1000,1100,1200,1500

Carbon Steels

(1 000, 11 00, 1200, and 1500 Series)

IntroductionCarbon steels are now classified in four distinct series, in accordance

with the AISI system of designations: the 1000 series, which are plaincarbon steels containing not more than 1.00 Mn maximum; the 1100 series,which are resulfurized carbon steels; the 1200 series, which are resulfurized and rephosphorized carbon steels; and the 1500 series, which arehigh-manganese (up to 1.65) carbon steels and are nonresulfurized. Thesefour series differ in certain fundamental properties, thus justifying theseries differentiation. However, in terms of their response to heat treatment,all four series can be discussed in terms of their carbon content, theprincipal controlling factor in heat treating. Other factors are considered forthe individual steels on the pages that follow. To simplify consideration ofthe treatments for various applications, the steels in this discussion areclassified as follows: Group I, 0.08 to 0.25 C; Group Il, 0.30 to 0.50 C;Group ill, 0.55 to 0.95 C. A relatively few steels, such as 1026 and 1029,can be assigned to more than one group, depending on their carbon content.

Group I (0.08 to 0.25% C). The three principal types of heat treatmentused on these low-carbon steels are: (a) process treating of material toprepare it for subsequent operations; (b) treating of finished parts toimprove mechanical properties; and (c) case hardening, notably by carburizing or carbonitriding, to develop a hard, wear-resistant surface. It isoften necessary to process anneal drawn products between operations, thusrelieving work strains in order to permit further working. This operation isnormally carried out at temperatures between the recrystallization temperature and the lower transformation temperatures. The effect is to soften byrecrystallization of the grain growth of ferrite. It is desirable to keep therecrystallized grain size relatively fine. This is promoted by rapid heatingand short holding time at temperature. A similar practice may be used inthe treatment of low-carbon, cold-headed bolts made from cold-drawnwire. Sometimes the strains introduced by cold working so weaken theheads that they break through the most severely worked portion underslight additional strain. Process annealing is used to overcome this condition. Stress relieving at approximately 540°C (1000 "F) is more effectivethan annealing in retaining the normal mechanical properties of the shankof the cold-headed bolt.

Heat treating is frequently used to improve machinability. The generallypoor machinability of the low-carbon steels, except those containing sulfuror other alloying elements, results principally from the fact that the proportion of free ferrite to carbide is high. This situation can be modified byputting the carbide into its most voluminous form, pearlite, and dispersingfine particles of this pearlite evenly throughout the ferrite mass. Normalizing is commonly used with success, but best results are obtained byquenching the steel in oil from 815 to 870°C (1500 to 1600 OF). With theexception of steels containing a carbon content approaching 0.25%, littleor no martensite is formed, and the parts do not require tempering.

Group II (0.30 to 0.50% C). Because of the higher carbon content,quenching and tempering become increasingly important when steels ofthis group are considered. They are the most versatile of the carbon steels,because their hardenability (response to quenching) can be varied over awide range by suitable controls. In this group of steels, there is a continuouschange from water-hardening to oil-hardening types. Hardenability is verysensitive to changes in chemical composition, particularly to the content ofmanganese, silicon, and residual elements, as well as grain size. Thesesteels are also very sensitive to changes in section.

The medium-carbon steels should be either normalized or annealedbefore hardening in order to obtain the best mechanical properties afterhardening and tempering. Parts made from bar stock are frequently givenno treatment prior to hardening (the prior treatment having been performedat the steel mill), but it is common practice to normalize or anneal forgings.

These steels, whether hot finished or cold finished, machine reasonablywell in bar stock form and are machined as received, except in the highercarbon grades and small sizes that require annealing to reduce the as-received hardness. Forgings are usually normalized to improve machinabilityover that encountered with the fully annealed structure. These steels arewidely used for machinery parts for moderate duty. When the parts are tobe machined after heat treatment, the maximum hardness is usually held to320 HB and is frequently much lower.

In hardening, the selection ofquenching medium will vary with the steelcomposition, the design of the part, the hardenability of the steel, and thehardness desired in the finished part. Water is the quenching medium mostcommonly used, because it is best known and is usually least expensive andeasiest to install. Caustic soda solution (5 to 10% NaOH) is used in someinstances with improved results. It is faster than water and may producebetter mechanical properties in all but light sections. It is hazardous,however, and operators must be protected against contact with it. Saltsolutions (brine) are often successfully used. They are not dangerous tooperators, but their corrosive action on iron or steel parts or equipment ispotentially serious. When the section is light or the properties required afterheat treatment are not very high, oil quenching is often used. Finally, themedium-carbon steels are readily case hardened by flame or inductionhardening.

Group III(0.55 to 0.95% C). Forged parts made of these steels shouldbe annealed because:

• Refmement of the forged structure is important in producing a highquality, hardened product .

• The parts come from the forging operation too hard for cold trimming ofthe flash or for any machining operations

Ordinary annealing practice, followed by furnace cooling to approximately 600°C (1110 OF) is satisfactory for most parts.

Hardening by conventional quenching is used on most parts made fromsteels in this group. However, special techniques are required at times. Bothoil and water quenching are used: water, for heavy sections of the lowercarbon steels and for cutting edges; oil, for general use. Austempering andmartempering are often successfully applied. The principal advantages ofsuch treatments are considerably reduced distortion, elimination of breakage, and, in many instances, greater toughness at high hardness.

Tools with cutting edges are sometimes heated in liquid baths to thelowest temperatures at which the part can be hardened and are thenquenched in brine. The fast heating of the liquid bath plus the low temperature fail to put all of the available carbon into solution. As a result, thecutting edge consists of martensite containing less carbon than indicated bythe chemical composition of the steel and containing many embeddedparticles of cementite. In this condition, the tool is at its maximum toughness relative to its hardness, and the embedded carbides promote long lifeof the cutting edge. Final hardness is 55 to 60 HRC. Steels in this group arealso commonly hardened by flame or induction methods.

122/ Heat Treater's Guide

Effectof massand sectionsize on coolingcurvesobtained for the waterquenching of plaincarbonsteels

200

600

1600

1400

6543

1035 steel125-mm (5·in.) diam

Weight, approx 40 kg (S5 lb)

2

-+---+---""""'-...!::,--""""""'=----!400

OL----'------'--------L------L---L----Jo

200

800 I----~--_+--___.---..__--__r_--_;

400 /----+-~.._+_--___P.._-_j__--_+--___I

1000,-----,------y--------.---,..----,--------,

oU 1200~~. 600 1-----'\--+----1~--_r__--___;_---+_--__l i,a 1000 ,a~ ~Q) Q)

~ 800 ~~ ~

200

600

1200 LLo~.

1000 ,a~Q)0.E~

1400

1600

12108

-1-__+-__--1 800

6

1020 steel150-mm (6-in.) diam

Weight, approx 65 kg (142 lb)

42O'-------'-----'-----'---------'-----L-----'

o

8001-\''r''Y''k----+---+---_j__--_+---------j

1000 ,..----.-----,-------,----,-------,------,

Uo~. 6001----\---i';.-T-lHf--

,a~Q)0.

E 400 f---J----'l.-----~~~

200 1----+---_+-----''''''''''---.3Oj.......:---+---_+_----j 400

Time, min Time, min

600

200

1400

1600

2420161284O'------'-------JL----..L..------'-----L----'

o

1000r---..__---.----~----::_::_:_~----:--~--_,

200 1----+---+-~.?"'.:---__I_--_+--_==1400

1040 steel

210·mm (Si - ln.) diam

800 I-TY''''''''''::-t-------JL.--_Weight, approx IS5 kg (410 Ib)

105 mm (4i in.) below surface

U 1 1200 LLo 600 /----\--t-''r--\-\f-\SO mm (3 8" in.) _+-__-+__---j 0

i i,a 55 mm (2 -Sl in.) 1000 ,a~ ~Q) Q)

~. 400 30 mm (l-Sl in.) 800 ~

~ ~

200

600

1600

1400

12108642

Water at 55 °c (130 of)No agitation

O'------'------'--------L-----'----..L----'o

200 /----+---+_---1""........?'-..,£!~-_+--__t 400


Weight, approx 105 kg (230 lb)800 tr-'~----1I---'~..-t--- 1

90 mm (32 in.) below surface

65 mm (2j ln.)

45 mm (1 W, in.)

25mm(*in.)

1000,-----.------.--------.---r-----.------,

Uo

Time, min Time, min

600

1400

1600

200

65432

13 mm (~in.)

below surface -i------"'''=---t----t-----1 400I

Water at 45 °c (115 of)No agitation

OL----'-----'------'--------L----..L----'o

200

1045 steel

100·mm (4-in.) diam800 ~----"~_+_---t--Weight, approx 20 kg (43 Ib)

I50 mm (2 tn.) belowsurface

1000 ,-----.------.----,---r-----,--------,

Time, min

600

1400

1600

24201612Time, min

84

1--__+-------=~...p..,.___I_*--__I_--_+--___I800

O'-------'--__--' --'---__---..L .L...-__-'

o

1000,-----,------y--------.---r------r------,

2001----+---+---+-="""""~.a_...---_+--~400

1040 steel

265-mm (10~ -In.) diam

800 H~----..::>~O::::------;--Weight, approx 335 kg (735 Ib)I I I

135 mm (51 in.) below surfaceU 1200 LLo. 600/---+-+-"c-_-1~~c.160 mm (4 in.)__-+__---t 0

~ I i::::J 1000 ,a~ 70 mm (2-

43 in.] ~

~ 8.E 400 E~ ~

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Carbon Steels (1000,1100,1200, and 1500 Series) /123

Effect of mass and section size on cooling curves obtained for the oil quenching of plain carbon steels

1000 r----,-----.....-----.----,-----.-------, 1000 r---.-------.----.------,-----,------,

600

200

1600


Weight, approx 40 kg (S5Ib)

Time, min

Oil at 30°C (90 of)

200 I---I---I--~R:::___;;;;;::_I--____ll--_______j 400

65 mm (2 t in.) below surface

o 1 1200 u,o .. 600 f----lt-~_\______F 30 mm (1 -S in.)-----1----!-----1 °~ ii:! 13mm(-21 in.) 1000 i:!~ ~~ ~

E400 800 E~ ~

600

1600

302520

T=-~~-J200

800-+----+----j


Weight, approx 65 kg (142 Ib)

15Time, min

105

Oil at 40°C (100 OF)

01--.--...L..------'--------1----'----...L-------'o

800 I-\\~-+__--+_--_+_-----t-----t--------i1400

200 I------+----+---~~_=_+--_+--___"i 400

75 mm (3 ln.) below surface

!;J 55 mm (2 i~ ln.) 1200 !;Li 600 I-----\~~r_I- --+---1------1 i.3 40 mm (1-

21 in.) 1000 .3

~ ~

~ 400 20 mm (~in.) ~~ ~

200

600

1400

1600

60504030

Time, min2010


oL_---ll-._---l__-L__---.L__---l- __

1000r---,-----,---,---,---,-------,

200I--t--t-~'f~~~~;;;;t~::::~ 400

1040 steel

210·mm (st - in.) diam

800I-H~--+---I--Weight, approx lS5 kg (410 Ib)

105 mm (4i in.) below surfaceo 1200 0'"0", 600I--+--"o-~---F SOmm (3i in.)--+----t-----j ~!'i 1 1000 i:!~ 55 mm (2 8 in.) ~

~ 400 30 mm (l-Sl in.) 800 ~

~ ~600

200

1600

605040



30Time, min

20100L---...L..------'--------1---.L...---...L----

o

800 M,,.---+----+---+----+----+----i1400

1000 r---...,.----,-----,---r----,------,

200 1-----+----~~E::""+_--+---+--""""'""I400

90 mm (3t in.) below surface

5 1200 u,aU. 600 I-+---\-!\\--lf- 65 mm (2 8 in.) -1-__-+ +-__-; °m i~ 45 mm (1~ ln.) 1000 ~

~

~ 400 25 mm (~ ln.] 800 ~~ ~

600

200

1600

1400

242016



12Time, min

84


Ol---..I.---...L-----L---.L------'---o

1000r---,---,---,---,---,------,

50 mm (2 in.) below surfaceI 1200 ...

oU 600 f-\-~1"--¥-25 mm (1 in.) 4 +-__+ __---1 o~.

~ 13 mm (t in.) 1000 ~ro ~

~ 800 ~E 400I---~~--+_--+---+----+------j E~ ~

200I----+---~~:t:s::::__+---+----+----=t 400

200

600

1600

1400

605040302010

Time, min

Ol--.--L..----'-----'-----'-----'-----o

Oil at 29°C (S5 ° F)

1040 steel

265-mm (lOt -In.) diam

800 ~--.3iii~-+---------1I---Weight, approx 335 kg (735 lb]

135 mm (5t ln.) below surface

1000r---.-----.....-----.------,--------r--~

200 1--t--t--t-.......::::1O:::::!::::::~~~~400














Influence of tempering temperature on room-temperature hardness of quenched carbon steels

Tempering temperature, of Tempering temperature, of Tempering temperature, of

750650

1200

550

1000

450

800600

100 '---_---'-__.1.-_---'-__-'-_---'

250 350

700,.--,---r--,-...,....--,-,---,-----,

co:r: 5001---_I---I-----,------r-----lu;V)Q)c'E'":r:

700

1200

600

1000

500

800

400

600

10303.2-6.4 mm thick

100 '---_---'-__.1.-_---'-__-'-_---'

200 300

300 1------+---=---I.O~_u'/--,-c-r-_I----1

400700 n----,--r----r--r---r--r--,--,--,

>:r: 5001t-----c:>----f-o---+u;V)Q)c'E'":r:

700

1200

600

1000

500

800

400

600

10263.2-6.4 mm thick

400700 n----,--r----r--r---r--r---r--r--,

100 '---------'------'-----'200 300

>:r:u;V)Q)c

~ 300 1----l'---I--I:Ir-lW+-~-_+_--l:r:

Tempering temperature, °C Tempering temperature, °C Tempering temperature, °C

700600500400100 '-_---'-__.1.-_---'-__-'-_---'

200 300

300 1----1---~i@@j~

Tempering temperature, of

400 600 800 1000 1200700

m:r: 500 h=--I---_+_--,-----,-----1u;V)Q)c'E'":r:

700

1200

600

1000

500

800

400

60040070 rr---,--r----r-,--,-,--,--,---,

10'---'------'----'--------'----'200 300

Ua::r: 50 ..........._I---I-----,-----r-----lu;V)Q)c~ 30 I---_I---I-----''''''''~-_+_----l

:r:


700600500400

c" 4 h... 24 h

300

100 '-_---'-__.1.-_---'-__-'-_---'

200 300


400 600 800 1000 1200700

>:r: 500'lot-----I'f-+O--li-------.-----.----lu;V)Q)c'E'":r:


Tempering temperature, OF

800 900

700600500400300

300 \---+---=

100 '-_---'-__.1......_---'-__-'----_---'

200

Tempering temperature, °C


400 600 800 1000 1200700

rn:r: 500 \---1---_+_--,---,-----1u;V)Q)c'E'":r:

700

1200

600

1000

500

800

400

600

300

Tempering time:

010 min c" 4 h.1 h ... 24 h

100 '--~-~----'--------'----'200

300

400700 rr----r,--...,....,--,-,--,--,---,



>:r: 500iF-----"'-----1-V-_I-----.-----.----1u;V)Q)c'E'":r:

600

r I I INumbers represent

number aftests

54 - Average

76 0 0 54[] 10414111.1 mm bolts

800

200As-quenched 450 500 550


rn:r: 600u;V)Q)c'E 400'":r:










Carbon Steels (1000,1100,1200, and 1500 Series)/125

Influence of tempering temperature on room-temperature hardness of quenched carbon steels (continued)

600 70050040010 '-------'----'-----'---'------'

200 300


400 600 800 1000 120070

Ua::I 501---='=;-«:----\---,--:....,----j

liQ)c"E 301----+---+---I---" -t----\co

I

600 700500400

400

200 L-_-'-_----'__-'-_----'-_------'

200 300

400800 ...----nr----,,-.,.-'-'r-,--'--.:....,

coI 6001---+---+---y-----,----\<henQ)c:"E'"I

600 700500400

Tempering time: ---lIl+--W----o----\

010 min /;. 4 h.1 h ... 24 h

300

100 '--_--'--__L-_-'-_----'_----'

200 300

400700 ...----nr----,,-.,.~..:-,--'__,:....,

>I 5001----tl;!-----rr+---,------,----jliQ)c:"E'"I


800 r-.,.-r-""T"'T--rr-----,-----,

600 700500400100 '--_---'--__.1..-_----'-__-'-_---'

200 300

300 1---+------1-----'


400 600 800 1000 1200700

coI 5001----+--'1<henQ)c

"E'"I

600 70050040010 L-_--'--_----'__-'-_---L_------'

200 300


600 800 1000 1200

Ua::I

liQ)c

"E'"I

650 750550450


600 800 1000 1200

400

200 L---l_-l--=::E~~----.J250 350

coI 6001---+--+--.,.--,--'----1<hl3c:"E'"I


600 700500400

Tempering time: ~»----o------,+------t

010 min o: 4 h.1 h ... 24 h

300

100 L..-_~__~_----'-__-'-_---'200 300


400 600 800 1000 1200700

>I 5001"'-------T.:Hcrr---+---.---,------\liQ)c

"Eco

I

600 700500400

Tempered 1 h


400 600 800 1000 120070

10 L..-_--'--_----'__...l.-_---L_-----'

200 300

ua::I 501-----/---"'ha:--y-----,----1<h~c:~ 30 1-----/---+--+----=-f"""'=::---1I

700 80060050040010 '-------'----'---"------'----'-------'

200 300

Ua::I

<henQ)c:

"E'"I












Room-temperature hardness of three carbonsteelsafter production tempering. (a) Automotivesteering-armforgings made of finegrain 1035steel. Sectionthicknessvaried from 16to 29 mm (% to 1%in.). Forgingswereaustenitizedat 825°C (1520OF) in oil-firedpusherconveyor furnace, held45 min, quenched in waterat 21°C (70 OF), and tempered45 min at 580 to 625°C (1080 to 1160OF) in oil-fired Iinkbelt furnaceto requiredhardnessrangeof217 to 285 HB.Hardnesswascheckedhourlywith a 5%sample; readingswere takenon polishedflash line of 29 mm (1 %in.) section. Survey of furnace revealedtemperaturevariationat 605°C (1120OF) of 8, -4°C (15, -7 OF). Data represent forgings from four mill heats of steel and cover a 6-week period. (b) Woodworkingcutting tools forged from 1045 steel. Sectionofcutting lip was hardened locally by gas burners that heated the steel to 815°C (1500 OF). Toolswere oil quenched and tempered at 305 to325 °C (585 to 615 OF) for 10 min in electrically heated recirculating-airfurnace to a desired hardness range of 42 to 48 HRC. Data wererecordedduringa 6-monthperiodand representforgingsfrom 12 mill heats. (c) Platesections, 19to 22 mm (%to 7Ja in.) thick, of 1045steelwerewater quenchedto a hardness rangeof 534to 653 HRBandtempered1hat 475°C (890OF) incontinuous roller-hearthfurnaces.Datarepresenta 2-month productionperiod. (d) Forged1046steel heatedto 830°C (1525 OF), and quenched in caustic. Forgingswere heatedin a continuousbelt-type furnace and individuallydumpquenched in agitatedcaustic. Forgingsweighed 9 to 11 kg (20to 241b)each; maximumsection, 38 mm (1%ln.). (e) As-quenchedforged 1046steel shown in (d), temperedat 510°C (950 OF) for 1 h. (f)As-quenchedforged1046steel shown in (d), tempered at 525°C (975 OF) for 1 h. Average hardnessdata for all but (c) obtained by calculatingaverage of highand low extremes of hardnessspecification rangefor each batch.

Average hardness, HB(f)

331340

340 350 360 370 380

Hardness, H8

281- 291- 301- 311-290 300 310 320

Average hardness, HB

24

~ 20E'g 16Q.

.: 120~

8'".0E 4:JZ

0290

(e)

10..---------------, ~---------,I

(e)

11 81----------------i 1----------11s~ 61----------------i 1----------11...o~ 41------1.0E~ 2 1------rT77r-V/

Average hardness, HRC(b)

591- 601- 611- 621600 610 620 630

Average hardness, HB

Average hardness, H8

12

ID 10s:u... 8'".0...0 6~

'".0E 4:JZ

0

(a)

10

'"'" 8s:

~.0 6...0~ 4'".0E:J 2z

0561-570

(d)


1062: Heat-to-Heat Variations in Depth of Hardness. Heat-toheat variations in depth of hardness among three heats. Hubswere flame hardened on the inside diameter to a minimum of 59HRC at 1.9 mm (0.075 in.) below the surface. Parts were heated12 s and quenched in oil. Hardness was measured on cross sections of heated area.

1062 steelhub

12r--------------tHeat A

Heat , I

~ 8 [----------------1.L;

'0 4[---------1:1-------1~ 0

~ ':I:======:::':=:'=~~===~1 0 -----~----jL~----

j~I===='=~~~====1.8 2.3 2.8 3.3

Maximum depth of hardnessto 60 HRC, mm

12~1 II IIIIBJIm8 Measurement of diameter A

~ : Heat l~ Heat a

'0

i '~n:1l.fEnmE'rtWJlo 25 50 75 100 125 0 25 50 75100125 0 25 50 75 100125

A = 54.3mm B = 54.3mm54.4 mm 54.4 mm

Hub 1062 steel79 84 89 119.94

20

10Converter gear hub1052 steel

1052 and 1062: Flame hardening hubs. Distribution of dimensional change as a result of flame hardening. (a) Change in pitch diameter ofconverter gear hubs made of 1052 steel. Gear teeth on inside diameter were heated for a total of 9.5 s, before being quenched in oil to provide a depth of hardness of 0.9 mm (0.035 in.) above the root. (b) Close-in of inside diameters of converter hubs made of 1062 steel. Insidediameter was heated for a total of 12 s and then oil quenched to harden to 59 HRC min at a depth of 1.9 mm (0.075 in.) below the surface.Inside diameter was finish ground after hardening.

30 r-.--.--.--.--r-r-l

(a)Variation of pitch diameter, mm

(blAmount of close-in of inside diameter, p.m


1018 and 1024: Gas carburizing. Effect of tempering on hardness of 1018 and 1024 steel. Parts were carburized at 925°C (1700 OF) for4.5 h, then oil quenched and tempered.

Distance below surface, 0.001 in. Distance below surface, 0.001 in.

1.25

40

1.00

30

0.75

20

0.50

10

0.25

o70 r---,----,,-----.r-----rr--~

102425·mm (1-in.i diam bar

60 ;---"-+-~'f>----t;As quen~hed----l-----I

20 '--__'--__'--__'--__L-_-----l

o

30 1-----t----t----t---1'>--I2'J------l

..c'EI 40r-,-,;-.,.....,.-+---;;-::-+-+-~-f--'\..:zlO~+_--__l

1.25

40

1.00

30

0.75

20

0.50

10

0.25

o70 r---,-----.-----or-----rr-----,

50 I-----+--~d-----'~----I-----l

60+-""'-_"'-=-p..~-t---I--_l

20 '---__-'-__-'---__--'---__--'-__---J

o

30 I-----+---+_---+------""""'~_--l

Ua:I

Distance below surface, mm Distance below surface, rnm

Distance below surface, 0.001 in. Distance below surface, 0.001 in.

1.251

40

1.00

30

0.75

20

0.50

10

0.25

o70 .-------.-------.-------.--------,.--------,

40 1-----*---:+-+----1I-------".....+-~>___l

20 '------'-------'-------'-------'------'o

30 I-----+---+----+---+-----l

Ua:I

1.25

40

1.00

30

0.75

20

0.50

10

0.2520 L-_--.JL-_--.JL-_--.JL-_-----'__-----'

o

40 1-------1I-------1f--f---''''''d'------'~:------j

30 1-------1I-------1I-------1----;I------j---==-------j

60 h ....._+-=----"''''--j-------j!-------j

ua:I

Distance below surface. mm Distance below surface. mm

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Effect of time and temperature on case depth of liquidcarburizedsteels

10.001.00

45 HRC1020

25-mm diam by 152 mm 50 HRC

{t-in. diam by 6 in.1200 0.50 205.00 -

E Oil quenched 925 °C(1700 of) .~E aill 0 .£ci E11

~E 0.25 10 g(; 100 5 ci-6 2.00 (; 5~ s: (;-e g

~ -6 (;0 50 -e 0-

'" -6f- ~ 0 0.10 0-1.00 0 '"f- 0

0.50 20 0.0500 10 15 20 25 30 Carburized at 900 °C(1650 OF),

Time at carburizingtemperature, h water quenched

0.025 10 8

1.00 1020 Time at carburizing temperature, ht l-rnrn diam by 6.35 mm(O.4·in. diam

0.50 by 0.2 in.) 20 .CO2.50

E g 1117E ci

~ 10 ~u

(; (; 50E. Carburized at 855 °C(1575 of), s: 1.00'" E.

0 brinequenched, ~tempered al150 °C(300 of)

0.10 0.50 200 c

ETime at carburizingtemperature. h E ;;

~0ci

c 0.25 ~.

1.00 's 11

t 's-60~

200

0.500.10

E .~E s~ 0.25 10:;

"0~

0.050s:E. "00 .cg 0.025 1

0.10 0 0 8

Carburized at 925 °C11700 °Fl, Time at carburizingtemperature, hwater quenched

0.050 20 8

2.50Time at carburizing temperature, h 1117

12.7-mm (0.5-in.) diam bars

E .52.50

E ;;E 1118 .~ ill

50 0E ;; 1.00 ci

5 11 50 (;ci(; 50 ill E. (;s: 1.00 11 '" 0.50 Depth of case to 50 HRC 20 -6g ~

0I I 0-

0 '"0 -6 Carburized at 900 °C(1650 OF), 0Carburized at 855°C 11575 of). 0-

quenched in 10% brineslow cooled '"00.50 20 0.25 10

0 10 0 5

Time at carburizing temperature, h Time at carburizing temperature, h













130 I Heat Treater's Guide

Nitriding Carbon Steels. Effect of carbon content in carbonsteels on the nitrogen gradient obtained in aerated bath nitriding

Distance below surface. 0.001 in.

0 10 20 300.20 I I I I I

, Equal processing time<f. 0.15

~"--1010-

c'Q) - -1015e0.10

......~- - -1035-

~...... ~

""', - - - - - 1060-....:::0.05 --..:; ~""'--""'-L -

0-------::r-

0 200 400 600 800

Distance below surface, 11m

Typical Normalizing Temperatures for Standard CarbonSteels

Temperature(a)Grade °C of

Plain carbon steels

1015 915 16751020 915 16751022 915 16751025 900 16501030 900 16501035 885 16251040 860 15751045 860 15751050 860 15751060 830 15251080 830 15251090 830 15251095 845 15501117 900 16501137 885 16251141 860 15751144 860 1575

(a) Based on production experience. normalizing temperature may vary from as muchas 27°C (50 "F) below. to as much as 55°C (100°F) above, indicated temperature. Thesteel should be cooled in still air from indicated temperature.

Properties of Selected Carbon Steels in the Hot-Rolled, Normalized, and Annealed Conditions

IzodimpactAISI Tensile strength Yield strength Reduction Hardness, strengthgrade(a) Condition or treatment MPa ksi MFa ksi Elongation(b), % in area, % HB J ft ·Ibf

1015 As-rolled 420 61 315 46 39.0 61 126 111 82Normalized at 925°C (1700 oF) 425 62 325 47 37.0 70 121 115 85Annealed at 870 °C (1600 oF) 385 56 285 41 37.0 70 111 115 85



1030 As-rolled 550 80 345 50 32.0 57 179 75 55Normalizedat925 °C (1700 oF) 525 76 345 50 32.0 61 149 94 69Annealed at 845°C (1550 oF) 460 67 345 50 31.2 58 126 69 51

1040 As-rolled 620 90 415 60 25.0 50 201 49 36Normalized at 900 °C (1650 oF) 595 86 370 54 28.0 55 170 65 48Annealed at 790°C (1450 oF) 520 75 350 51 30.2 57 149 45 33


1060 As-rolled 815 118 485 70 17.0 34 241 18 13Normalized at 900 °C (1650 oF) 775 113 420 61 18.0 37 229 14 10Annealed at 790°C (1450 "P) 625 91 370 54 22.5 38 179 11 8





1137 As-rolled 625 91 380 55 28.0 61 192 83 61Normalized at 900 °C (1650 oF) 670 97 400 58 22.5 49 197 64 47Annealed at 790°C (1450 "P) 585 85 345 50 26.8 54 174 50 37

(continued)




Properties of Selected Carbon Steels in the Hot-Rolled, Normalized, and Annealed Conditions (continued)

hod impactAISI Tensile strength Yield strength Reduction Hardness, strengthgrade(a) Condition or treatment MPa ksi MPa ksi Elongation(b), % in area, % HB J ft ·lbf

1141 As-rolled 675 98 360 52 22.0 38 192 11 8Normalized at 900°C(1650 oF) 710 103 405 59 22.7 56 201 53 39Annealedat 815°C(1500 oF) 600 87 355 51 25.5 49 163 34 25

1144 As-rolled 705 102 420 61 21.0 41 212 53 39Normalized at 900°C(1650 oF) 670 97 400 58 21.0 40 197 43 32Annealed at 790°C(1450 oF) 585 85 345 50 24.8 41 167 65 48

(a) All grades arefine grained except for those in the 1100 series, which are coarse grained. (b) In 50nunor 2 in.

Effect of Mass on Hardness of Normalized Carbon andAlloy Steels

Grade

Normalizingtemperature

°C OF

Hardness, HB, for barwith diameter, mm (in.), of

13(lh) 25(1) 50(2) 100(4)

Carbon steels, carburizing grades

1015 925 1700 126 121 116 1161020 925 1700 131 131 126 1211022 925 1700 143 143 137 1311117 900 1650 143 137 137 1261118 925 1700 156 143 137 131

Carbon steels, direct-hardening grades

1030 925 1700 156 149 137 1371040 900 1650 183 170 167 1671050 900 1650 223 217 212 2011060 900 1650 229 229 223 2231080 900 1650 293 293 285 2691095 900 1650 302 293 269 2551137 900 1650 201 197 197 1921141 900 1650 207 201 201 2011144 900 1650 201 197 192 192

Note: All data arebased on single heats.

Approximate Critical Temperatures for Selected Carbon Steels

Critical temperatures on heating at 28 °C/h (50°F/h) Critical temperatures on cooling at28 °Cfh (50°F/h)Ac. Ac, Ar) Ar.

Steel °C OF °C OF °C OF °C OF

1010 725 1335 875 1610 850 1560 680 12601020 725 1335 845 1555 815 1500 680 12601030 725 1335 815 1495 790 1450 675 12501040 725 1335 795 1460 755 1395 670 12401050 725 1335 770 1415 740 1365 680 12601060 725 1335 745 1375 725 1340 685 12651070 725 1335 730 1350 710 1310 690 12751080 730 1345 735 1355 700 1290 695 1280


Recommended Temperatures and Cooling Cycles for Full Annealing of Small Carbon Steel ForgingsData are for forgings up to 75 mm (3 in.) in section thickness. Time at temperature usually is a minimum of 1 h for sections up to 25 mm (1 in.)thick; %h is added for each additional 25mm (1 in.) of thickness.

Cooling cycle(a)Annealing temperature °C of Hardness

Steel °C of From To From To range,HB

1018 855-900 1575-1650 855 705 1575 1300 111-1491020 855-900 1575-1650 855 700 1575 1290 111-1491022 855-900 1575-1650 855 700 1575 1290 111-1491025 855-900 1575-1650 855 700 1575 1290 111-1871030 845-885 1550-1625 845 650 1550 1200 126-1971035 845-885 1550-1625 845 650 1550 1200 137-2071040 790-870 1450-1600 790 650 1450 1200 137-2071045 790-870 1450-1600 790 650 1450 1200 156-2171050 790-870 1450-1600 790 650 1450 1200 156-2171060 790-845 1450-1550 790 650 1450 1200 156-2171070 790-845 1450-1550 790 650 1450 1200 167-2291080 790-845 1450-1550 790 650 1450 1200 167-2291090 790'830 1450-1525 790 650 1450 1200 167-2291095 790-830 1450-1525 790 655 1450 1215 167-229

(a) Furnace cooling at 28 °CIb (50 °FIb)

Approximate Grossmann Quenching Severity Factor ofVarious Media in the Pearlite Temperature Range

Circulationor agitation

Grossmann quench severity factor, HBrine Water Oil and salt Air

NoneMildModerateGoodStrongViolent

22-2.2

5

0.9-1.01.0-1.11.2-1.31.4-1.51.6-2.0

4

0.25-0.300.30-0.350.35-0.400.4-0.50.5-0.80.8-1.1

0.02

Grossmann Numbers and Film Coefficients for Selected Quenchants

GrossmannQuenchant temperature Quenchant velocity number, Effective mm coefficient

Quenchant °C OF mls ft/min (H=hl2k) w/m2 · K Btu/ft2. h . OF

Water 32 90 0.00 0 1.1 5000 8800.25 50 2.1 9000 16000.51 100 2.7 12000 21000.76 150 2.8 12000 2100

55 130 0.00 0 0.2 1000 1800.25 50 0.6 2500 4400.51 100 1.5 6500 11000.76 150 2.4 10500 1850

Fast oil 60 140 0.00 0 0.5 2000 3500.25 50 1.0 4500 7900.51 100 1.1 5000 8800.76 150 1.5 6500 1200

25% polyvinyl pyrrolidone 43 110 0.00 0 0.8 3500 6200.25 50 1.3 6000 11000.51 100 1.5 6500 12000.76 150 1.8 7500 1300

Conventional oil 65 150 0.51 100 0.7 3000 530Martempering oil 150 300 0.51 100 1.2 5000 880Air 27 80 0.00 0 0.05 200 35

2.54 500 0.06 250 445.08 1000 0.08 350 62


Comparison of the Cooling Power of Commercially Available Quenching and Martempering Oils According toMagnetic Quenchometer Test Results

Types of quenching oil

Conventional

Fast

Martempering, without speed improvers

Martempering, with speed improvers

Quenching duration from 885°C (1625 oF)Viscosity to 355°C (670 oF), sat400C At 27°C (80 oF) At 120°C (2S0 oF)

Oil (100°F) Flash point Chromized Chromizedsample SUS (a) °C of Ni-ball Ni-ball Ni-ball Ni-ball

1 102 190 375 22.5 27.22 105 195 380 17.8 27.93 107 170 340 16.0 24.84 50 145 290 7.0 (a)5 94 170 335 9.0 15.06 107 190 375 10.8 17.07 110 185 370 12.7 19.68 120 190 375 13.3 17.89 329 235 455 19.2 27.6 18.4 22.1

10 719 245 475 26.9 29.0 25.1 30.411 2550 300 575 31.0 32.0 31.7 32.812 337 230 450 15.3 (b) 12.8 (b)13 713 245 475 16.4 17.9 14.0 15.614 2450 300 570 19.7 17.0 15.1 15.4

(a) SUS, Saybolt universal seconds. (b) Not available

Comparison of the Ranges of Cooling Power of Commercially Available Quenching and Martempering Oils Accordingto Magnetic Quenchometer Test Results using Pure Nickel Balls

Quenching duration from 88S °C (1625 oF) to 355°C (670 oF)

Type of quenching oilAt 120 °C At175°C(2S0 oF) (3S0 oF)

ConventionalFastMartempering, without speed improversMartempering, with speed improvers

14-227-1418-3414-20

14-227-1418-3413-18

22-3816-22

=47=33

Typical Hardnesses of Various Carbon Steels after Tempering

Carbon Hardness, HRC, after tempering for 2 h atcontent, 20SoC 260°C 31SoC 370°C 42SoC 480°C 540°C 595°C 650°C

Grade % (400°F) (SOO°F) (600°F) (700°F) (800°F) (900°F) (1000 oF) (1100 oF) (1200 oF) Heat treatment

Carbon steels, water hardening

1030 0.30 50 45 43 39 31 28 25 22 95(a) Normalized at 900 °C (1650 "F), water quenchedfrom 830-845 °C (1525-1550 oF); average dewpoint, 16°C (60 oF)

1040 0.40 51 48 46 42 37 30 27 22 94(a)1050 0.50 52 50 46 44 40 37 31 29 221060 0.60 56 55 50 42 38 37 35 33 26 Normalized at 885°C (1625 "F), water quenched

from 800-815 °C (1475-1500 "F); average dewpoint, 7 °C (45 oF)

1080 0.80 57 55 50 43 41 40 39 38 321095 0.95 58 57 52 47 43 42 41 40 331137 0.40 44 42 40 37 33 30 27 21 91(a) Normalized at 900 °C (1650 "F), water quenched

from 830-855 °C (1525-1575 "F); average dewpoint, 13 °C (55 oF)

1141 0.40 49 46 43 41 38 34 28 23 94(a)1144 0.40 55 50 47 45 39 32 29 25 97(a)

Data were obtained on 25 mrn (l in.) bars adequately quenched to develop full hardness. (a) Hardness, HRB


Carbon Steels: Typical Austempering ApplicationsParts listed in order of increasing section thickness

Maximum sectionthickness Parts per unit weight Salt temperature Immersion Hardness,

Part Steel mm in. kg-I lb-I °C of time, min HRC

Plain carbon steel parts

Clevis 1050 0.75 0.030 770fkg 350lIb 360 680 15 42Follower ann 1050 0.75 0.030 412fkg 187IIb 355 675 15 42Spring 1080 0.79 0.031 220fkg 100lIb 330 625 15 48Plate 1060 0.81 0.032 88fkg 40/lb 330 630 6 45-50Cam lever 1065 1.0 0.040 62fkg 28IIb 370 700 15 42Plate 1050 1.0 0.040 0.5 kg 1!.1lb 360 675 15 42Type bar 1065 1.0 0.040 141fkg 64IIb 370 700 15 42Tabulator stop 1065 1.22 0.048 440fkg 200lIb 360 680 15 45Lever 1050 1.25 0.050 345 650 15 45-50Chain link 1050 1.5 0.060 573fkg 260lIb 345 650 15 45Shoe-last link 1065 1.5 0.060 86fkg 39/1b 290 550 30 52Shoe-toe cap 1070 1.5 0.060 18fkg 8IIb 315 600 60 50Lawn mower 1065 3.18 0.125 1.5 kg 2!:llb 315 600 15 50

bladeLever 1075 3.18 0.125 24fkg 1lI1b 385 725 5 30-35Fastener 1060 6.35 0.250 110fkg 50/lb 310 590 25 50Stabilizer bar 1090 19 0.750 22 kg 10Ib 370 700 6-9 40-45Boron steel bolt lOB20 6.35 0.250 100fkg 45IIb 420 790 5 38-43

Typical Operating Conditions for Through Hardening Carbon Steel Parts by Induction Process

Total Work temperature InductorSection size Frequency(a), Power(b), heating Scan time Entering coil Leaving coil Production rate input(c)

mm in. Material Hz kW time,s slcm s/in. °C OF °C OF kg/h lb/h kW/cm2 kW/in.2

Rounds

19 % 1035 mod 180 28.5 68.4 0.71 1.8 75 165 620 1150 113 250 0.062 0.409600 20.6 28.8 0.71 1.8 620 1150 955 1750 113 250 0.085 0.55

25 1041 180 33 98.8 1.02 2.6 70 160 620 1150 141 311 0.054 0.359600 19.5 44.2 1.02 2.6 620 1150 955 1750 141 311 0.057 0.37

29 11;8 1041 180 36 114 1.18 3.0 75 165 620 1150 153 338 0.053 0.349600 19.1 51 1.18 3.0 620 1150 955 1750 153 338 0.050 0.32

Flats

16 % 1038 3000 300 11.3 0.59 1.5 20 70 870 1600 1449 3194 0.361 2.3319 % 1038 3000 332 15 0.79 2.0 20 70 870 1600 1576 3474 0.319 2.0622 7/s 1043 3000 336 28.5 1.50 3.8 20 70 870 1600 1609 3548 0.206 1.3325 1 1036 3000 304 26.3 1.38 3.5 20 70 870 1600 1595 3517 0.225 1.4529 11;8 1036 3000 344 36.0 1.89 4.8 20 70 870 1600 1678 3701 0.208 1.34

Irregular shapes

17.5-33 11/16_151)6 1037mod 3000 580 254 0.94 2.4 20 70 885 1625 2211 4875 0.040 0.26

(a) Note use of dual frequencies for round sections. (b) Power transmitted by the inductor at the operating frequency indicated. This power is approximately 25% less than the powerinput to the machine. because of losses within the machine. (c) At the operating frequency of the inductor

Carbon Steels (1000, 1100, 1200, and 1500 Series)/135

Operating and Production Data for Progressive Induction Tempering

VVorktemperatureTotal Entering Leaving Production Inductor

Section size Frequency, Power(a), heating Scan time coil coil rate input(b)mm in. Material Hz kVV time,s s/cm s/in. °C OF °C OF kg/h Ib/h kVV/cm1 kVV/in.1

Rounds

19 % 1035mod 9600 12.7 30.6 0.71 1.8 50 120 510 950 113 250 0.050 0.3225 1 1041 9600 18.7 44.2 1.02 2.6 50 120 565 1050 141 311 0.054 0.3529 11/s 1041 9600 20.6 51 1.18 3.0 50 120 565 1050 153 338 0.053 0.34

Flats16 % 1038 60 88 123 0.59 1.5 40 100 290 550 1449 3194 0.014 0.08919 % 1038 60 100 164 0.79 2.0 40 100 315 600 1576 3474 0.013 0.08122 7/8 1043 60 98 312 1.50 3.8 40 100 290 550 1609 3548 0.008 0.05025 1 1043 60 85 254 1.22 3.1 40 100 290 550 1365 3009 0.011 0.06829 IVs 1043 60 90 328 1.57 4.0 40 100 290 550 1483 3269 0.009 0.060

Irregular shapes17.5-33 11/16- 15/16 1037mod 9600 192 64.8 0.94 2.4 65 150 550 1020 2211 4875 0.043 0.2817.5-29 11/16- 1'Is 1037mod 9600 154 46 0.67 1.7 65 150 425 800 2276 5019 0.040 0.26

(a) Power transmittedby the inductorat theoperatingfrequencyindicated.For convertedfrequencies. thispoweris approximately 25% less than the powerinput to themachine.becauseoflosses within themachine.(b)At theoperatingfrequencyof theinductor

1062: Spot Flame Hardening of a Free-Wheel Cam

Preliminary operation

Turn on water,air, oxygen,power,andpropane. Linepressures: water,205kPa(30psi); air, 550kPa (80psi);oxygen,825kPa (120psi);propane,205kPa (30psij.Ignitepilots.

Loading and positioning

Mountcamonflamehead.Campositioned onlocatingplateand twowearpads,andagainstthree locatingpins thatareintegralpartsofflamehead.Distancefromflamehead to camsurface,approximately 7.9mm e!J6 in.)

Cycle start and heating cycle

Propaneandoxygensolenoidvalvesopen(oxygenflow delayedslightly). Mixtureofpropaneandoxygenignitedatflameheadsby pilots.Checkpropaneandoxygenpressures.Adjustflamebyregulatingpropane. Heatingcyclecontrolledbytimer. Timepredetermined toobtainspecifiedhardening depth.Propaneandoxygensolenoidvalvesclose(propaneflowdelayedslightly). Ejectorplate (air operated) advancesand stripscamfromflamehead.

Propaneregulatedpressure, 125kPa (18psi);oxygenregulatedpressure, 585kPa (85psi);oxygenupstreampressure, 425kPa(62psi);oxygendownstream pressure, 110kPa (16psi).Flamevelocity(approximate), 135mls (450ft/s). Gasconsumption (approximate): propane,0.01m3(0.4ft3) perpiece;oxygen.0.04m3 (1.3 ft3) perpiece.Totalheatingtime, II s

Flame portdesign:nineportsperrow; eightrows;portsize,No.69 (0.74mm,or0.0292in.),withNo.56 (1.2mm,or0.0465in.)counterbore

Quench cycle

Cam dropsintoquenchoil,is removedfromtankby conveyor. Oil temperature, 54±5.6 °C (130± 10"F), Timein oil (approximate), 30s

Hardness and pattern aim

Hardness, 60HRCminimumatsurfaceand59HRCminimum at adepthof 1.3mm(0.050in.)belowsurface,for widthof8.8 mm (0.345in.)oncamrollersurface.Dimensionsbelowgivenininches

Depth of pattern,0.050 min for 0.345

o.o".",i~o.~

Hardness pattern


Flame Hardening Response of Carbon Steels Gas Carburizing: Carburizing Steel Compositions

MaterialTypical hardness, HRC, as affected by quenchant

Air(a) Oil(b) Water (b) Steel C MnComposition, %

Ni Cr Mo Other

52-5850-60 58-6255-62 58-62

45-55 52-57(c)50-55 55-60

Plain carbon steels

1025-10351040-10501055-10751080-1095I125-I137I138-I144I146-I151

Carburized grades of plain carbon steels(d)

1010-1020 50-60 58-62II 08-I120 50-60 60-63

33-5055-6060-6362-6545-5555-6258-64

62-6562-65

Carbon steels

1010 0.08-0.13 0.30-0.601018 0.15-0.20 0.60-0.901019 0.15-0.20 0.70-1.001020 0.18-0.23 0.30-0.601021 0.18-0.23 0.60-0.901022 0.18-0.23 0.70-1.001524 0.19-0.25 1.35-1.651527 0.22-0.29 1.20-1.50

Resulfurized steels

III7 0.14-0.20 1.00-1.30

(a), (b)(a), (b)(a), (b)(a), (b)(a), (b)(a), (b)(a), (b)(a), (b)

0.08-0.13 S

(a)Toobtain the hardness results indicated, those areas not directlyheated must be keptrelatively cool during the heating process. (b) Thin sections are susceptible to crackingwhen quenched with oil or water. (c) Hardness is slightly lower for material heated byspinning or combination progressive-spinning methods than it is for material heated byprogressive or stationary methods. (d) Hardness values of carburized cases containing0.90 to I.l0% C

(a) 0.04Pmax. 0.05 S max. (b) 0.15-0.35 Si

Effect of Cyaniding Temperatures and Time on Case Depth and Carbon and Nitrogen ContentsMaterial thickness, 2.03 mm (0.080 in.); cyanide content of bath, 20 to 30%

Case depth after cyaniding for: Analysis after 100 min at15 min 100 min temperature(a)

Steel mm in. mm in. Carbon, % Nitrogen, %

Cyanided at 760.oC (1400 oF)

1008 0.038 0.0015 0.152 0.006 0.68 0.511010 0.038 0.0015 0.152 0.006 0.70 0.501022 0.051 0.0020 0.203 0.008 0.72 0.51

Cyanided at 845°C (1550 oF)

1008 0.076 0.0030 0.203 0.008 0.75 0.261010 0.076 0.0030 0.203 0.008 0.77 0.281022 0.089 0.0035 0.254 0.010 0.79 0.27

(a) Carbon and nitrogen contents were determined from analysis of the outermost 0.076 nun (0.003 in.) of cyanided cases.

Carbon Steels (1000, 1100,1200, and 1500 Series)/137

Liquid Carburizing Carbon Steels in Cyanide BathsTypical application of carbon steel and resulfurized steel

Weight Depth ofcase Temperature SubsequentPart kg lb Steel mm in. °C of Time,h Quench treatment Hardness, HRC

Carbon steel

Adapter 0.9 2 CR 1.0 0.040 940 1720 4 AC (a) 62-63Arbor, tapered 0.5 1.1 1020 1.5 0.060 940 1720 6.5 AC (a) 62-63Bushing 0.7 1.5 CR 1.5 0.060 940 1720 6.5 AC (a) 62-63Die block 3.5 7.7 1020 1.3 0.050 940 1720 5 AC (a) 62-63

1.1 2.5 CR 1.3 0.050 940 1720 5 AC (a) 59-61Disk 1.4 3 1020 1.3 0.050 940 1720 5 (b) (b) 56-57Flange 0.Q3 0.06 1020 0.4-0.5 0.015-0.020 845 1550 4 Oil (c) 55min(d)Gage rings, knurled 0.09 0.2 1020 1.5 0.060 940 1720 6.5 AC (a) 62-63Hold-down block 0.9 2 CR 1.0 0.040 940 1720 4 AC (a) 62-63Insert, tapered 4.75 10.5 1020 1.3 0.050 940 1720 5 AC (a) 62-63Lever 0.05 0.12 1020 0.13-0.25 0.005-0.010 845 1550 1 Oil (c) (e)Link 0.007 0.015 1018 0.13-0.25 0.005-0.010 845 1550 1 ACPlate 0.007 0.015 1010 0.25-0.4 0.010-0.015 845 1550 2 Oil (c) (e)Plug 0.7 1.6 CR 1.5 0.060 940 1720 6.5 AC (a) 62-63Plug gage 0.45 1 1020 1.5 0.060 940 1720 6.5 AC (a) 62-63Radius-cutoutroll 7.7 17 CR 1.5 0.060 940 1720 6.5 AC (a) 62-63Torsion-bar cap 0.05 0.1 1022 0.02-0.05 0.001-0.002 900 1650 0.12 Caustic (f) 45-47

Resulfurized steel

Bushing 0.04 0.09 1118 0.25-0.4 0.010-0.015 845 1550 2 Oil (c) (e)Dash sleeve 3.6 8 1117 1.1 0.Q45 915 1675 7 AC (g) 58-63Disk 0.0009 0.002 1118 0.13-0.25 0.005-0.010 845 1550 1 Brine (c) (e)Driveshaft 3.6 8 1117 1.1 0.Q45 915 1675 7 AC (h) 58-63Guide bushing 0.2 0.5 1117 0.75 0.030 915 1675 5 (i) 58-63Nut 0.04 0.09 1113 0.13-0.25 0.005-0.010 845 1550 1 Oil (c) (e)Pin 0.003 0.007 1119 0.13-0.25 0.005-0.010 845 1550 1 Oil (c) (e)Plug 0.007 0.015 1113 0.075-0.13 0.003-0.005 845 1550 0.5 Oil (c) (e)Rack 0.34 0.75 1113 0.13-0.25 0.005-0.010 845 1550 1 Oil (c) (e)Roller 0.01 0.03 1118 0.25-0.4 0.010-0.015 845 1550 2 Oil (c) (e)Screw 0.003 0.007 1113 0.Q75-0.13 0.003-0.005 845 1550 0.5 Oil (c) (e)Shaft 0.08 0.18 1118 0.25-0.4 0.010-0.015 845 1550 2 Oil (c) (e)Spring seat 0.009 0.02 1118 0.25-0.4 0.010-0.015 845 1550 2 Oil (c) (e)Stopcollar 0.9 2 1117 1.1 0.045 925 1700 6.5 AC (g) 60-63Stud 0.007 0.015 1118 0.13-0.25 0.005-0.010 845 1550 1 Oil (c) (e)Valve bushing 0.02 0.05 1117 1.3 0.050 915 1675 8 AC (g) 58-63Valve retainer 0.45 1 1117 1.1 0.045 915 1675 7 (i) 58-63Washer 0.007 0.015 1118 0.25-0.4 0.010-0.015 845 1550 2 Oil (c) (e)

(a) Reheated at 790°C (1450 "F), quenched in caustic, tempered at 150 °C (300 "F), (b) Transferred to neutral salt at 790°C (1450 "F), quenched in caustic, tempered at 175°C (350oF). (c) Tempered at 165 °C (325 oF). (d) Or equivalent. (e) File-hard. (f) Tempered at 205°C (400 oF). (g) Reheated at 845 °C (1550 oF), quenched in salt at 175°C (350 oF). (h)Reheated at 775 °C (1425 "F), quenched in salt at 195°C (380 oF). (i) Tempered at 165°C (325 "P) and treated at-85°C (-120 "F)

Liquid Carburizing Carbon Steels in Noncyanide BathsTypical applications of carbon steels

Weight Case depth Temperature Subsequent Hardness,Part kg lb Steel mm in. °C OF Time,h Quench treatment HRC

Production tools 0.5-2.0 1.1-4.4 1018 0.375 0.015 925 1700 0.5-1.0 Brine 50-60Bicycle forks 1.4 3.1 10l7(a) 0.05-0.08 0.002-0.003 925 1700 0.085 Brine Temper at 425°C 60

(795 oF)Shift lever and ball -1.5 -3.3 1040,1017(b) 0.25 0.010 925 1700 0.67 Air cool 30 s in brine File hardClock screws and studs 0.005 0.011 1006,1113 0.08-0.10 0.003-0.004 955 1750 0.2 Brine 62-64Flat head screws 0.015 0.033 1122 0.15 0.006 925 1700 0.33 Molten salt, 290°C 56

(550°F)

(a) Partial immersion. (b) Carburizer brass braze


Carbonitriding Carbon SteelsTypical applications and production cycles

Case depth Furnace temperature TotaItimePart Steel mm 0.001 in. °C of in furnace Quench

Carbon steels

Adjusting yoke. 25 by 9.5 nun (1 by 0.37 in.) 1020 0.05-0.15 2-6 775 and 745 1425 and 1375 64 min OilBearing block, 64 by 32 by 3.2 rnrn (2.5 by 1.3 by 0.13 in.) 1010 0.05-0.15 2-6 775 and 745 1425 and 1375 64 min OilCam, 2.3 by 57 by 64 nun (0.1 by 2.25 by 2.5 in.) 1010 0.38-0.45 15-18 855 1575 2 1/2h OilCup, 13 g (0.46 oz) 1015 0.08-0.13 3-5 790 1450 Y2 h OilDistributor drive shaft, 125 nun OD by 127 rnrn (5 by 5 in.) 1015 0.15-0.25 6-10 815 and 745 1500 and 1375 108 min Gas(a)Gear, 44.5 nun diarn by 3.2 nun (1.75 by 0.12S in.) 1213(b) 0.30-0.38 12-15 855 1575 l%h Oil(c)Hex nut, 60.3 by 9.5 nun (2.4 by 0.37 in.) 1030 0.15-0.25 6-10 815 and 745 1500 and 1375 64 min OilHood-latch bracket, 6.4 rnrn diarn (0.25 in.) 1015 0.05-0.15 2-6 775 and 745 1425 and 1375 64 min OilLink, 2 by 38 by 38 rnrn (0.079 by 1.5 by 1.5 in.) 1022 0.30-0.38 12-15 855 1575 11/2h OilMandrel, 40 g (1.41 oz) 1117 0.20-0.30 8-12 845 1550 lY2h OilPaper-cutting tool, 410 rnrn long 1117 -0.75 -30Segment, 2.3 by 44.5 by 44.5 mrn(0.09 by 1.75 by 1.75 in.) 1010 0.38-0.45 15-18 855 1575 2 1/2h OilShaft, 4.7 nun diam by 159 nun (0.19 by 6.25 in.) 1213(b) 0.30-0.38 12-15 815 1500 2Y2h Gas(a)(d)Shift collar, 59 g (2.1 oz) 1118 0.30-0.36 12-14 775 1430 SI/2h Oil(e)Sliding spur gear, 66.7 rnrn OD (2.625 in.) 1018 0.38-0.50 15-20 870 1600 2h(0 Oil(g)Spring pin, 14.3 mrnODby 114mm (0.56 by 4.5 in.) 1030 0.25-0.50 10-20 815 and 745 1500 and 1375 144min OilSpur pinion shaft, 41.3 mm OD (1.625 in.) 1018 0.38-0.50 15-20 870 1600 2h(0 0i1(h)Transmission shift fork, 127 by 76 mrn(5 by 3 in.) 1040 0.25-0.50 10-20 815 and 745 1500 and 1375 162 min Gas(a)

(a) Modified carbonitriding atmosphere. (b) Leaded. (c) Tempered at 190°C (375 "F), (d) Tempered at 150 °C (300 "F), (e) Tempered at 165°C (325 "F), (0 Time at temperature.(g) Oil at 150 °C (300 oF): tempered at 150°C (300 OF); for 1 h. (h) Oil at 150°C (300 oF); tempered at 260 °C (500 oF) for 1 h

Applications for Boride Carbon Steels

Substrate materialAISI BSI

10201043

11381042

DIN

S137

C15 (CkI5)C45

S150-145S20Ck45

Application

Bushes. bolts, nozzles, conveyer tubes, baseplates, runners, blades, thread guides

Gear drives, pump shaftsPins, guide rings. grinding disks. boltsCasting inserts, nozzles, handlesShaft protection sleeves, mandrelsSwirl elements, nozzles (for oil burners),

rollers, bolts, gate plates

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