kirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_Muhammad_ibn_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_ibn_Sh%C4%81kirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_inventionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_ibn_Sh%C4%81kirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_ibn_Sh%C4%81kirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_ibn_Sh%C4%81kirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_ibn_Sh%C4%81kirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_ibn_Sh%C4%81kirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_ibn_Sh%C4%81kirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_ibn_Sh%C4%81kirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hasan_ibn_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_ibn_Sh%C4%81kirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hasan_ibn_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_ibn_Sh%C4%81kirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hasan_ibn_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_ibn_Sh%C4%81kirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hasan_ibn_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_ibn_Sh%C4%81kirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hasan_ibn_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_ibn_Sh%C4%81kirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hasan_ibn_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_ibn_Sh%C4%81kirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hasan_ibn_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_ibn_Sh%C4%81kirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_Muhammad_ibn_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_ibn_Sh%C4%81kirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_objecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_spherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ja%27far_Muhammad_ibn_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_ibn_Sh%C4%81kirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban%C5%AB_M%C5%ABs%C4%81#cite_note-6#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban%C5%AB_M%C5%ABs%C4%81#cite_note-7#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_ibn_Sh%C4%81kirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hasan_ibn_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_ibn_Sh%C4%81kirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellipsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellipsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hasan_ibn_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_ibn_Sh%C4%81kirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_mathematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_M%C5%ABs%C4%81_ibn_Sh%C4%81kirhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban%C5%AB_M%C5%ABs%C4%81#cite_note-7#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban%C5%AB_M%C5%ABs%C4%81#cite_note-6#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/

Documents

101 Muslim Scientists