A visual journey from Fra Angelico to Andy Warhol

Ow-lotte Gerlings

100 Great

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• r IS S

visual journey from Fra Angelico to Andy Warhol

harJotte Gedin · .

ARCTURUS

CoVER I U .uSTlIA:rto ss

Artist<' ponr.irs, kft to right:

"Ii,l' ",," I'.ul C6..tnne , Ed, .. ,,] ,\ lunch, \r,nCt:nt ,'an Gogh, p<~<.,. I'aul Rubens, Angelico Kauffi"ann, Jean-Aug"''': Ingn:s, Iknhc ,\ lori,ot

11",::e erntrll images: D<"t:I.il frum Tb, Gartlm a/EArtbly DdigbtJ I')' Ilicrunp"us Rosch: Marla lita by Lc().,."k, d. \r,nei: ,bail rr."" Tb, C'bair and rb, Pi", by \r,,..,rnt ,"n Gogh

nottom rO,,': E<~"J:t "I ,\ to oct , John .n'l" iStc Cor"', Rcmlmtndt , .. n Rijn, Francisco Gora, J'''''I><' "I'nt().-ct"', P.ul G.uguin, I hns 11(~bcin the Youngcr, Raphael Santi. J(Jl", Scll COb"an , Eugene Dehcro;x

W ARCTURUS

Arctums l' ublL'<lling Lim i((xi 26127 Bid:e ls Yard

1:' 1 1:'3 Ikrmon<i'>('Y S(R'e( London SE I 3HA

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foulsham w. Fotll.'<llam & Co. Ltd, Th.: I'ubli.shing HOll_"':' Iknnem CI05<:, CipPGnhatll, Siougb, ikrl<sbir<: SLl :'AP, England

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CONTENTS

Introduction 6 Giotto <Ii Hondonc " Peelers. CJ3rJ "S Gin.in. Tholl"" 7S Picasso, Pablo ';0

Angelico, Frn S Goya, Frnncisco .. Picro Ddla Frnllcesca '" Anguissola, Soronisb. W EI Greco S' Pollocl J.d.on '" Arcimboldo, G i"''''I'I''' " Griinc"'a1d, ,\lathias "' Popova , Liulx", 156

Bellini, CiovalUli " Hal •• Frnns SO Poussin , Nicolo. "" Blake, \\r,lIiam " Hiroshigc, ","do R8 Pu.·is de Ch~\'anncs, Pierre-

Bonhcur, Rosa '" Hockney. David 90 cecile '6<J Bosch, Hieronymus 10 Hodler, Ferditl3lld 91 RaJ'had Sam; 162

BOIticdli , S,ndro 11 HOg"lrth. \\"lIi ,m '" Rcmbrnndr nil Rijn '" Boucher, F"",<;<>is " Holrusai, K>l<ushika % Renoir, Pierre Augus.e '" Bruegd, Piclcr 10 /-Ioll>ein. HailS ,he Younge.- 98 Rou,,,,.u, Henri "" Can.lctro, Antonio 'S Homer, \\" "s lo", '00 Ruben., Peler Paul '70 C.r<waggio, ,\ Iichel.ngdo )0 De Hooch. Piclcr '01 S"",so .. , Alexei m CezalUlc. Paul )l /-Iol'per. Edward "" Schiele , Egon '" Chardin, jem-B~I,r.is!e H In gres, je.n-Augu.<le "" Seu,.,.!, Georges no Cimabue, Giov~nni J6 Kandin.<L:y, Wassil y ". Stubbs, Ceorl\" "" Claude LOlT'Jin )S Kluffinann, Angelic~ "0 Tinroreuo, j.COllO 'SO Cole, Thomo< <0 Kiim! , Gustav '" Titian '"' Con<!able, john 41 Leonardo Ih Vinci '" Turner,Josel,h ,\hllord

Com!, Jeon -ihl,tisre 44 Lorenzeui , Ambrogio '" \\r,lIi.m ,"4

COlnl3n, john Sdl 46 ,\ bc~e, Augus!e "S Uccdlo, P~olo 186

Courbe! , c.usr,,,'e 4" ,\bgriue. Rene 120 Van Der Wcyden, Rogier '"S Crnnach , Lucas the Elder 50 ,\Jalcl'ich , Klsimir '" \'iln Dycl:. Anrhony ,9<)

Doli, Salvador 51 ,\Jane!, Edouard '" \'iln Eyd:, jan 192

D,vid , jacques-Louis 54 ,\bn!egn;} , Andrea 'M \'iln Gogh. Vincenr '" Deg>.<, E<1g>r " ,\brtini, Simone "" VeI.zquez, Diego de Silva y 196

DeI:>eroix, Eugene 5" ,\\asaccio, TOnllll3SO "0 Vermeer, johannes "" Ducciodi Buonin<egn. 00 ,\luis,"" Henri '" Veronese. Paolo '00 Durer, Albrechl " ,\Iichd.ngdo Buon.rmti '34 W~rhol, Andy 202

Eakin<, Thomas " ,\Iillai<.john E,,=u '" \ValleaU, Anroine '04 Friedrich. ('.:I<llaI' David ("- ,\Iodigli.ni, Amedeo "" \ Vltistler. j.mes Abbou

G~insborough. Thoma< 68 ,\Iondrian. Pie! "" ,\Jc,'\'eill 206

C.~ugin, Paul 70 ,\ Ione!. Oaude '" C.enrileschi, AJ1eml";' 72 ,\ Iorisol, BeJ1he "4 Gcricauh, Theodore 74 ,\IWlch, Edv~rd "" ,\d:nOldedgemen IS 70S

INTRODUCTION

It is a pleasant but far from simple task to pick one hundred \,'Tcat' artist.~ from hundRxls

of others. Everyone has a range of favouritcs, and a gL"{)gI'aphiGil spread is necessary too.

With the carlysccdcrs, the European an tradition crossed thcAdantic to [be New \Vorld,

and travel led with traders to the Far East. This hook helps to show how that tradition was re­

imerpreted in different locations. inL"Vitahly, my editors and I had to make many reluctant

omissions, and the constraints of copyright affent.:\ the choice of twentieth-century and

conccmpol'J I)' artists. H owever, the sck~[ion that fo llows is intcndc<i to take readers on a

"idc-I'Jnging journLj' through the story of wcstern art, with the aid of one hundn..:! examples

of its leading cxponcnt.~. For the most part, thL]' have trained, inspired or influenced one

another from the thirteenth century to the present day. It is a fJscinating, L·ver-dL-vc!oping

part of our lives that we shall never ti re of looking at.

Major exhibitions are a feature of g'dlleries in every principal city now3lLiys. CUl'dtors put

years of planning and negotia tion into assembling 'hlod:hlL~ter' shows of both old and

modern masters, whose works are borrowed and tl'dnsportL-d all over the worM. Yet we must

remember that we can go to the S3me g'd!!eries at other times, simply to vicw their standing

exhibitions; and the youngest of gallery visitors are often b>1ven a special welcome. N ational

and provincial galleries not only house famous works hut also brive us the opportunity to

discover the paintings of less well -known artists. These pcople frl"tluently \\"Orkl-d alongside

the b'Tcat names, sharing idcas ani\ techniques, sometimes in

the role of teacher o r pupi l.

Standing in front of a Renaissance picture hy the likes of

Botticc!!i Of Mantegna, for example, it is hard to imab>1ne that

the painters and sculptors we admire were o ribrinal!r

classified as 'mere' Cl'dftsmen. ,\ 'Iost came from humble

backgrounds and were accepted into a studio around the age

of nine. At first, they earned thei r kcep by cleaning and

running errands, gradua ll r working up from apprentice to

journLym'ln and fina lly mastcr. The fresco painter Qnnini

has !eft this d aunting account of the Renaissance apprentice's

tl'Jining schl-dulc: 'Start fin"!: of all by grinding colours,

t"Ntall from The ,\ Iystic Nat i,; ty (/500) by Sandro Bom'"Uj

hoiling up giue, mixing plaster, then going on to prepare pands, re­

touching them, polishing them, applying gold leaf, learning how to

grain. Then another six years to ... tudy the w;e of colour, the

application of mordant.~, to find out how to paint d!"aperies and folds

and how to work in fresco. And all the time you must p!"actise

drawing .. work-tby and feast-tl ay.'

If an artist brraoiuate.:i to set up his O\\Tl studio, the process hegan all

over ag-ain with ~warms of apprentires ~u!Tounded hy the tools and

materials of the blL~ine<.. .... , in pUl"!.uit of lucr.ltive commissions. The

ma~1:ers who became Court painters had father more security - as long

as thl"}' pleasl-.:i their patrons - hut their stlm~ was often that of a

selVant o r r abce workman. Some fresm paintel'o", lOr c.\::Jmple, were

p,lid only hy the amount of wall they covered. OCGIsionally, an astute

artist like CralJach or Ruhens was elL-vatcd to the rank of diplomat.

The more we examine the b'Teat artises of all periocls, the more we

appreciate that, no matter how suhlime their work, thl"}' were

touchl-.:i hy the l-venes of history as much as the next person. Their

lives were disrupted by wars, transformed hy scientific discoveries,

{"tit short by the tlll-.:iil"val p!3b'lle or twentieth-century influenza.

To treat our subjeces as fu lly as possible, each one occupies their

1)",,,,1 tum fr"'" ,\\..orie de Medici Discmb ... ldng~t ,\\..orseillcs After ,\\..orrioge To Henry IV of Fr .... "" by p,," P"ul RuJm" (/622- 2 5)

own double-page spread containing two pictures, a commentary and a time line that poines to

the principal l-venes of his or her life. The selection of some less familia r pictures will, I hope,

hroaden appreciation and encourage a fresh approach. OcC"asionally, I have combinl-.:i a pair,

where the connection is particularly interesting o r useful. \¥here the commentary mentions

an artist with his or her own entry in the hook, that name appears in bold type for easy

reference. Fo r the same reason, the arr.mgement is alphabetiGlI, incidentally making for some

remarkahle neighbours.

It is hopl"{/ that this hook may he enjoYl"{/ as ,I reference by student.s and pr.lctising artises,

and a companion to the genera! reader who loves looking at pictures and is interestl-.:i in

fincling out how ski lls and personal st}1e come through in service of the creative process.

Charlotte C~rlings 100)

1187(')

1407

1409_14

1414-18

1419_1f

14JJ

1416-4f

1447-49

1449_fZ

14H

FRAANGELICO

B()rn Guno di P~!TO in Vl«bio di MUg<Uo, TW<lmy

EnutT /J(}miniam mo""'try al Find" mar florm"

Papal pditi,""ik monk< '" F()h!;"", in Umbria

PlaK''' dr;"" ,b,,"

'" Comma

R"""", long_turn 10 Find" krom~ Fra Gi"'anni

Co,"miIJioRM '" paim rb, Linenwo.-kers' Ttir,,),ch

C"mmiIJiomd by C",""O th' Mu/sii.

drnml1" Gm'''''' of s"" MlIT'o, FI()rm"

Int'iud 10 Rom, by Pop' Eugmiw Iv. Pain1T ponrai' if Cbarl~ I'll if Frana

B'gi", fr,,,(n in Cap<Ua di S"" Bri=io, On'i"o

TriR .. d"o Rom, ,;:ilb pupil Go;::",}i 10 paim PJ<fJ" of SS S""bm and un::r"',, in J "tiam', Cap<Ua Ni«di""

R"ur'" 10 Fi""k, <i<,,,d Prior

Rmum 10 Rom, ,;:b= br din

Ikposition ofChri., (d"aif) (14J6-4f) Tbr fr"''''' in Ibr am-ml if S"" Marro drnJnl"d botb ,b, ",,"munal '1'''''I mill ,b, nun,' p;,-"u "lb. ,;:b'H rbry "."" dmg",d '" ''''"Mag' m,dilll1ion . Fra Ang<h"Q" '7'-;"'" '" an il/","i"""'r ,IMt.":! in bi, Ibin. pm" appJication of paint. I, "'aI "" ithal ,""bod f()r d",';ling "'ingfalbff'! ""d ,,"bro<dny., and ".,1/ rniud '" baaground fa",,,,,, ", II""::,, in Ibi, d"ail

Fr~ Angeli"" and his 1",,,hcI lk""dL~tt, No'hing is known of Ft~ Angeli""'s early

ioined 'hc Dominic.n O"kT of ,cachl:rs , othcr ,h.n 'he influer-.cc hc >hows of Pre..,h~rs 'oge,her in 1407. A, thcir ,he Siene", ",hool. Angelico .nd Ikn.,<lctto

mon~"."y in Fie,ole , ,he }'"ung men wen: pmbahly m.de ,he le~p to full.,;""le fn:s""

di ",,,,,,l to illwnin .. ing manuscripts, .nd i, is I",iming during 'hc fill: l 'cars tha' ,heir order

p( ... it~e ,hey "'m.in"l in artistic 1>1"""rshil' ""!S exiled in ,hi: U m1lri.n hill 'own of FoIig"".

for n""" of ,h<;t Ii"",. Giotto 's f",sco", .. Assisi would h,,'e been

F,.. Angelico S<lOn gain"l. "'1., .. ';0", j;:Jr his within <:asy tc:lch .nd 'hc bmthers a '" "", .. in to

,echnical ,kills in ""ml_"i,i(lfl ~nd colour .nd hal<: "isi",1 ,hml.

,,"is I'nJlllo,,,1 to ",.::rsl..::ing a busy W(,.- I..>11(1' On<:-.:: he h.d mOl',,1 to Floren<:-.:: ., 'he

inside 'hc Order. His religious ti,le " ... , F.. illli .. ,;on of Cosimo de' ,\I "lici .nd ... ,,<,1

G in. '.nni hu, 'he other fri.rs n.,kn.m"l him de"lra,ing ,hc Com'::n' of S.n ,\hrco, Fn

'Angelico'lt:.r his pil"Y'nd ,hi: be.utiful wor l Angelico's h.ndling of fo.- m, PLT'l'l-cr;,'e .nd

,h .. he p",<lu<:-.::d. lie is "'I>u ,,,l nc • .:: r to h".:: ",lour d""do pcd e"'n fur,her. Ik""d",to is S3id

.hen:d or n:n".,h"l.ny of his pain'ings, fi",~y to h"" wo.- k,,) alof1g,ide his bru,her on 'he "~>' belie,ing ,ha, to do so would h,nt: bl..::n alrin" S.n ,\lam, ",mmi,,;on, .nd one of 'hcir

God's will. 'pl1«",,';<:-'::''''''s 'hc l"ung Iknozw Gozl.(~i.

The Al bl rpiece of ~ ,\1:>""0 (/4J6-4f) F", Angdi'" bad an im"'''a';,~ apprOilch to comp",i,;"n and I!. i, <T,di"d t::i!b tl!. im~rlti"n if ,I!. S:lCrl Comer.;; ,ju.,e, a dn-r, ,:,bich plllm all tb, Jig"'""

in a p"intingd_!o '"" aTlOlb<r, a, tlxJugb in rom-m"lltion, Althougb !b, R,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,",an! a rmmg m"", "'t::amr bUman;"", Fra Ang,/ico', "",*

mairltai",d a firm ,"-,.,-Nl,", for !I!. Cbrim'ilt/ id,al

I H2(!)

1<;46(1)

IH4

IH9

H70

J:i71 (?)

1621

162!i

SOFONISBA ANGUISSOLA

Born in CrmlOfIIl, L,,""Mrdy, daugb," if a I,alb" and ri/J: d,akr

Srutli" art IInd.,-Campi

iIImr Mitbdang<kJ in Rom<

Appoinud eM" painu,- by Philip II </S/",in

,11arr;" Sid/ian ndN,,"an Om Pabrbo d< ill_win, ridtJ,;:<d

I{mum '" C,n"""", MllfTj" ,bip" "'p",in Ora:;io L(Jm<ilirw, unh in Gn/(Jil.

Vitj"d by Jim

0,"

OJ,, in Painm" Philip II of Sp:oin with the Order of the Golden F1eece (/565) AnguiJJda)- lifo at 1k Spani'h Cour, Ivgan in I 559, ,;:b", ,b, ';:ar imrod"",!

IH an artist a!andy tror'ry ",b. high'" nganJ. AngtUIRJia mad< ,"uch u" " ,b, balf-Imgtb f"Jr1l7lit throughoUt b.,. "',ur

S0itJniSh. Anguiss()1. waS one of Se,"n girls to p.inters' Slu<lios hec:"",, ""ct:I .... I~".

child"'n _ six girls and. boy _ ",hast: H()w<'I'IT, thCYWLTc sdl rut allow,,[ to bcc .. llc

enlighte ned father had his Elmily wor kshop "I,,,cn,ius and worl alongside the

"due:tled in :",,,olll with Rcnai<S3.,..,e hw"anist mm. "Ini. "cry much , ,,,n-i,,,,,1 w(. "m in the

principl"'. "in .. ,,,,u1,,,<1 in ",,' of his <hughters, 'ul ~""ts thL'Y ",u1d I" int _ no nude males, for S() fo nisiJa and Elena , going to study f()r cxaml~e _ and s<' Anguis.oia fou nd hcr niche in

three J'urs with the reim()",n,,1 L()mbardy ponraiture. She gal'e early notice of h.,.

a"i,,, Ilcrna"linoC ... n~,i. intna",i,,: app""ch with an unusual dou ble

l nanb to the p"'gr",si,'e attitudes of ponrait mtitled Bnnardino Campi Painring

Anguiss(~a 's f:tther and Cln~,i, the admission o f S<fonirlm AnguiIJllIll.

Anguissoh'. unique style w.s also

historically significant, FirSdr, she undtTmined

,he rigid anificiality of &4ional~e l_ml'1irs :

and "",,,,<Hy, she <Jc.n>nstl'1,ed wha, k" .. le

sens.it.ili'r could I,.- ing in the way of e,mtiollal

can<k,ur '" ,he ttsl.: of c:t pt uring a lilene,;,;,

Through her many self_ponrai,s , she was

co ", £01 nJ "'''phasiz.c her Own refined ..I .. I'1C"' ''

in ,he"e stin-ing ,imel, it was stiD i11l1_,nan, '0

"'Ill"y m,><lesty and ,i'ttJe .

The G~me of Chess (/555) 7bt-" if 'k AnguiJJda ,if"", Lucia, E"rop" ilrId iIIimn.'a, play ebm, ,;,bil, ,b," ~t'"",JJ looh on, Tb,ir old" ,isur SofoniJba, 0'" if Ik Jim 1::"",'" to

gain an i"',rTlati""aJ r'P"'arion a, a pain=, bad a maru<U"", ability to

wP"''' b" ,it,,,, '"pr",j(J''' and '0 "WIT" rb,ir ',"(Jlion,

Anguis'oh's tt k:n' made hc:r lit ,mIlS all 'NtT

Eumpe, bringing he, into """act with

Michcl:mgclo a' ,he stan of her carert and

\'~ n Dr"!. ncar 'he md. In bcrwt't:n , she was

ap pointed no' only OlU" I",in'rt to Philip II of

SI",in bill also hdy-in_" .. iting to 'wo ,ue"""i,,,

qut't:ns. I"", restingly, she r",<"in,1 a ",hr)' OS

bdy_in_waiting; htT ari''''''l'1tic status

p<",'en,,,1 her fmm selling hc:r w()< ls and 'hc:y

were always "",<Ie a< gifts to th;,se cOIl<cme<l.

1f27

1f49

I HR

1f62

H64

1f66

1f69

1f70-71

H76

HRO

IfR7

1f91

1f9J

GIUSEPPE ARCIMBOLDO

B()rn Giw'PP' Ardmbddoin Milan, ..... <la painw'

m"king tlJ fatb.ri amnant at Milll1l Catb.dral

I"NIigm lapmry for Como Ca,kd",1

Mo,..,- 10 Prag'u, /!<rom" (~, painur '" F=linmuJ I

R""aim COIlTl paint" ,-"bm Maximih'an il J'U,,,,dt hrdinll1ld I

Trltt .. ""o Ilaly

Pr."nrr ;\Iaximilill1l il ,;:i,b S""s<lnS and Four Elcm.:nlS

Orgll1li= 11.." rayal ;;:rotiing'

R.maim COIlTl painlff ,;:bm Rudolf Ii J'Uccudt Maximih'an Ii

Ennohl.d by EmfJ'Yor Rudolf Ii

L",,~, Prag'" for Milan

SmdJ \'crtllmnu< to

Prag'u, .k,,,,d '0 Coum Pala,iIU

Di" of kitlnry di"a" in ;\Iilan

Vcnumnus (tk'ail) (159/) A magnifi,ml piKtrait of Rudolf il ii' tb. ll1Iam, Roman god of"'Kwllion Il1Id Ik changing " ... ""., \'enumnus 1::a, abo ,b. 'Y"'bd of C(Jmmffu, 711. ""fJ'Yar 1::a, tkligb"d ,;:itb 'k itka afbimulf at lb. ,,"bodimml of fruitfo/lUE, barmony and a nrong <C""""'y, IlfId pr"mp,ly Itt;:artkd Artimbddo tb. ,i,l. <I Count PalalilU

Giu"'I" e Arcimboldo was an artist of grut ingcnuity. I're_,t.,ing the

Surre.lists 1»-' Mer 300 ye.", . hi.

c''''pos.i,io))s of p.in",d Aowers. ,'egetables .

and o,her morc Ilium: ohjects took 'he

six"'<:nth-c<:ntury l lapsburg Coun by "nnn.

11",:e sutces.i"" empef()f"S , Ferdinand L ,\ I:tximilian II and Rudolf II , b<:C:tmc ,but""

of h .. exnaolllinary I_mrait ",ric •.

In 1562 , Arcimboldo a,.;,.-",,,I an il1~><"lial

imitation H.I lef, ,\lilan for P"'goc. The n: he

assumed 'he I"'" of Court I",inter and

d<",)<al<).-, e,"nts ',.-pniz.cr, CostwnC ,k:signer

and all-",un,] • n "h'i«:r.

The UfF'iri in Flo n: ,..,c has. red le.,her f,~d""

de'~""ted I<) Rudolf II. Inside are 148 of

Arcim boldo'. pen and "'"iSh ,k<~ches dettiling

UlStwnes .nd '1''''1''' ~)f ,"rious <~'<:nts ",.,,1 0., da<si""I.lk·g<>ry. 1nc", e_"" g-'nzas we n:

designed I<) ,~sl~'Y the 1I'I"burgs' dJ'nastic 110wer to hund n:ds of high_ .. nking gueSts.

' i lle Umri l )(m~)lio is. "LTY ", re i,em, as

littlc of Arcimb"ldo's s.igned wo .. k ,ulVi,'cs,

m)< ,~d he I"",,: .ny writings, .khough he ..

known to hal'e heen highly "Iucated. Ilis

... bu. sp'nn,,1 the ans, scien"'" <:ngine"'ing

.nd philosophy, he ,,'"is • trut 'Renais"'n'"

man'. Y'" f, )< nO olll;ous n::I5<))) , his work sank

Along wi,h ro)"tl w"ldings, festi,;,ie,., into obscuri,y until re,~scO\ered in the

Court <'o."isted of l'.gt:.nt< and I<-.J m'ments. ninct"'nth """tmy.

W2ter from ' Inc Four Eleml:nlS' (/566) Ar a y<lUng man, Arcimbddo painud nailUd g/= for Milll1l ,atb.drut hilt j, "'ar ,bnlugb tapm'7 d.rign tba, bi< richly arrllll"m!lli nyi. """yd. to mat"'"' in tk painml "rj"o/'S""S<l<IS' and 'ElementS'. ArdmboJdo 1::ar '" ropy \\'''<"1 many

r",m,f()r gifr to imp",rtb." mipimrr ,,·itb tb. g/oryofrb. HapJimrgr

14JO(')

l44f(')

140

14fS-u)

1460-68

1470

147!

147f_79

14S'i_!

1490-1f01

H 06

H I 6

GIOVANNI BELLINI

B()rTl in J ~nj", RlRofpainur Jacopo B,l/ini

Gj"'."armi and brOiM Gmli/. "'gin ",..-k /lJ

J«opo" amrtll1llT

iIIa""gTlll mam" !b,jr firm- and INc"",,, /afting

j"flu"''' In P",l1", ,;:irb

;\Ia""g""

R""'*to J~nj"" ",,,,.IT '"' flIT! ,"ai'F ",,,,mi,,i,,,,,

&tahJi,bno1:.'rI ,;:o.-hOOp. Vi,;lT Rim;,,; and POllY., '"' "...-} of lim tkr IIrydm

Engag",;:itb f],,"i,b "cbniq'" t;:bm ilImi"" i"'rodt.'" .xl paiming,,, J~Jlj"

Rc'urn:",iofl , f,m J ...... ,j"" paiming ",,,,,,.d in oil gl"""

Painu panrailJ and alk§'ri"ar ,,·,0 at ,,/igiow rubj«rr

Giorgi"" and TiN'an am'"'g hi, pt<pih

Viriud by Viirrr

j)j" in J'ro;"

Doge Leon.:..rtlo Lored:.n (c. IW /) TIN ruJ.,. of l Mi" ""an gold d","a,} nbs. "" imp",,<d fabric tbat rignifi,d lb. proJp<riry <f J mie. ara ",,",",,,jill "", .... B,Oini n!pruduaJ tb.1frcr by painting til< nuf"u roughly in onl" li' alttb ,b, ligbl

Gim,anni Ikllini i. re'I><Jnsiblc for

.... ising the ,t3ndanJ of the \ 'cntti.n

s<·hool of I",inting to thc I><,; nt wherc

the city ri,'alled Floren,,, as • Centre of

RCn:l issanet: excellcn,". Ilis fAther, brot her .nd

brothc:r·in_J.w W,TC .ni,,, tm, but it is the

latter, Andrc:l M~ntcgn:.o , who initi.lly Si>UIT"J

Ikllini On to p.inting J.nd=p'" and defining

the """"J of a picrurc . Likc.1I his hali.n "mtL'''I_''''''es, Ikllini

was accustom"J to wor king in w .. te,_bas"J

"."1"1'=, eithc:r on w'><Hlen p.nck or pl,,-,,cr

walls. Ilo w",'er, Onet: he had ""en the won: of

Rogier , ·.n dcr WC)..Jc n, he was .... ger to trphc

Flmli,h oi l glaring tcchniq"" brought to \'eniet: byAntondJ.,h,\ lcssin. in 14i5.

Ikl~ni was always cxperimenting. No,,", with

thc rich tr1nsluet:nce of oil gJ.u:s at his fingcnips _ r""c:lling nCw ,le pt hs n, lill"ilia,

colou rs .nd dL,nanding • diffLTCnt ty pc of

brushwo,k _ he un""'ercd • wc:llth of

possibiliti",. \ Vhcn Hellini learned how to

tnn'J.", the \ 'cneti.n pl.}' of light betwC,,, sky

and w.tCr, he h.d the key to all thc subde

hall"oni", .nd I. illi.nt ",lours that would

"'me to signifythc <ct.",1 "fVcniet: f,. the nCxt

",,' <"<-"Ilturi",. Ikllini inn""n"",J the cou ,,", uf Eur",can

p.inting through the l',ung p.interS

apl" ""iet:d to his "" . k.<I"". T"", "f the mo" fAmous w,TC G iorgionc. nd Tit",n, wt.,"" later

""al,y he "",k in his ""de. On a ,'isit to \ 'eniet:

in 1505, Diirt .. "1" " ""1. 'he is n:ry ,~d and "ill

he iSthe be" p.in,er of them all".

,\bdont1.:.l of the M.,.~dow (,,15(15) &Uinil Mat/()nnat;;.y" !Ortually bi, rrad,mllT}, at;;.'", tb, m'l'niry and

tmdrrn= t::i,b ;;.,bicb b, porrr"Y'd ,b,m, H,.,., 'h< ,bild J= ,I."" Hirrfillly IllIlkF bi, ,"",b,.,.l-K"'" t::bik daily lift K"',on "'bind ,b,m in ."". ",b, ar~'rr', "''lui,i" landmzpl'!, Only tb, brooding rtn.'m and ,b, ",J.nJn po""f 'h< Vnxin

bint a' rh< day m o,k'llT)', t::bm tbi, JIlm, ron ;;"iO Ii, d,ad in h<r lap

6

170

1771

1774-87

1781

1789

1790--91

1794

I S()(}"()]

I SO;

,,"'-'"

I S I S

1827

WILLIAM BLAKE

Born in /.imdoo, RlR of a 00""-

Apprm,;"d for "'~" Y'iltT to "'g'-'''''''- BaJi,.

Of"'" Il1Id rUnT a

Lond<Jn prim ,bop tuttil tkatb if broIb.,. Ribr,

Mum" o"b.rj", B()iIro", bi,arn'st_ aIJirtllrll, PtthJiJOO Jim booko/panlfJ, P,,{"tiC:l.I Skc",ho::.

Pubh',b" Songs of lnm>CCncc

Engrat·" hy pr"" " . .".-):, 'Ih" ,\hrriag<: of lie",'"" .nd Hell

Puhlirb" Songs ,,(Experience, illt/uding 'n,. Tygn'

Tum up by parron WiDi"m Hay!q. BJahr ,"ot~ to Pdpbam, Swur

CbiU"J{'dt::itb ,,,.,,,on III Chid",,,,. and

""I uirud

Pubh',bd ,\ 1 ikon, i"dllding ,]mwbn

BlIlh h:'YJrJ:

gatb"" Y'""'K di<lipJ", inc/llding Sam",/ Pub,,"

OJ,, in /.<Jnt/(JtI

\rorgin md Child in Egypt (/8 /OJ (h" "fl-- """lar paimin", thaI Blah mad< in grn/ifllll< to a P"""'" 71xJlnllS Bu"" v:ba '''pp",",,;1 bim by ""ding bit w" for dt"tn::ing /",,,,!!. Blal:,

,bought jt ,"or< "biea/ '" paint in "'''f''Y''' a ,;:"..,-_"'=d "",/i",", ,ban oil, ill it ,",'a, ,"a" d,,",mding of ,b, artin', ,h'l/

Willia", RI.kc ~ eng"""', ]"inter, lIe c"un'ed Roy"] ,..."dem;""'" John

I. ' .... and mystic ";'iona,), ~ wrotC. Haman and llenr}' Fusdi a",ong his ck,,,,,, illust,.,cd and printed his own friends. n e n ,hough he had <~slik,,1 ~""111

hooks. It ,,-,,; his belief ,h., tho: im.gin.,ion .. "1< ",h()<~ing himself. RI.ke claimed n) h."c ""'" ,uP""-;'" to, and mOn: rC11 than , the ,.,;" n.li,m gho,ts and a"gels >.inc<: childhood ~ ,,",'CJl th., he

and 11l.,.-ri"li'J11 of his day: he found himself h.d s l',)k<"Tl to the \r,rgin ,\!"y _ s<) it is dcar

finnl}' outside the ruku,..1 mainstrC1m in the that Fuseli', fa"...,y art was in tunC "ith and

Age of Enlib"'",nmCJl'. lIe "'.,,, .Iso "sul'l',Jncr inAucn""d his own. T he muscular nude. of

of the F "'nch and American R.""IUlio,,-,. ,\Iichdmgclo arC ano.her dca, inspi,a,ion,

N",,10n (1795) In tbiJ larK', t~ry 1K",,"pJ;'b.d "'lour prim, It"", "',,;:ron ir Jbm:.·n Inl1i/y

J7ltioflllli~ing lb, un;"""'" ,;:itb lb, aid of a pair of "''"pm"'' Blah tIS,'idd ,b, /Nxkground into"'" brigh' and on, dark ",ti ... , impJying tbat tb. gr,a'

ma,bnnatilian and pir!,i';" ""'ugb, no, mlighwunm' bu, a ~dJm nigbt_tim" Blah b.1i<tJI!d tbal UTtim ala", "Yr' "'palm </ tIS,-;", inrigbt and tbat tb, t<JlJl "'o1f

abayJ Jtruggling to fr" imlf frum ,b, ",nfin" of "am" and organi~d n4igio"

but th~ hc h.d known ~" m.ny yearS thmugh Another of his tcchniqu.s ,,-!S mOre akin tn

his u,lIe",i,., "f engravings . monoprinting. l ie took impressions dire",

Blake's spccial printing P"'ttSS invoh'ed from the I", in",d surfutt uf stout p."ebo.n]

t"'n,krring r"""'<£"<] im.!:"s of his words and and ", fined the <k:t:tils in ink and ext'" p.in~

pi",ur.s Onn, u'I" '" I~ate in .n .cid.resisting P"''''rSdy. if ll hkc h.d bcm tich mough n,

ink. Afn::r etehing in acid . it pmduttd, rdid .ffi",] lett"'p n:ss printing and fine p.inting

illl'ge. which u,uld ridd dOl£ns mOn: u~,ies. malL"rial •. his worlo w<", ld su", ly ha,'c lost its

llhke .nd his wifc hand_u~our,,1 coch I" int idio;yncratic edge and the tangihle sense of

indi'idrnlly. using cheap c.mdh.it brushes. i",ol",mcnt with his mcssage.

'"

1822

I S4 1_B

1848

184 9

I SH

I SH(1)

1860-80

1889

1894

1899

ROSA BONHEUR

B..-n Mar;,· R(J>Illi. B(Jn}uur in Bord"l1lx. dill/gil",." a lall/lKap' pain",-

&bibitJ ugularly ,,! til. PariT Salon

A'::ard<d Jim Gold Mulal by 1"''''/ ,bat indud,d CorOl, D<!"m,;x and InKY"

Tu" at'.,. [ath..-', an .moo/ on hi, d,lltb

T he 1 h"" F. ir ,;:inr acdaim Il1Id prit-Ill' ,.im by QU«rI Vier..-;"

BuY' roa""" ~ar Fontalruhkau, ,b""t/,;:itb N",ball. Mi""

Ji'(..-} "II> cbi<jly in Eng/lmd

i"Nalb ,,[Na,bali. ilIi"", Rdllli(J",bip "'J1hJi,bd ,;:;,b AnTIll FJ""h<,b KJu1l1ph

Through EmpmJ

Eugmi" M""''' fim ""'1111111

aran/,lI Grand e"'Ir of hmtb 1.'gimo/Ho1Wllr

OJ,, in ,\/<1"", Fontalruhkau

Ploughing in Ni,'em~is (/84S) 0", "&nhrorl '""" "Mffaud ""imingy. /, it /m"J on Bonb",,-', "','" mulj", and alI" imp;".lI by Po"N", il ",~""m!b .. mtury l)rltch i11li1l1aJ paint'" Tb, nobility a/lb." bUK' labouring ani1l1ah "PP<= to _paD" lb, 1fta;"nuJf(Jftb. 111m drn:;"g tlmn

The eldest of IiJur child"'n - all "f th,," ani,u _ RoSOl fi<,nheur <k:cid"d early'"

'1',,,iali,,, in I .. in,ing and sculpting animals. lie, Iit'her encou rJ.g("(1 her h).. alkJwing

~ sh,,,p '" be kel" On ,he b:. k:ony of their sixth·

nom I'.ris apatbllen,.

llon beur's unc"m.:ntion.lity w"ls' ke}TlO'e

'" h ..... He: 4e wore cr<1' I",d h.i" , mok,,1 in

public and , whm "i,iting ,hughterhou<t:s a .. 1

m"LetS to study .nim.1 an.tomy, C3,ried

au,hor i""i"" by the Paris Pn::h::<ttJre '0 wu, a

m.n's 'n" ....... s ~nd ""'Jeli: in pulllic. The SOIme

outfi, worn to ,be thC3tre d n::w loud """l~.ints fmm a m.n in the next IlOx , until he was ,okl

,ha' 4e .. "'s the Etm()us a'bSL

llonheur "Jmmunica,ed • di"'ctne« .nd

hone"y with h ...... nimal subjects. so

,di-eshing~' fret: fnJlll 'he social "Jmcntions

,ha, ,he h.d to ""'tend with herself as ,hey

were. Iler worl .. "'s .echin",d h).' 'he S.lons

.nd she m.de • good li"ing f,om it, while

st,,,ring de1r of the "'ml~1:X sm,imen,.li,}, of ,be age .

' Ihe n:: ,,",S no n'''m~'' smtimen,ality., her

ch.""u when:: >he housed. men.gerie ,h., included. p,i, of lion<, • >tag , C3ttle, num.:mus

<~,gs and. P'rtlJL ' Ihe ch.,c:tu .. -as al,o hon'" '"

a fn::e 1rt .chm l: 1I000h...." .. as. 'yml"theti;

,cacbcr, just as her f.ther h.d been. She .. "'s well·1mown~" he, gencr",i,y ",,,",,d. ani,1S in

<lifficuhya .. IIi> , m.king p,mision ~"<"I'el)'one

who w<l<k,,1 f,,< he,.

Buffiolo Bill (/889) A porn-a;,"[Colmu/ It;Ui"m f: Cody, ",/m-t'i" .b",,,.,,

il! ,b. ,/w!:-"",n 'BuffillJ Bir. Thi, por1rai, "'a, mw/. afur Co,ryl- t',i, Jo &nb"rrJ roa,,,m, during lb. EtlTop<= "'tIT o[bu Wild U·'51 &bj,itil6l in /889. A[u,- &nNllrl-dwb, i, "'il! "f""dtlad '" a

po51<1" w/"<rliring lb. ,bm;,', Jour" 1905

I4fO(!)

1480(')

1486

" .. HI6

HIERONYMUS BOSCH

B()rn Himmy,"'" t'1l1I A1:m in 't_

/f""'gmixJw, ",n "[apainw'

M~rri" Alry' GayafftJ !'an dm ilfun.-m'"

Joim Brorb.,-b.lod o/Ollr uuly

La" Judgement w,","irriotU& by Pbiip I of S""in

1);" in 'r_ HmogmixJJ<b

King G~sf"'rd. AdorAion of the M:.ogi (d""il) (151(1) Bow', /i",r ""rh tkpicud fr~'" and larg" fig"'"" playing OIl' Q 'ingk r.-m" Gaspard j, "," </ rb, Magi in &,ro) '-"";iII of ,b, At/()rariorl_ B,bind him, bit pal:' 1:'<'1lTT a bi=arr, 'bomy }mmdrnJ, 'Y,"/xlic </ ,b, oo/y <Tin::" ,bat ebri" ;;:il/ r.'.,- '::'IIT

H ictn"}"llus Rosch C~n not be litllliliar I'r"y"ms ~nd ~JIIJ()rc t() <,<",unCn, on C3tcg<>rj,,,d. lie links back to the ,hi: hWlla" ""n<~tj()n. IIi. ,,,,,,,,, .. tion<_'IHc ad

l1lini.,urc naru,;,·c. sec n On across ,hOll<:inds of in<ti"idwl figu n:< in the

illumin.",d "':l"uscriplS ., the Slme .ime H

anticipating the pOlS and I" ns "fDu",h gL-n,C

painting. Ilis f.milr WIT" lay "",,,,I,cr< of ,h< Bro,hcrho(kl (,( Ou, Lady in \<_ llertogenl..-,sch.

1ni< Catholic gr()up W()< kt,] ~" the cul'ural

brncfi, of the <:i,y ... hen: Hosch liH:d and (tied.

Hosch's unbridl .... J imagina,ion cxplo(k:s as h< dcpicts life as a con ,inua I struggle betw,..:n man

and his inner na'un:. "Inere are "'any ,h<'"ries

about his "-"on ishing ,-is;o" : one of the mo"

persisten, being ,h., his s}'nboli'11l encodes ,he

docrrin'" of a he n:,ical ('",(",ic S<'" ""lied ,he Ca,harS, \ \'I,.",,-e, H(.o;ch hctiL~-"L hI: h1d an

aCute awan: n",S (,( hwnan p»"h(~ogy. lie uscs

,reming p1nds of his ,riPlj-ch< _ a,e continually

,urf:tCing , as if to "]moni,h ,he ,-iewer 0' p<oc l.im a n:,da,i()fl, and 'h, .... diving ag1in

inn) ,he ,wnul,. Ik.o;ch p,inn::d alia prima, ,ha'

is <~n:ct~· onto a gr()und wi,h no und",!" in'ing

0, gta>cs, • m<~hod which ""lied ~)r (xpen

h.ush ... o"'. "Il>c: register ,ha' ""'onls his dc:tth describes

Bosch as 1 'dis,inguished pain,er'. lie "'""s rerninly 1 strung inn""nre on Bruegel the Elder and his allegori", of ,-ilt.g.: lill::. b,er,

lk,sch's I" intings we n: a,-i(Hy collect"] Il)' I'hilip

II (,( SI" in. he~, n: ,he I'ro,e,t:t n' Rcto<lnation

finally di'missed him to (~',"",ri'y.

oj) •

•

The G~rden or E.orth ly Delights (c./500) On, if lb. bm hi""", if &J<b', painting!, rbi, it ,b, "n", p""'/ if a bilK'

panorllmic tripryeb. 711, "''"f'O'ilion ;, mll5urfoJ in ,b, "'try b, '""";fllli"" IN picr<=-pJ_ "'ram ,b, """ ... and difr-r"" J,,~I! if aern:,ry in til< pier ..... , Argumm" ",,,tin,,, .,.,. &><h', intmtioTIJ ,dtb ,bi, "'",k, ivtt."«1I !Ix", 1;:00

1N1ir-.', it ,b.m'r" ""rid mgagro in rinfiJ pI,am", muJ ,00.. roo tbint it i, 001I' humanity might bi1'~ /i!·,d ,:.';,Iwu, ,b, flaD "IAdam and h "

SANDRO BOTIICELLI

144:; Born AI,_ndro di Mariano Pi/ini in Plor",«. "Jr/ of a 'an1l<r

1461_ 67(')

1467_ 70(')

Apprmrj"d '" Fra f;'lippo Lippi IHapainr<r

ANJaa",,;:irb A",..,;" PoUa;""'. and J m-o..-bio

1470 Sm up "· ... hlxJp in rlor",,,, ua;,~rfim co,","i";",,

1472 Brol,"","m"'r"! Sf LaJ:,', Guild

1474 Pai"" St Scilliti.n for s"m" .Uaria Maggi"'"" N ... ffl"

1476-77

1481_82

1482_8r

1484--92

1491

1497

/f l O

Pai"" ""r1rail if CiuJi"". d, ;\1,dri

In Rom" thora'" ,blip'! of Pop< Sirtu! V, /au .. TIIl,",J til< Sisti", Cbapd

Pai"" all'ga.-ieal "'",.IT

Painrr mtarpim, form-""I Florm"n. dmrrb"

B"","" follot."" of s"tmlll",i"

Tbrot....- "'''-.iT MID

'{J,mfiuroftb, 11m,,;,,'

j)j" in Norm"

P rim",'''r~ (th'''il) (c.I478) Tb, grtIC" co/wring il1ld ilrap<rin aftb. N(Jf"Q fig- ".= /,amro from f 'ih'ppo lippi. &"",,1/,\ ,arry la/ntt for drtr~,jng trilJ proiNlhJy /a5t",d by lb. PoIlaitl()kJ broth",. ,;:00,. ".,..-} al gddmtitb, and mgm'YT'J uquirro drafO'mambip rf a bigh ani.,.

During his lilt: Rotticd~ w"" oonn,-"""I

with three m'j(l< l>hilo'ol'hies. Iii.

c.rlr I'ic"m:s .re stlnd. "I ,\ 1a,t'nn:l<,

k:.so ..... "1M 1,,-"';(.1 J;dbl llottict:Di's <rleb ... t,-,]

'1");In' worlo;, 7b, Binb<!lhw .... 1 Pritlfllt""'.

hcrJ"hingch.nge<l.vin in 1491, f(~]owing

m,,1e ~Jt guilds .nd I'ri,.", clienlS. IlowCl'cr, thl: d".,h of Llr"nzo. Giro!.mo S""n'ru!. , Rotticd]i's reJ.tionshil' with co",'!:ntion.1 f.n.,ie.1 ,'ic .. r.g.::ncr.1 of the Dominic.ns,

Christi.nitru .. lcrwcnt,..(~cal.diu;;t",.:ntwhen .ni,'cd to d.im Florenet: I .. d 1<" Christ.

he won the 1" tron.ge of Horenti nl: ruler, Sa,onm~a i"-"it",,,1 the inf .. ",ous 'llon fires of Lorenzo dt:' ,\ 1"lici. the V.nitics· .nd llottiet:lli, nOw one of his

Dc:' ,\ bG<i ad,,,ea,,,d hwn .. nO;.I1\ th",ugh thl: ~,lIowerS, ol><:,~endr th",w ""'e",1 of his Own

N",·P1anlrli,ts. the "'h(~.rlr gnlUI' of men hi: ,1N"'ing< .nd ] .. inting< into thl: A.mes. The

"~I"",,,d .,,,u .. 1 him. TIK;r .i", .. .,IS nl m .. rrr rem.ining pictures of his e.re ..... . re notic""blr

d.ssical I'haoso]>hr with Uristianitr ~,r.n mo .. " ,,>her in nlnc.

entirdr new ';L'W of tl><: unil'<"rS<:: one when: lIottiet:lli'" ",OoSt E""ou;; pupil .. "" Filil'l'ino

]"Vni,,,, was tc.<]lC""-,1 .nd .. neg"rr taught life's Lippi, Son of Fili],,,,.

T he Mystic N:rth';ty (/500) 711, inHTiprion "ftrring to tM ApoCDIy"" and 'tTlJUhktoi Italy' iT in both 'rYu}

and Luin. Botti"Oi hat u"d an ttrroai( dr. .. ic, tha, magniji" 'M VlTgi" and Child; alrog,rhN", 'h, pic,."., if callingfor a wurn to ,""Jir. .. ai m(Kality

1701

1720

1721

1728_11

1711

1711

1714

I7W

17H

176!i

1770

FRAN<;:orS BOUCHER

B()rn in Pari" JOn of an "m/mNdny dmgn<1"

Apprmli"d a, an mgrat-.,- 10 Can, /"'<1" m'", nllllio, ofumuy",

W;", Ib, Prir d,

Ro"",

Studi" in Rom,

Admi,,,,! IlJ th, AGllJimr Ruylll' a, a bi'llJry pai"'<1"

Marri" iIIari, · J,a"''' &"au, 'bry Ja," bat" ,b= childrm

BrnJm"a M'lnkr ofth, ,-J.oom'Y and, I",,,, Profoor and R<CllJr

G",m pa"Mag' " Mad"m, d, Pompaoour

BrnJm" dirUllJr if ,b, R"Jal Goo.bm fMory

Mad, Fim Pai"'lT" '" I1mit XV

Oi" in Pari,

Othli,,! ue (1745) Bouch" oomir.d lI~n",u, ,;:l](m ""'} b, nl</Ji<d and "pod""d ilJ

mgrat'ingr in bi, youth. H<r~'n .. ", ,b, "",,,Ill odab'quu tbat Bouch" prud""d f()r /.Qui, XV and t'ario'" ()lim- pit-"" cirnn 'Inn a far cry from 'k Acadnny-apprm-<d f<~e gabn"', 1.."bi,b barhd Inx} '" an <1"a " ro,,,,ly Im-,_ Hi, "tIt",;,-, 1""ng ",",/Illn ilY' t~ry m",b of 'Ii<ir .,,'n tim,: 'Th, pmy tbing i,tb, ",u} Oftli< ag' _ and tb, gmiU! if Boucb"'

French art of the rightttnth Ct:ntury took

its cue from the hedonistic COurt at

Versailles and espttiallr fmm Louis ",Y', mi,rress M .. dame de Pon~l1dour, wh(",e

f,,,,urite anist w'1s FrJ."'.,';< Ro..,he"

Roucher was the sup n: me cxponent of

Rocc.::o , a lu_mrious d,-'::o1'1ti,'e strle , which

sensuous, light.hcar",d m}~h,~ogi<:":ll subjectS:

godde><e< and cupids cOl'orting happilr .nl(lngSt the douds mim,.-ed the self.

indulge,",e of the Frmch ar;'t[)er'1<:)--.

AC'l<itmic ohje",io.,s were rais,,!, hmh to

il<,..,her's subject matter and use of ,,~our. but

these were as much against the self· made

dominated the wulthiest home interiors. M .. rquise de Poml'''[our'. I"""etfull""nnagt:

Al n:adr an cxttllmt draugh~'11lan . he rrained as against il<",cher himself. After all . was it ,"It

with Lm",)',",. the ttiling anist at Versailles: u,uallr ari'tocratic mm who commissioned

fnml Lmlo}TIe I-.:: l<:":lrn",l" ,'erS:ttile technique picru",< of enticing. pearlr nudes?

that he apl~ ied to all the de"" .... ti," 3Jts he .. "1< il<JUcher .. "1< "LTr hard wo.-ling: he would

engagt:d in . fr, . " "'I""")' to I",.-ttlain designs. oftm 'pe.-.I twel,'e ",urs , dar at his e"--.:I and

After th n:c J'e'1rs in Rom". lIouch,,, tti",1 1'1n" busr Studio where F1'1g()flard ,,"1< 01'" of

dL,nonsrrating his seriousness with a h::w hi"",y his pupils, lIe <lid h,", a hcautiful ... ife with

paintings, Rut they were not to the curr<TIt ttstC ex p"n,i", "'->les that he ""1< ohligt:d nl please.

Or fashion of the timt . so he ... mt f, ,.- the m("'t but deda n:d he would "",'er wi,h to exchangt:

luenti,'c ,,'nllnissiof1S and wOn fame ... ith his his Ca"'LT foO' '11)-' o. her,

M:arl:.me de Pomp:odour (tktail) (c.I758) 7br-OIlgb &"d=, ;\talli,m, tk Pompaoour Ja'" a ,",am if portraying b,,""lf

a! Fran,,', IImbarrilOOr if ,b, artJ. /-I, ,,'W "'" kun <In painting port"';" and in 1m"" ,b, c<lnfitkd ,my ".= ""t "clJ{t h'km,<= but !k didn't mhlt! '" /<lng

w tbry prop"d tb, rigb' hnag'. /-I". tk i, a, a "",nan if lim-ary atUJmpJi,bmmtJ, E.rp<rt rmd<ring of1m- go"'" "mi1llit '" tbat, ,,·itb bi,

fatkr tm "nbronny d"ign<r; it i, lil:./y tbat B""cb,r 1lR:! and bandkd fm fabriC! from an ,arlyag'

I fU(!)

I H O(?)

l U I

1HZ

H H _54

I H 4 _ff

I US

H61

H64

H 6S

H 69

PIETER BRUEGEL THE ELDER

B()rn in Bru'l:b.1

Apprm';,,'} '" I<rlding Anrarp ani" C",d: '-/l1I A,M

B"","" a Marur o/,b.Ann::"p Guild

T~ I!aly

S",p in Rom" ,,,,,-d, oom, ria S,;:;". All"

1I· ... h in Anre,"p 'I;:itb Hi""''Ym'" Cod, "'W""" and f'lihJiJb<r

Pint painting, ]'" ,,-c.-h,

MarTi« Mayl:m, daugl,," <le_}, 'liry m,/, in Bru=/J

Binh" ..... Pi,,", A"I!UUJ ,;:udtby parron. Niro/"" 1011gb_Ii".}

Bmb if ..... Jan

Dj" in Bru=h

P.. r~l>le of the Hli nd (d""il) (/ 568) A dnail frllm Br""?'!'f /art major ,,,,,* rifffTing to Q quOl"';"" from M"rtbro', ~"Pd: 'Iftb. Nind /rod ,11< Wind, ""'b mall fall into ,11< dirrb . . In ,bi, Rlkmn aU'gory for ,b, btunll1l fir""tion 'M 'Iring of unfon'''''''' P'"pJ" ,acb by dinging bJiT/tOy to lb. na:t, aT< jopardi=ing lb," 0"'11 wk-ation ra,bff tban t..",king it aU! for ,bt-,""h~J

A"'l1larlal>lC f"",.bout Pi",,, , Bruegel is ]'I' nti n the pri ntrt . nd G(~tzius the eng""· ..... tha' .fte , " ,,,,,lIi ng nIL-n,i,'ciy in lral)· So i, wou ld be ~ mistake to conlU", him with One

he retu rned fmnc t" then "'<IDne wor k of his I",.,..nt figu "'s, in an unahe",d Flemish style. Il is l tolian lie hegan p'inting c<,mpHa,j,'<:ly h,e ,

sie,chbo"b were lUll of the g",nd<.." of thl: Pn"",'br ,h'es frum 1558. It «:t. I",,,e rn f,.

All''' ",th~ , th.n col,;es of Renai"'an"" ~rt. combini ng ,cal ism and imagina, in n, dnu ],tlc;;s

H' ''''gd the Elder .. "1< nidrnam"] '1'<"1<. nt" inspi , ,,] by Hosch , Simil~rly. H, ucgel".

he""u.., he li ked to go in di'gui", ~mnng ch~r1C,erS nftcn po, n' to mo",l. and m, ke

o"linary worung 1><'(JI~e , lI e ""1< actu:t Dy One s:niric~1 oh", ,,,.,i<-.,,, On lill:" ahl>:,ugh Hmegel"s

o f ~ glllup of di'ti nguished Flemi,h hwnani,tS, apl" ' '''c]' is '" the r ,m'" gentle tha n Hosch ' •.

which included the geog"'pher O ndus, also "Iru ... " robust ='1, tions a n: Th< PilD of ,b,

R,IvIAng,b, TN Tril,'"pb.IO""band MadM'g (Dull Grin) . In fact , the fi ,st nightmHish

im.gc wa< anrihuted to Rosch until rctrlming

r<~'CiI"l lIru"gd '. s;gnatu n: . Il is '''ngd iJl Mad

iI/'g may be • n: k n: nu: to thl: termrS of the

Spmish Inquisition .

lI, uegd m,,1e sc.,;.I.nd 1. ,lititalll« lte,ts 1<

rc:t(tily 1< he <"lch,Jtcd thl: jO}S of li'ing. In

painting he ~'w)(l. "itllme'ns of ""p rt:ssing his

inner and ou ".,. ,isi()f) : 'In .11 my " .".. b therc

,,-as mO n: thought th.n p.inting:

Chi Idr<"tI 's G.me. (1560) Brtugd't <kill ,:,itb gmt"< ,"",' ,um '" tbi! ",''. d<pi,ting buru/,.d, </ Ii,r/,

propk ",ring out a ,ilIalog'" </ p,,,,i,",,, ,,'a, Ixm<d 1::bil, N 1::", an mgr"''''' ,,·itb tb, Ann::"1'publi,Nt; Him"'y,"w eod-, Hi, figumar, ",In,,·itb b'rrl,

moiNlling but tbry an "",ulnfu!ly Ii,·,/y; and ktond ,b, laJri""ti"" 01 idmtifying aU tN gama and an;"ti". IN "in:"" j, "',a"d t. a "",,'i1lling

nmt /'"'f'«';'y '"' tN right, and a iNligbrfol gli,"!= oltypiCtlI fJ"mitb lamkap,"" ,b, kfi

1697

1719

1720

172f

17JO-J9

1740-41

174 2

174 6

17f1

17H

1761

1768

ANTONIO CANAlETTO

Born Gia'.nmi Anton;o CIl1lllk in

lmi""JOn<!a ,at" pal"'''-

Trat',h",;,b /",bn to R"In' "" tb.1l1,", imIin=

Nil,", rMJro,d in

"git",-/l! J """jIlR pai"'", guild

Four ,-"'r.iT C(J,"",imo",d fir ,"",cb"nt Sul_ Conti

SfUdio ,,,,,*, for

'k Englisb mllr!..'

Tr",.<!, B"nlu C"""I ",,;:ard, Pad""

Painlf R(Jman rui", m-j~ for parronJ""pb Smith

rIm ";rit "' I.""oon

f{""",, /Jrj'jly !rJ

lmj"bifor, r""aining in England

"nul'''''" J~ni", p<"na"mt/y

EJm,d", ]'""ilm AaltN1I1jofFin. Am

Din of fi"'r in ]-mj",

Eton College (c. 1754) Tbj, "in;, "f ,b. I,,'"ow- Eng/im puNic rdxxJ lUar Wind",r t. .... , p";""d "';;"arm lb. rod "f Cllnm"'o I ITay in England. ,::bieb bi>d h<gtm in 1746

An",n;" Cln,I",,,, ehoo" to paint his T he <"m"-" itself "" •• well lrwwn, and fir"

n3li,,: cit)". Venice. Ln<""'ing it c"u1d """,,1,,1 in I 550. CanalettIl 1:1 ught ,,"'crS hOI,,'

make him I~""ty"f ".)n<) Ili< ~", "'ul. to use it ~nd thus ",nder l'e<Sl'~cri,'e

_ m'''.''' ' of det.il",:! .",hit""'u"" shimmering {'(,mincinglr. Iii, n<l,he ... , Ikmordo lkllott[) ,

.... tcr, ~ nd bloc skies _ w""t down well "ith the I,..o, 'ed.n excell""t 1'''1', 1 and e":'ntu.IIJ'l'aint,,1

English nobilitr doing the: G r""d l iJUr. So well ~"<To,,'n,,1 he:.d .. 11 o,,:: r Eu"' p'"

thot , ot One st'g.:: , J<l(I(:ph Smith. the IIritish Wor in Eur<1,e in 1740 <~srupt,,1 ~,"'ign

{'(,"suI_in_""iting, w1.. acting as his .g.::nL trJ,eI .nd it w .... time n, s.:t:k Ou t English

In time , ('..analet'" rcr.n<:d his <JUq,ut to suit elients ., home. Fn"n 1746, Cana letto lin,1 in

the marlet e,,::n b<~n:r. His "'p"noi", grew tn London for .1mo't ten rears, working It:.r

include populor Vcneti.n festi,.ls .nd p"rons such .. the llonOl'eri"" Duke

""",m<)flies .nd he "., willing tn I'" im .n emi", of Richmond.

series of ,.rouu (citr ,ie,,') in • uni~,nn ,iu:, n) AI".}"S the best ""snlln<:rS of CtllOlcttt), the

furnish.nrstttt:lJ'h<M'H'. sole of josc ph Smith's entire {'(,lIecrion to

C.n.b", m.de nO «-cret of his rdi~n<:e On George III in 1 i61 b",ught to Engl.nd

the "",""a d>"tIt'a (st" p.g.:: 198~". ,k:6nition the w<Hld'. finest selccrinn of hi. paintings

of this <bice) , e;peci.II), ot sketchl)(lOk Sttg.::. .nd d",wings.

B~sin of St ,\I,...k 's Squ:.ore, Venice (tkuri!) (c. 1745t) 1'b. ,-inii thaI'" many Grand Touri", tT",'dkd '" '", and buy _ <PI cam'a,. /1 "-a,"'" unhwl::"jir nllb",.iamcdimn-

'" Ulh ,b.ir Canal",,,, 00'"' iNjir, ,b, paim bad drid

H7J(1)

I'iS4-8tJ

IPJ2

H96

1f99-1600

1606-(J9

1610

MICHELANGELO MERISI DACARAVAGGIO

B()rR in Car,,' .. aygio, lUar Milan, _ if an arrbirut

Orpbll'wl, rrQilUJ "'''kr P""zarUJ, a pupil <ITt,;,,,,

G"" '" R(Jm,

iII"". fim parrlltl, Cart/ilUl/ tid iIIo"u

fij,-;r p«hJi, c(J,"mirrion

Im'(Jk-,d in crimiTlllI «"'.'i,i .. , fI= Rilm, for Napl"

Tnn-,/J to }1/a1<a, Syraltln, ;\1",iTlll, Pal""," and Napl" "gain

R«,;"" papal paroon. /);,,,1 millarial i"'" in Parro End, Boy \\r,th ~ B",k", of Frui t (/ 59J.-4)

Th< boy. ;;:00 !<JoE, ilJ jib. could k oJJ",jng him,,'! 1lJ Ik ,.i""yr along ,;:irb Ib, frui" j,p=iblya "If-ponrait. D"''''llggio ,;:ould bll'~ il«nllr()ilnd 21 pan if ilK' b", ahaJy d,m"ID1I7l,d an ",rurll1l", in blllldling lb, ,,,,",",,,,/Ii#, and d!OOiJIJJ

J:TW~'n '" chi. m,cUfo

C"",-.ggiO'S <:arl)" cduC:I,ion in

Lomb'''ly g'lt: him. I'.ssion for r",,~sm and a <lis~kc of ideali",.;o",

later. in Rome. hi: ""uld ,lisco, · ..... th., thesc

were "','olu,ionary con""],,,. T he modds

chu«:n roo- ,.,in's and ,ul" licants in his rdgious

pictures we re gt:nuine peosants with rlgs ,

wrilllJcs and <tiny fttL Not surprisingly, this

ul,,,,t ,..-tJ.:l<lo% I'"""ts and m"'"Il ..... ' of the public alile , who p",ferred the contri'Td

elcganet: of ""n""rum to Ca,."-.ggio'. <~Jwn·

to_crth ot..LTl"1tion.

C"'a,'aggio himself ,cry much admired

Midle l:"ngelo lI uona"ot; and I'aid h,""agt:

to him "" ..... al times . "Inc angcl's hands in 711,

''''pira,ion "f s, iIIanb""" p,inted for the Con", re lli C hapel , recalls God', Cua,io" of

Adam 'lfl the SiStine Cha pc:l ceiling: and in S,

Job" til< Baptirt ('"",b ,;:jtb Ram) , the lin)" I","es exactly lile Onc ()f the ig"udi, als() ()n the

Sisti nc cci ling.

It al" C:lrS th.1t C '''''"1ggio'. m<~h,.1 wos to

p,int directly f",m his modds, with no

p« l,"ato' -y drlwing . This in'~C1n:s the US<: ()f

T he Su pper 3 t Emm~us (d""i[! (1596_16()2) 711, gfflU,n in tbi, picn,u ,,/I "'" g"'" J.d. 711, (JutJtT<trkd b"ndr a[tb,

di,.ipl, on tb, rigbt, and lba" a[tb, iJlbff gripping bi, chair, "'P''''' Ik imm,dia" ,"oo,,'" " "'"grlili"", /lJ" Ib, MmllaT )'latb IINy '"" along tk

moo "'-,ait bi,""I[I" '" ch, ",,,,,, .. ud ebri" by hlming Ib, ,",al Tb, nil/_ lift" frui, ,"ahI hibhllli "["m,,, '" un(Hd Ii[, and "pawi"", fiJfil/,J,

,::biM 'b.app/" _ rymooit"[ '''''pta,.,n _ ,,,nain niJl£'''bJy bligb"d

lenses ~s a «..::hnical aid. Ilis p""'n , Car<linal Cou nte ,_ Refo,mation too , as thl:)" hoped

del ,\ loote, is kn"",'n to ha,'e had Some cxpenisc: that dramatic in,. ger)' in their ch urches

with optics .nd m.y h"'e 1"""id,,1 the eould he used to tempt people b,d fi-om

... tist with "quil_"cnt th" would have dour I'rotes",ntism.

pnJi<"(1ed the im.g.::s <lirttdy onto the c.",-.s, Car"-.ggio combined • ,hort , wild,

hcll,; ng to n:1""<lu,,, I. ,ints of high Con tr!St o",,-.sion.liy criminal lill: with an i"'n<..::I''-'Iic

and foresho<t"ning. attibJd". Ilis in!lu",ce li,,,d on in the stu<lios of

By upholdi ng his uwn .esthetic ,alues .nd toc G""ilcschi family, l>1niruh rlr til. t of toc

Hoiding .nr cons"!.t"')' app",,,,,h to hi. r"" ... bblr tal"'ted Anemi';. Ge ntil eschi.

suiJj"ru; , C"'''''ggio quite literollr ph",d • rt Ca "'H"ggio'. worls continue to reM)n' te,

in a new light. The fn:sh immediacy of his sl'<..::ificalir with film_m"kcrS such .. 1'.",lini,

work suited the aims of the C.,holic J"m.nandBrtt"I,.,,,.

ISJ9 B()rn in Air_"'_ P,,"''''a, ,on of" han}.,-

ISf2_9 Srudi" at CoU'g' BoutPon ,;:itb Emil.Ua

ISf9_61 Srudi" law a' Air

IS61 Srudi" QT' in

Pari" "'''''''' ro Air

IS62_70 R<j«"d by Pari, Salm. foyan .. _

Pruman .:aT dm'" bim to

I'&""J"'" M"" /-Ionm" Fiq"'"

IS72 Binb </ _ Paul

IS71_79 In Ponroi" tmd A""ffT_JUr-Oi" ·/):itb pj<rartJ

ISSO_SS Li,~, in l'Erw'l"" and Ia",,- lmJ'~' to Gardarlm

ISS6 Mamn /-Ion"", Fatb ... di" I,aring bim an inb"i'ana

IS9f Firrt ""<-man ,botri a' Ambrui" J ~UQTd ,,,,U<ry, PaTi,

1906 Di" of pmulnonia in Air

Still Life with POts and Fruit (1890_94) A rtlilly </ ,bap'_ """"'n, and roliJllr, all Injnnuly arranK't/, to iUusrTat' pnf«riy Cbnm',at..." "'0111" 'Tua' naru" by In",'" "ftb, rylind<r; ,b, ;ph,,,_ ,b. roll<', ".-uytbing brougbt into pr"fJ'T fJ'tTP'cti:~., ,dir«ud ro"'anl, a em'Tal point. '

P~UI Ch~nne ",os ~ shy, itri,~hle m~n ",ere n'Jt <j'ml",h",ic to his idul of'the logic~1

",ho, ~fter • di,,,,,uroging Start in tho: d""ciopmcn' uf e,'crphing ",e s{'(: and feci

early 1860s - • ~"hidding father. ,hr(JUb'" 'hc srudy ofn .. ure', It wa. his deli re

cX:lInin .. ion litilu n: ~nd S,lon rct...,ls _"'~rcdy ~"this essen,ial harmony. e<pres.«:d h).- c(~o ur

seemed dcstined for !.sting recognition, a< ,one . ",hich d rew him b,d '0 his bdn''']

Ace],im wa. h:tnl ",On. taking 0"" ,hirty ycars Pr",,,n\1' in 1 SS2, ' Inc ""Iusc who wished ~o

of disciplined "",l bc~,re his first one_m'n male uf Imp"'''';oni,,,, «,m",hing s"lid and

exhihition in 1895: ~,llowing ",hich. Y'JUnK"r duroble ' e,'en,ually ",en' much further.

artistS like the N. bis fon,,"] an enthusiastic I><o" iding the in~l<~u<~" Cubism. Abstr.ction

clique . alert to Ceunne 's pushing of ,he and 'he gamut of 'van'_ga"le ""pcrimcnt:ttion. b(lUn<b ries h<)"nd ai!)' Iml><"", ionisrn , Renoir a4,,1: ']-low un earth (l,cs he do it?

C6.3 nlll: knew th .. thc thco.- ics of I'"i,ian 11<: <'0 nro" pu, 'wo t<lUches of col(JUr on n, 3

"".dm,ics and critics, Ic' .Ioflc public ollinion. COnyiS with(lU ' its b<;ngab-cadr.n .chieR,,,en,:

In the P. .. l ofClt .. <-~u Noir (e.IS95)

C'=<Inll<') IIlrIllTC"/,,,oftbi' riod """ roh'dly hllil' fum pla1Ut"f ,oJ(JlJr. hut 'modulation' triM at.::"Y' C"'''''lI<''' k.p:.'<Kd arid b. tri<Khd !",ub., </ rubt/,

,arm bUd rob.,-m,/y a/ongrid, rtrong.,- t""" if gr"" and hb~ for a ¥n"dy naagi"""," r.,'(J(at"'n </ bi, "",it"< ,ou"'ry,id,

JEAN-BAPTISTE SIMEON CHARDIN

1699

1714 (?)

BIKrI in Pari" J.m of" cabi"" mak.,.

SUlrtJ training and t:'Grking aJ

un",""

1724 Ad",i,uJ", ,b, A auJi",;' tk Saint·we

1728 Dj""'."md by ,VimJ", J, Largilli"', at Sal", d, Jrnm=. El«uJ to F,nl<b Aaukmy

1711 MatTi"

1711

I7Jf

iIIarg'"r;" Sa"'Uln/

T!lrnJ '" gmt? paiming

l"Ra,b "f .:if' and ru" daugburr

1740 Pm",,,dulLou;,

17f1

1761

1767

1779

XV

Mamn Frtm{UiJ<­

MarK,,,r,,, PGIlg"

R""",, to paiming m'lIlift

B"","" oDicial bang" at Pari, Sa/()n

i"Natb"f "''' Pi"r __ 1,,'"

The JUy (/728) O"'"f ,b, pair (Ib< otb,r "'ar Lc Ruff<~) ,bal Chardin rllb"",,,d to ,b, Prmcb Aallkmy ,;:bm Ninila; d, Lm-gillii-r< firrt di,..,,=d hi", am""g Illb ... Y"""g 1xJp'/uh. at til< SRk", tk J'UlUn., Propk bad ""ITa}", tb. eant"",,, 11K fik",irb niH lif" and tbry ,,"" romid.,.,d ~od ,_gil m go flr.::ard "",",dimly ar Cban/in ', dipJ","" pi""

C h."lin .. "1< the I.,." ( .. tcnt~tjou< of own I'",it hourgc<~s hou<ehold .. c n: his ~""'S.

cighteenth_u:ntur), French I" interS .nd m.de thci r " ... )'onn, the " ... lIs of wuhh), a" but iso/"ten cited, ",ith \\',.,t .,.~u, .. the Io,'crs all ",'cr Eu"'pe. l ie h.d .n instin", f"."

gre,,,,st. La "" admirers of his ,1J1oc;;tic sttnes tdling the eu", ox'ment when .. look 'l< gC;;tu n:

we n: Cou , b.,t, \'~ n Go g h .nd Gun"". could he crrstolli ",d for posterit),. ' Ii,gt:the,

T here is no hint of Rococo IfJiet)' in ",ith th., gift , he h.d e,'ol,'ed • speci.1

Chardin's pictures, despite the emuhe"'nu: t"'hni,!"'" using thick br<TS of pigment ."d

sho",n hr othe, Htists of his dar such H thin , luminous gb",s to pmduu: JUSt tl>< right

Bo ucher .nd La""reL tcrtu re.a,"lplar "flight .

' Ii, hegin ",ith , he p",duu:d ,~ill·lili::s of Ch"din 's h.ndling of tonal nlue< "'e ,,,

.nim.ls .nd frui~ similar to the I" ir th., w,., imp re~i"e enough , but the ,,·ritcr Dide,,,,

him his pl.u: ., the F,ench Aeademr. Then < ... lIed him 'the g"''' so,ecro t" because his

"",,'" his g<onno pcri,.1. with" nod to the Dutch pictures offe",d So much mo re. \ \r,thout

sch,.,1 but none o£the hcavr humour. pre.ching 'J< !itlse sentiment , he tapS into •

F<l< cight reus , the "",i,itic;; of Ch.nlin·s consciousne~ hcp",d out,,"'rd al" "'''' ""c;;.

The Young Artist (/718) L'bardin', ,,"en 'OO, Pi"""-J,un, around tb, ug'"f Jrt'nl. Draud in a bJt«

"",*ing apron, k i, picrurd ",itb a rrirhf ",bi" mall, in a Ixrltkr, rrudying a drlrdng in front ofbim, Pi~ J''''' did in flXt gr(l"", up to k an iUn'" and

"'aT /iring in I mi" ill 1 767 ,,·hm b, di,d in my,,"io'" ,"""""a_,

1245(1)

1272

1277_81

I JOI"()]

HOI

GIOVANNI CIMABUE

B()rR enm; tIS P'P" in Norm"

Acti:~ in R",",

A,,;,~ in F/ornlct! and Mis;

Acti!~ in Pi",

Di" in Pi",

The Snu C roce CrucirIX (.-.1272) Tbarua/irio" of ebri" "'aT a major tb"", for Cimam" and br iT Iv/in"d to

hat"' p";""d tb. mbj<cr ""<1""/ rim", Th< ""tbiJ, oftbi, gracifuJ /iK"'"' je «h«d by tb, griif oftb. moUYnn, in IN """de,", ,it},.,. rid., Sr..'''''/y d","agd by tb, AnIiJ jlood in 1966, tb. <ruafir ba, rin« ,,"n r<IT(lHd

G,o' .. nm Cil1labuc • I-lo,-cntme Onl: of his p.-inci!,'] worb is ,hI: s .... of

p'mter and mosa,clS' "'.... • frescoes that he and his IlUl'~S l .. in' .... 1 for the

(".-crunncr of the Rcn .. ss.n<"t Tncrc church "fSt Francis., A«isi , b<~wccn I! 77 and arc h::w ",,,,.-(10<1 ,k:l:Iil. of his lill:, lou, he did 1281: another is his al'''' mosaic in ]'i ..

,,.,,,,1 n) Rome in 1172, whcrc 1><~itjC:l.I.nd C.th<dr.Ldcl'ittingStJohnth<:Enngclistand

religious "'~)nn ,.."l' in the ai, und", 'he new "JI1~,I",ed in 130Z. \\'hil" "'maining litithfulto

I><~": ' ( Oreg".-y X. G"'g<"-y waS a ,mn of b rge ,ho: Hp.an,i"" rradition , Cimahue "mll',·"l to

idea<.lle ealled fo' a Gent ..... 1 G)uncil in Lp)f)s, gi,'e f,"'ms a new (limmsio." adnowl"lging

which ,ur""d Ou' to be a high."-,,er marl of ,ho: ,pa", and di""n"'.

,\li(1I1eAg.:s. So 'he ma>ler 1''''<,1 the "-'y~" his I)H'"

T here in R()me, Om.bue <lism,'( ... "l th., b"'OUS I'ul'il. Giotto. It is said th., they I)"" e,,::n the .n;,1S w"'eeag.:,~ ... change. ,\\urllislS ()f)e (b y ()n the lk~()gna ,<x,d. Gio"" was a

were C>'1~( ... ing "-'}"S of bringing I))(,.-e ",.Iism sh<l,herd hoy. SCM,ehing ,he I'icru", of a ,heel' inn) their wod. T he", "-.,, strung (bite to onto. rock and, ,ttogniring his ,.Ien"

mmC '''''y &om 'he ,n<li,ional n. Iness of Cin,abue im"ed him nJ he",,))e his '1'I'I"<'n,i",

H}'untine .n and Cim. b"" >Y"'I",hiu:d. in Flo .. ....,"'.

The Sant:.o Trinit:.o ,\bdonn.:.o (dUO) Cimabu.', pionuring tk'ign J<Jfimd BFamin. ",onlmunUlliry and ro",'""ud it to InOU .artbly di",mrion<, Although til< foldT" ,b. Virun)- cloal au "iO d'Ji",d ",itb !f1/d li"'I, tb. d",P"7 bang' qui" n,,"'rally; "nd ,b. fac~ bllt"

","cbanyd til< f"""ah'ly" iron< for a nro t::anmb " ,,:pm;rion

""

1612

16H_26

1626

1627

1629

1611

16JS

16B(?)

1682

CLAUDE LORRAIN

Born CliUJd, Gd/i, in Cbamag"" Lorrain

Orpb,,"'d

StudS" in R(l,"' v:itb /anthrapi'" T.m

To Namy for apprmlje.Jbip ,;.'ilb iJn-U<l

R""",, to Rom, p"WlIlRm,ly

Pint daud,,'or}, bn<i;cal'c with C. ttle and Pc.s,,,, ••

JO<RI pain",,' A",J;mit tk S"im_i..uc

B'g;'" Liller Verin,i,;, a uffJrd

a/b;,,,,::,,,,,..-}

Binh </ dnugbu,. AIl'I"', 'b<Jugb Claud, "maim ""mllrri,d

Dj" in R"",,,

Vicw of Seaport with Mist Effect (c. 16j()) A typiCilI Gil/Ilk "apan ,-in.", ,;:irb ",/I ImildiTlgJ jlanking ,b, cum/""iri<m Imd 11gb, flooding lb, "'/xJ, """from" point jUS1 aM-' til< bor"'on. Thi, picmr< aim ilium-a," Ix1!:J d'P,b i, ",bin:.d by /ooJ:jnK "'":lIrlV rb, ba=y bor;",,,, ,brougb a griN/1m1 fading of ,harp out/ill< arid ttronge"'o",.

Claude LHfain's chief c()fltribUl;'" nJ a'tlde's I'1tJUns g<:n"'ally came fmlll the

classical landscape I" inting ",."" his F,rnch or It.lian ariS"'<1'1q-. II" I',in",d rJ.pidly

m3S"'rly bTabllCnt of lighL Although fi-(." n<"C .. "<Sity, hut ne\(" ncglem:d. thomugh

not fi-Inllally educat"!. Cb ude lnL· ... the sn",es 1"''1",otion thmugh d",wing, c'p<",.Dy fn,," that l1<o, .. ided his themc, fi-(. 11 m)'thology and nature. Somet;mes he painted outdoors, to

the Hil~e. He ""uld adapt the s<~tings _ p .. ,,,,,.al """'n'c sunri", and ,un"'t at firSt hand.

0, {'('''''al _ for an 0l"onunity to cxpk'it light

and atmo"I"'c", (". perhaps "",,,,h n, a bro.d

hotlwn. Hut alwaY', the b .. ,ic in'l,; tation ,,":IS

thc Campagna , thc st"'tch of low-lying

{'(,urn'}~id" arou nd Rome, st"' pcd in antiquity.

Tt«;' Claud<'scar~' """,her, If'''' him b.<ol\S

in l"'rSl"'<1;,'e and compo,ition, figurlS and

aninnls. aaude then p"'1:=<,-,1 to I"int ""'I"'ns and , fi-om around 16040, to lmnumental

Iand,a1"'s with tl''''"S wi ... ling through ",11 ""IS.

Claude a nd Pouss in dominoted thc

"""rneenth ",rnury in this genre and 'pawn"]

",any im;'"to .... In 1635, to k",l' ttad of his

O,,,]., t and guanlagain." ~,rgcrT' Claudc began

,,,,,,,ding his {'(llllll1i«ions in a si<1chbook

called the Libra lffi'ati" the '1>:,<11. of truth'. Financially SeCUre , hc 1,,1 a quiet life and

tuto,,,1 on ly two ,rudmts. II is worls went on to

in'pi,c gcn<nt;ons of artists, likc \\'~!tc~u,

\\~Is"n , Turner and Cole: nO, should

A decade Ian.,., his ""rl b<"C>.llle stiD nx' ", <,,;c: we ",'eriook his enduring inAocncc on

",ther ,.,itmn a ... 1 m}"''''tlous and I"in",d On eighteenth_ and nineteenth_century English

large cam""" with a W(~cr 1"let"" landscapc If'<<k:ncN.

Londsc:>fH' with the Nymph Egeri> (/669) 0", if Clautk '''au,. and largm cam'a", ,bm::f Eg<ria

in mounlingfo,. b<r tkad broband, fb, king of Rom" 71","" if gri'f and ",,,,,,larion ",., u/""d throughoUt a ,igh'/y orgrrniz,d ",lJur ,d",""

,"odularing}Tll" darlf '" light. Tht! "",* <i<m"''' of a Claud, Iand=P' "'"' unifi,d by a "'fi ligbt "r<aming """:anl, ,b, t'ir~..,., ,;:1"", 'Y" au g"'t/y

grrn,d arotmd a =-i" if ""all, p,,,,ic "ign"'"

1801

I S I S

1821

1826

1829

184 0

184 1-42

184 8

THOMAS COLE

B()rR Boiton, Englll1lll, ..... if a manu/aewu,- if "XN'/"

f amilY''"War" to USA

Stud,,, at

Pbiladdpbia AGliumyofAn

S"t/" in earshUt, m-fourllk HIltbon Rh',," SdJooI

Tra,-.iJ to Ellro/". ,"un Com",bk.

Lr~'"na I1tId TUn"r in umd""

II'<..-k iHromn

j","llJing/y u/igi(}UJ

Rn 'irirr EUriif"

1);" in ,Y".:I )or} Ni.W"',. F" lls (186 7) by ]i"" kTid C hurch JlJamr<! ",,_ami, lamb.""", Church t."ilJ rb, only papil"1 OJ. Imd "'p"",ihl. flK """' 'l:.wulnfol imag" if fr, ·industrial Am,.,-;"" in ,b. I{",,,amic ,,,,diti,,,, , Hi, NiaW'''' '" lis rrod,.,.., rbi, '"00 ;proacuJllr ph"",,"m.., t."jtb a typicaUy impmd mill arr(6nph',b.d bandJing if light, 'P"" arid ';:a',.,.

W ~h,.., ~Jnll,,1 rraining, 'he ~Ju ndc t

of the innut.",i,,] ll uds<", Rj"cr

Sol",,,!. T homas Co le, ic:.m"] 'he

b»;cs of oil painting from .n itinerant

1" J<,nitist in O hio, II" f(~ I()w,,1 tha' with" sdf·

,"ught d,.,,,ing I''''gram mc: tha' wou ld "'n'c ,,,

undt'llin.1I his land=pc wori<.

C,~c'. pmgrcss to IUD "''''~ nition w"lS "'p id.

Ilis I"intings "" ulting from his firSt trip up the

Il ud«", to thc C:t~4.i1l ,\")untai ns earn,,] :tn

cnthusi.'tic "'''''I" i(", in Ncw '''rI.:. IIr 1829,

when C,~e ,i,it"'] Eu"~lC, he w"lS "'V"]"'] "lS

Amc ric:i 's It .. ding p,inte r of .wc_inS l'iring

s""nc rr , singlc _h.ndcdlr ""I)(JI~,ihlc fo r

in", .. ]u<ing the notion of the Ro m'ntic

l:tnd""l'e. As OnC who h.d grown up in •

m.nuf.cruring envirunmcnt , Cole " .. s ,'e rr

",,,,iti,'c to the Lfll:crs of indu"ri'~"ti(", 'n<l

(b ngcrs of <ity 'I'",wl. G)le returned to Amcric:i with .mbitious

p],ns j;:Jr a hiSto<r-strle ,lIcgoric:i1 ", ries,

entitled 711, C"uru"f Empn-. . II() w<~'c r, his

l"mIlS I" ctrt",d his "i ..... ,. of Americ:in rn IU rc,

which thcr rCl'c ",d almOst a. re~gious im'gcs.

Aftcr ,nothc r trip n) Eur(~le in 1 fW 1~2 , C,~e

.dol'",d the prodigiously t.lent<,] Fr"']erid

Church (18!6-1900) .. his pupil. Follo,,'ing

C<~c's sttrtlinglr earlr death in IfW8, C hurch

show",] him,.,lf wcll .ble to c:i rrr o n the

Il u']s"n Ri,,:: r t"' (~ti,,,,. Li ke C~e , he 1" '1"m]

for his Stu<tio worb with hiking and sketching

eXI'",litions. A braliant draftsman and c'~o uri<t .

he n",k himsclf moch fUnhLT than his teachtT;

to cx()t ic k>C:ttions in South America whe n: he

found" ,·cri .. l~c l'"adO;c. and Onet: on" 1000g

tril' right around thc shores of the

",,,Iitcrrlnean Sea.

Stjohn the Bapti .. in the Wilderness (d""if) (1827) br 1 n ooll"1.< Culc Pain"d in N"", ) ... .1-. /vt1:.y,n Cd,', birrori, trip up rit·,.,. and bi, jim "iIi, to

EtIrTJf'" ,bi! d"mJnrrram tb, Htrt/mn Rir.-", ScbooI't 'nann,nr if rb, a"YS<!m, Am,.,.i,an t."iltknl<JJ. / , nat "nly frd ,b, ,,·..,tkr if tratJt!U,.,." ,,·itb i" J(}aring

m'lt"'taim and pitUlging "'''''ifal'', bu, air. mrr<d '/vir _Ir in am"'""",';"n if"G"d in .",,'a,m·"

1776

1796-98

"" 1802

1816

1824

1828

1829

/811

1817

JOHN CONSTABLE

BIKR in &m B<rgbolt, ..... if a

coni ,"",bim!

TaX" 1=_ from John 7biJinM

Smith and /aUT. Grorg' Frart

Em", Royal AcatNmyScbook, L(J(IOOR

PainIT Jim UniOR of IJrobIOn J il.k

Elop<T ,;:;tb mid marri" Maria Bielm.lI, ,/try ""~I, in Lonmn

Til< I by",""!;n ,;:;m gold ,",dill a' tb. PaT;' Sal""

Maria dhTOfTB, /,a"Rg C_Ulhk

,::itb "''''' cbildrm

El«ud a Royal AaliUmriil1l. Pai"" HaJJ'igb C""k

PainIT SaJiJ!mry C",b,drai

Di" in umd",

Study of Sky aM T rees f"1K Con""iIk, ~kying' ,",am maKing ,mall ",I muli" " d(JuM. t."jtb fiJI R"u,';:ritr"'(JR ,It, INK}. TypicaUy. b.c",".,.,d ud prim" in tbrk "roc" and (Jt~rlapping cdwIT. ,;.'hich gill" tkptb to til. cloud form"';OII, Thry """.. 1I()t mmmrily pan </ Q":J larg" wmp"rition, b", ucortkd til< uah'ry if ,-"<arb", light and colour in a piUricuJar fH',rb if'ry

J ohn C()n<ral~ c b1<cd his paintings On

sketches done outdoors. di'e",ly (". "

nature. As .. student he had dutifully "'~l i",1

the landS<:':Ipes of \ 'a n R ui"l.cI and other

maste", but ~ although he .dmi",d th{")" grc:tdy

_ he ", fused to <Tc:tte wo.- l in the "me Sllie.

"Jing, 'It wou ld Il< ,~soone<t to wc:t, Ct.udc'.

"'lOt and <:':III it mine :

" on'tallle's method depended on using 'di,-id,,1 tone.' ([JUre roloms iuxtaposed to

,""<':Ite the ,illrln"J' of Crt<,.nal light) hid 0.,

with r, pid brush,trokes. Such a ,hringlyoriginal

ap p«)ach ,,':IS <T~iciu:d by the English ,"'adomy

but aechimed by the F "'nch. It .. ':IS Pa,is th.,

ga'''' Co." tal~e due ",,,,'Snitio., ~ and a guld m",t.1 ~ when Th, HilJ.::ain w1.S exhibit,,1 in

1814. Dd.eroix and Geri"'~ ult bec'me in.'ttnt

,k:",n::e< of his Ron .. ntic natu",li'n>. Th, /Iayt;:ain <:':Ime from C o,,<lahle', Lnn,kln

<ludio, .. -hi: ", he had ~,·<,I sin"" his ma,riag<' in

1816. All the riCture< that he I .. in",d the,e

,died on skillful p.-cp'r1tion fmm full·siu:

sien::""s, and many of the Cam':lSe< we'" 'six·

f,.o:"e"'. O nly when "un'table h.d pieced

tob"'thrt. sletch in sufficient dettil to 'L{",sh

his melm,y, w1.S he P"'I .. ,,,I to hegin wo.-k.

Sa,Dy. kw bought Con.'table's wo'" in hi.

liktime , 6,rcing him n, ", Iy()n the genrt'>< ity of

ot hCJ"s. Ilis lo.,g-a"':Ii .. ,<1 a,bni""ion nl the RO)':II

'''''''kmy Came in 1 829, • ftt., )""" off.ilu", to

:tekno ... I .... lge his d .... li<:':ltion to intCJ"p", ting the

mutallili'J' of t.nd""' pe: and jlbt when 11rgt:

,"':Ithe< of it we '" bcing ,,,':1110 ....... 1 up h).. the

indu,,,i.1 ",,,,Iution.

TIt" Cornfield (1826) Th< inbabi"d land=/" 1:'a, Conrtllhk)- ro"'tlmt iUld ImM intim"'. tbnn •.

Th. liUI. to tb. rornfidd i, tb< JIll'" .'" tb< an;J1 jOJ/(f!;yd ro J<boo~ ,biJ i,tb. SufJOIIc ,bat b. CIlJTiro in biJ b.an aU biT lifo, "!nc CU.-nfi<:id tra", "uraJ

pain" in tim. and '1"'''' Th< urtica/ forma, J1«Tf tb. "",Yr', g""', from til< MJ a' rb. """m, til ,b. man uaping rb. c<1nl iUld fi""Uy, t. 'Il< cburch ro""",­

among tb. rr",. Tb. R .. nantic pa" JI'..-dr!.c' ... ,b ",/nrrihd to ,b. fond ,ba' purcha"d ,biT pim", for 'Il< EngliTb Natiorllll ('.aU")'

1796

1822

182f_28

1828_14

1811

181411"d 1841

1847

1848 "ltd 1849

INfO

ISH

1862

IS7!

JEAN-BAPTISTE CAMILLE COROT

B()rR in Pari" J.m Ofildrap<randa ,"jlli"..-

Q,urr ill drapni apprm,ict! to ttudy an u"tIff B<rrin

rJm ,.j,i, to R(J"", t'i" S,;:;",.,-m""

Tr",.d,Yo"nd Frana

Wi", ,""lnl ", Salon

R" .. irirr 1!1l1y

k'QTtkd L'gion of H(Jrl<JtIr

At"". ThkuJo" R(Jt<=au. Ekcud

m"nil<r"f Salon j",

Murr A/iO"

Vi,;" B</gj"," and Holkmd

At"". Cour"',. Vi,;" England

Dj" in Pari,

The \\'hedl .. rrow (1881) by Camille Pi"""", Uh Milk, and 1"M"m;..-, Pi=nu ,b"T<d a pn/otmdmpm for.;:..-Jdng propl_; mOff tban ,b"" b. ' ;:a, int-oh-,d in "}Cia/j,, pol;,,,,. Although b,

kMW bard'hip hi"",I! marllUll "",* II "n',," porrr"Y,d aT banb OT <km'lUIing: >JI .... k j,,, 11w,dnfo/ ugulallJr a/mind and b<Jdy. I flrg" all """-""', grj,f, hit"m=/VId I n om jgn(JH ,lit''" aJrug,rb<r in 'k jJy</ ""rl:ing . . H=" "",,,IllI pa""I1::irb Il1I anlf/u} of rmr., ,,,,tiff ;;:b"t mwrtI a rriu'"pbal areb, form,J by 'Il< appJ, rrm

The worb "fCamilie Coro . .... nn(.,ize

with .hc..;e of hi. nin .... '''n .... centu'y

F,{"Jlch "","'mllO ""ics, ",the, lile .he man himself, who was. lind and g{"Jle,ous

friend to m.nr. y,~ his.n docs 110. "elong ttl all)'

s;ngle c:t.ego,,", dcspitt: his b"" a"lu:tintance

with .he R.rl,iz.on Sch(.~. Origin.llranr!<:1<,1 by

" ........ coIou ri" Honingtt)n's lightncs. of touch.

Cow. "''''SrUzed the I. ,,whilities of bnd,cape

p.inting, .nd th .. ther w''I'C 1<10 oft{"Jl ignor,,1 in

fl,,,,,, of. stand.nl cla",ic:tl in''''''p",tt.ion ,

Af ...... hi. firS, "i,i. ttl It.lr , which " ... tt,

p",,'e SO cruci.1 to his de,.:: lopm{"Jl~ Coro.

p",duced rich tonal work th .. :teIrnowk,lg"!

• he tradi.ions of Pou« ;n .nd Churle .nd

bon"w,,! clementS of R.:lm.n.ici,m. It 1<:'<1 ",

success in .he S.I<Il s .nd ""en innuenced

Ce ... nne and .he l"lS •• lmp",ssion i.ts. F'om

.he I 850s on,,""ls, Cow. began to p.in. using

.. m.ny ... wen.y .oneS ,e'r do'" to one

anot he" resulting in • <Ic~c:t.e s;h.::ry look that

m.d" ."". lool l>1'liruh,~' .n"",Ii,.::. Co,,,, " ... gre .. l), .dmi,,,1 br .he Imp,css;onists, .nd

Ilcrthe Morisot b"""mc one of his pupi!. during

the 1860 •.

'..:tmille Pi .s:.orro (1 83 1_1903) " ... bom in

.he \ \ \::s. Indies .nd "ri,'''! in P.ris in 1855. lie

m<~ ,\ionc:' ... he Ac.demie Suisse, .nd " ...

inAu<~ced, like moS. }'nmg poin.ctS, b), Co,m

.nd C ourhe .. Co,m, ker "hice ttl him " ... to

'''u<~' ligh •• nd ",nal , .. I""" exeru.ion .nd

",10," S;ml~r .dd ch"m', Pis ... ,n, showed ... 11

tight Iml""",i<..,i" exhibitions .nd b"""mc •

,~Iocd m,:n"lI' '0 ' .. hanne and G'1uguin. As

",dJ as .c:tching, he " ... al" .. )'S c:tg ..... '0 k .. rn

new n::chniqucs , such .. Scur. , ;; poimilb"m,

Al'J'le Picking in Ari,,";. ( •. 1867) by Canlill<: Cow. 0,,, of Corot', n'h'''Y 10rubCllp'~ in ;;:bich b""!,,,,u, a JI"ring ,"",",111

of light and ,"o",,"rot t::itb wch tkliciICJ tba, bi, app!. pid:" rould "''"'''t IN turo for om of ,IN nymph' in a Claud, ""'aria. H" ba=y

pr"n/a /m-, talraly bintJ at CO"") lat" ,biJ,,:ing a, a romp'iling fH'irlt""f porrra," and ""din if 11YJmro

1782

1798

"" / 800_0/

180J

1807

1809

/ 812_12

1817_20

I S2J

1814

1841

184 2

JOHN SELL COTMAN

B()rR in Nin::rb,

roR"f a ,ill: ,""WI'

SlUdi" in l.ond"" '":ilb Gmin'Teirek "/';:aumJour anirrr

rJm ,,,bibi';G,, a' Royal Acw/""y-L(J(IOOR

Toun Bri'a;n, b«",,,,, dra,;:ing ruror

Join! Sk.ttbing S<xi,'Y in Lmd""

I{mu-m to

N()f-dcb to "lICit, "IT "l' imag' library for 111u/mtr

MarTi« An" Mil"

B""diR )iu,,""u,b, (bj,jly prirlfmai:ing

Th= roun<j Normandy yi,/d

""" """h,,",, of "chinI(', pubJirb,d in 1822

R"""", to No,-deb to uJUm, painring

B"","n Jim O,-,rdng iIlaJm-at King'r CoJ/'K' &baal, Londikl

Pinal t'itit to Noifoll<, ,"at., IT IIll,,, for iantk"P"

Di" in U"u/ikI

TheM~ rI Pit (c.lSIJ9--/())

Around IS()4, C(J,man', rtyl"t"h~d '" til< """/for ""lI<TO/ ",,,,Jllla'" colouF /HId dramatr ligb' and thad., and k rumbimd 'NT< ,..~" d',"nltJ ro Cffa" biT di"inn;,.. ,·j_1 pan"",. "fbi, tk:'dopmmt m"rt probably all'" arou, 'brlJUgb biuNJaatiiltl ,;:;,b fobn J miry. a frUi&' ,",,"lNr if rb, L(JfIoon SJmcbing Sod<'Y

L ooling h:td at thl: age of sixty, John Scil which "",l<,] their own N(lrlOlL c"untTyside. Cot",an said, ' I nner Im"w the ti",e Cot"'an 's b.sic technique _ including

when I "'"1$ not fo.,d of dr .... ing, . nd I",inting outdco:l1'S with 3 limited p.lcrtc - ""1$

ha,'e heard my mot h ..... $:I)' I d rc ""long he~, rc I Icam<,1 in his tttnsat the open studioofGirtin,

<:(., Id s peal,' These ... o nls c"nfinn ... hat we who"e brief <'a rcer IHu~'undl)' inAuenttd all

know of CA'bnan: the 1"'I...J ar ",ach ..... "-~ up a IIriti4 ""lI:n"~ourists. Cotm. n showed a ,'ery

<:ircula ting lib", 'y of ""cr 1000 im3gt:s fo< p<t'Cis<: c"ntml in the w"y he 'hdl (., t· his white

"udents t" p<acbS<: &(. '" . nd h .. ",lent ~Jt line a,cas , , ath ..... than ",·"hing c"lour 0, ' ..... all and

illu"ration extended to fine printmaking, scraping 0 ' 'I_Jnging b.ck to the ... hite 1"' 1''' ' at cal<'fing to the tasll: fo , European cultu rc a hte , , .. ge. Ilis cho itt uf particular

3"lui rcd hythe.;" who h.d ma,k: thl: G r.nd 'lour. ,;ewl. ,i ,"s , high 3nd low, ga,..: «"1''' for his uS<:

I I"' ... ~· ..... , Cot man is hI:" Imo ... n a, 0.,,, of of ah'If"'" p"'<'fning in a,C3' of sh:t,k: and

the essentially English , No ,wich School of rcAc",im. T his, and his cha .... "'eri"ic h""d

land"'JI'" I",inl<'f$, which he and 'Old ' Joh n " .. 4es, ... e re cump""'] at the tim" to the

Cn"n" I",] fnlln 1803. Ther dr ... w in'pi ... t;o., '-"nerging worl$ of Chi ... and Jap.n and ,]uite

fmm D utch p.intings of fbt land a nd hig slies, "ardingly pn: figure the mo,lcmi"s.

The Chirk A'l,, ~~h, ~' (r.I.~ /0) Tm moollmmtaJiry of ,bit Uatb "'IU<dllrr ilaa:"'WlllrJ i" 'm drumll';'

""pping; irr /lITb..- art J,jubJy mtpbatiz..J by 'm I"", "'''''''''''''', mirrtJl"rJ in ,m",,,,,,, It if bhly ,ba' ,mi,"a". "'//t m,.,l,d,h lIN "M .f,m ~""'~T"

lucid. _ a pri"" that projuud 1111 im"g' ""'" // flal ""tI I{ dr"",i"" pllfltr - .t tbt hroIlNT .fCotm",,'t frimd, ]«m I .Iry, hlid ""'mil)' dn:rlO(>rJ .. Itlttropt.

t....non. &tb Jr,'," "flU" ro",iJr .... hI. ,nil III ~R

18 19

1841

" .. 184 7

184 8

I SH

ISH

I Sf6--69

1870

1871

1872

187J

1877

GUSTAVE COURBET

B()rR in o,.-""n.-, "'Ro/a/arm.,-

SlUm" Ia'w in Paru 1m, thang" t" painting

S.I/_prrlrai, acc'P"d Iry Pari, Sal",

I."",," Virginia Bin" kilrf him a

"" Pari, ",,",urian. ahdit"'.'" "fLoW, Phiipp'

MUlr{Hltrun

A/f"d Bray'"

Slag" ,,,,bibiti()rl in P,,, .. ,I,,,,, of R<ah'mt, Parh

Trtr.,./t Enro/"

Acti!~ R<pUhlittm afrrd<fra,o! Na,,",ron III

'mprjro,uJ for Ii" ,"o",hr, /in<d for u 'JoJutionnry acril-iti" with Pari, Co,",""",

l"Narb of J<JR

nU'lil <",ik in S;;,ir-.Lrland

Di" of dropry in La TOUN<-P,ii::.

The P:.ri nter's Studio (d.'ail) (/855) Tb,y fig"'''' "PfJ'ilT at til< em,,.. </ a bug, "'''''/H ,",aJUring 12 r 2()

fm. A)'ro"gh b, bad rrudi,d IMg..,,,,k pim,,,, in til< u,ttt-r, (Courk' ".", '"fElly ,,1/_UWgbl), ,hi! romp"Jirion jn'ny rimpl.; Y" ,,,"'ain "'p«rr ulx> bhoomirurionjir R"nbmnd, Il1Id JH""'Ii=. Many Olb.,. figur" CTI1!:.-J in on ,,'th.,. riO. ",b, foB pim,", ,;:bieb C_Iv, d=rikd if! ~b, moraJ and f!hyica/ bi,"'Y "my ",illiG'

Gu"".c GJurb<1 rt'Och,,] his p",l a<. ill~J]ic:lti()n< of the shift &,. n.n agn.rian tn an

Re,li,t l",intCl' in tl>< 1850s. &.Ii,,,, indu,n-ializ.cd so:K'i<1}': 'I "lU" ],e fn::c <~'cn of

w:lS n:gardcd :IS ,bngcrous Il}' ,hc golt:mmCl'lts. The prol~e hal'e m},S)'"p"hics,

Fn::nch ,"'a,km)" who di,lil,,1 anphing l",in,,,1 Imu" address them 'tir""ly:

in a 'IHIfl "'nmus, wlron,ri""lmannt".. In ,h,"e Cou riJ<1 tUll &,. " tl>< R,. "amic mo"::",,,m a

days, Cou riJ<t's bmle for artistic fn::cdom w:lS Ii..::ting of ",,,,I "",)t;o",,1 im"~"::"":n~ bu, he

'onlly {'(,nsi>t<:n' with his po~ties. which .. "re discard,,] 'hc ct:n'nl mle of the in,~,'idu:tl.

s<K'ialist and anarchic. lie fough' any llcJirting ,ru'" and dignity w<".e 1,)C:t,,,1 in ,I>< org; niu,ion . hal·i ng alrcady gr:lSped the {,(lflllllUnity and rcality of <~'ery,b)' lill::.

P".""'ts Ret umi ng to r;1 :og"y from ,\hr kct (/8 50) On' if ,br" R,alirr pictU""bar ,"ad< CotlTk, I ""'"' ar ,11< 18 5()'" 51

Pari, SQ/on. TI1< otb,r r~·. "Yr' T he: Stont bo-eakLTs, and bi, [nTI ,""""mm'Q/ "'m'/lJ" Rurial a' Om. ns. All ,br" painting, 'Nchd tb, puNic

kcau" ordi""ry t-iDa!."' "Yr' pr"",ud in a ttyl' tbat nmhd tbn" ,,·itb ,b,ir 'k,,",'. Opinionaud and pr<1tYJCa,ity a, ,,~r, C()tlTk, " . ..,- purring an

a' tb, ""'if< of JrJcial ",-0/",;""

\ Vhen ,he jill)' ~" the 1855 I'aris Uni,'crsal 11lj-',h(~ogie:t1 ".- his,u";cal ,hemes, Courbe, ''''

Exhibi'ion rejected Courl)e, 's Tb, Pain"r', ou ' '0 demolish ,he ,ndi,ional hierarehies of

S,udi{J , I lC(~'1c ridiruled him ~" ha"ing se, up ""hi"'" ma"." and increase ,ho:: eml", ,,is On his Own show in a 'P.,.ilion of Rnlism', pun: ly fo.- mal ,'aluts, l ie felt ,he acnlal C"m"!S

I lowe"' r, One "fhis Ii:." supl><}("'''' ' Del ....... );.. , and pain' ",e re :IS muth his suhj<'C' ma"cr as the

publie:tlly ,k.::b red: "InC)' ha,'e re ;Cct",J On< of ""'ne he depicted, Such ideas we", ",ell " he.d

'he mc..;, ou tsttnding I>oin,ing< of ,he times.' of 'hei r ,ime and Courb", 's d""I"a,ion of

Ry gi"ing "hing< :IS ,her arc' ,he ere .. i,'e ind<l,endence opened a dom for

monum<'n,al '",a",ltn' nonnall)· .<,,:-onled to M~"", and ,he Im p.-es,i"., i,ts,

LUCAS CRANACH THE ELDER

14 72 B()rn Luau S""oo- in

Kronam • ...., "" painw'

,,"­HOJ

,,"­IHO

/fOG

HI9

H20

un "nd H 40

IHO

Iff]

;\1"",.,- to Vim"", in aNKiation ;;:ilb "'t.? tmit.~rJjty

To Wi,,,nM'X '" c_, paln_ to

f:,..d.,.itk Ill, Elm"," of Sax(l/Y.

At"". muJ ""YO for MlU, jn i.mb,r, aim MU,"'I dty cOiIrItil1or in 151? Hi, iarg' 1::orhlxJp ""ploy< J"'" Ham­and u,./H

Fi,i" Ib, N"b.rlalllh

EJroro '" 1I'i,,,nM,,, '""." clJimtii

AaJ'ur,.,­"P"'h«ary'I,bop ,;:itb prin"r't pal""

TaAllgdmrg;;:,"tb ,,,,il,d Elm",-Jobn Pud.,.idr.

Oi" in lI;'imar

Sdf_Port r';t (<<tllif) (1550) 7bi, "/f-porrrait, ,"aM "'1::11111< tb, nul </CrilrllKh', lifo, fro"', II rypraJ. f'"bP"- h"'K"'nast<r 1m, gi!~J "" an,,/hi, "",;tn-".w, and ad'<mtur,~ "'" dl[i"'''Ill. Cnmacb aiJ~ }mu/,d II thri:-ingt."YKhbop, 1-"bicb b,

tn",d (Jtl '" hfJ....,andpupi~ ~th< '",mg"

D " .. il. of Locos Crlnach's youth arC 50 rcar.>, during which time he "' .... ",,1. IJim m: (~ "run: but it is I',.;sihlc ,ho, he and a,chi,,, of the Electo.-'. entire ('lIlil}, and o, her

Grunew~ ld studied unde r the •• me I'fU mincnt figu'""', bot h Catholic .nd l' m'e>t:tnL

mOS!!:r. Wk" C,.,n..,h mOl"d to Vienn. in In \ \r,"enberg , Cnn..,h bcc.mc • do",

ISO! , he plt. l"""d ",,) fine I. l<tr.its, one of ,he friend of ,\ I.:t n in Luther a nd dc.<igocd ,..oodcut

R<""l< o(Vienn. Un~'<-rsitr .nd ,he o, her of ,he illu;;,n,inn' for ,he fi rst Ne .. · ' Ihtammt in the

",iii:: of the I'rob,,,, of La .. ·. lie .Iso pain!!:d his C rtman 10 nguage. The Re~Jn" .. i()n signalled.

e.rlie>, religiou, ,ubj"'" 711, Rm '"' ,b, Fligb, nCw en in maSS cOl1l munic:uions ,..i,h

iruo Egypt, in the "ric of the llinuhc St"'><~. the coming of the printing P"'''; Il« . ,,(),ing

Cnnach h.d d<":trlr esttbli,J",1 his the rapid ci rmJ.tion of ideos. Arti,,, li l e

rq)!Jtation when in 1505 he .. -..s im'ited to C,.,nach and Durer Soo n di«'o,,, n::d th., the

\\r,ttenbcrg os CAJurt p,in"' r .nd dil~om .. ic mcch.nic.1 reproduc'ion of thcir pictures "b",nt n) Fn::dcridthe \ \lsc .l lis as.«ri .. ion with .f~",k,1 thelll .n ext,., _ .nd ,'er}, I..,,.,ti,.., _

the EI<'CI(l<SofS,,-<on},wo • .dd ")min",, ~".b"o., ()!J,1et to. ,..id", au,~eoce.

C upid C ompl.:t in ing to Ve nus ( •. 15;0) CrarlllCb d"',lop,d ,b, gmT< of 'Il< "OII: nlld, for a "ht hand if pri:-a" roD«mrr. Gmmdly rIIlm,d 4'" nymphr or godth= - foran dnnmt of

rUf'«!Ilbih'ty _ """'parmt drapny. ,laborau batJ aflll j"",b- only rum m nnphari=, tb,i,- naJud",,,, Tht! ,1,fIll"" Mann",irt ""t/i", if til< hotlY"'ggmr

rba' Cranacb t::orhd ""'from a Ii:" mothl but fr(Jm rtyli=:Ld mgra";ngr

" SALVADOR DALI

1904 B()rR in Fig"m", RlR of a n",ary

/921 _13 SlUdi" paiming and drm::ing at L'f.:.ok th &aux .'lTIJ. Madrid

192f rJm O"'-1l1an ,bow in &raI011"

1928 Mo,.,.,. to Pari!, IVnw"",,,play for Snji",n Un Chim And"lou and }Jim S1l1na1irrr

1914

19J9

1941

1948

1974

1992

1999

C;,.;/ marring' to Gala (Hdnl" !"NIII,.i"" DiahnoJj)

iJ«mu~ "'ppon for fi-"""" br,,,h 'with Surmuim. S"r/" in USA, 11«(/"''' R,,"nan Catbdi(

Firrt r.tr"'Proit'< at ill",,,,," if ,\tot/anAn, NnIJ )i.o-}

R""",, '" Spain

Op"" "arm Mum, Dali in Fig""'"

!"Natbo/Gala

OJ,.,. o/b<art [ailu" in figlMraJ

lI,,~d (<./912) by Juan ('..- is In 'b"itrly 'arla/ytic' ph_ "Cubi,,", Gri,' pal"" t::QTCooDy lim;"d. A",und 1912, hi, to_ grr", ricb.,. and b, _d rt<=! bro,,'rIJ and <Y'''my rbi!n In addiri(Jfl, b, ,,·wld rrjppJ, til< rurfaa in ,",uin M'''', all of ,;:bich marhd hi, ''''''-Nnmt ",":ard, Cub;',"', ''Ymb"r' ph""

Sal,'ador )),Ii ,,-!S an irn::l' n::ssii>lc self· I<f. Eur(~lC~" Amen"" "'turning to SI"in in

puhlicist and the culti".,or of the art 1948. D.li's fame "'-.s al"",),, contr<II'cr$ial.

world's mOst fam ous mou>tache. T he thanks n, his 1" "'''<:":Iti,,, ""hillitiof) i,,,, as much

t""hnic~1 brilli"n"" with which he could I"i", as t() the me<lia. "" in his own lili::time, h"

and draw g"'<: him equal facility for 110pularity sUPllOned twO m""'um,; <blicat<,1

rep""lucing "arious s l)'les. fmm Reali'm , ""elusi,,:lytlJ hisworu.

Imp",,,,ion"m and Culli,,,, to the M""firitll of

the Italians de Chiric" and Carra. Ilis ,,"'s:ttilitr

and ,lills also ext<:,,,k:d to sculpture and

fib,,-m' king.

T he ,., ,,,enpl.), he w",'" ~" Huilutl's Un

Cbim Ant/Ill"" admitted Dali to the Surrealists'

group whcn hc m,"',,1 t() Paris in 1928. Tnis

])ali's i",,,. I..,';on to Cubism and the an of

",Ihg.: <"AmC ah"ut through a fcllow SI" nia,,1

Juan Gris (1887-1927). lie was the mO.t al~<:

practitioner of Cuhism and e,,,I,,,,1 an

in<~,'idual al, ,,,l1ch through m<~iculous grid

drawings (he had originally studied

<"Tlgineeting). On arri,ing in Paris in 1906, he

c"intid,,1 with his ,li""JI,et}""fFrcud's the," yof ,.,nl,,1 among pj<::>. so's circle in ,\ ''''' ''nanre,

the un"",scious: ",",~ng 711, Inurpr"urion"f which included '\j)(Jllinai"" and ",",s

0,.,,,,,,, led to D.li's ""pha,is Of) dream imag.:ry champi"n,,1 1».' the writet G etuude Sttin. In

and his ~l1rano;ac-critic:t1" method. I.,cr }<:ar$ , Di.ghilev {'(,,,,,,,i,,,ion,,l him to

lIowe,'cr, the anist's right_wing I><~iti<:":ll design f,,, the H.lku Rus«:s. Unfo< n",.,dy,

"iews <:":Iu,.,d an e,"Cntu.1 split with the G ris ,ulf",,,l ch",nic d'l",::,,;on and I"'ysical

Surrealists. As w"lr Immed in 1939, he and Gala illness, which bo-ought 1 hout his early ,k:.,h.

In ,isi 1.1" Afglun "ith Al'f"'rition on B"~,,h of F~c" of G~rci.o in Fonn of Fruit Dish with Three Figs (19J8) t.,.. S"lndo< D.li

Tb. 'pilranoiaMTirica/' ,""bod wNi in Dalil- 'bimd_pain"d dr",m pbomgrapbr' im·ok·.d p"",,it-ing '""" than '"" imaK' in a <Dnfigura,i"", Tb. d"""iflllrll imoK' N,", i, IN fa" <DTl5trtKud from an Urn and """ '""') Nadr;

,b. figr ar. fonn.d by ,b. ""h hryond; and lb. "ullin. of lb. Afghan b<Jtmd llli:" ,bop' tbt-uugh ,;:inm';:",' cloud" itr b.ad "rring"" tb. di/fi and in paL..,­"" lb. umd Doli', frimd. lb. PO" L..-ea. bad;"", h'l/.d in lb. ::'-pani,b Cit'it

Jj-;'" in 1916 and lbi, may "'plain bi, 'appari'ion'

1748

1766-74

l77f_tID

1782

1784

1789_'}4

1796

1797

1802_15

1816

1825

JACQ!JES-LOUIS DAVID

B()rn in Pari" J.m of a ,"",barl!

SlUdi" paiming a! Pari> R")'ai Aallkmywukr Vim. ,:: j",. Prir d. Ro"",

StuJi" in [!Illy, finally rm.rm to Pari,

Marn" ilfargtl<r'u,

Cbar/,,'" PrnJuJ;

'bry Ia," bat" fo1lr cbildrm

Pail", L()iJi, XVI', c(J,"mirrion The O"h of the ]I", .. tii

Politically imYJ/:-ro in r ,mtb R<vo/urion. until arr'" and rI,,"<roIl

"cap< jf-"m J.atb.

Di!'omd by ';';/' 1791

Rnnarri" ,;:ift

At"". Nilf'"lion for por'rai, ,i,ring

Cli,"hTranh<! L'gima/Ho1WUr

BaniJb.d", "Wdtk on fallof Napdron, jim to Brumlr

OJ,, in Bru",1T

N..poleon Bon..pone Crossing the All" (/ S()I)

Tbir/it·</y propagartM ""rtrait ';:"HOpiro "" In.Yr man four ti"," by IJa,.id IrlId hi, ,"u/il. n" '"~"'f,' tugg<sud II tbat ifNapo/i()n am attack ,b, AJ~';:i,b nub ,';giJtlr. ,b",b<rio flOP a! _bing

When J'''''lucs-Louis D,,·id Came

hack to F .... n"" f",,,, 1t~lr in 178(1,

he returned with stlong ide. Is

ba",d m ,he ,ul'''''''! "inues of a"cient R,. "e.

lie w"ls "","ni",,1 n) Nco .. cla«ici,,,, , ",hich dc",and",:1 thn a"i,ts should tale ,hci, subjeCts

and 'l)'le f'"m antit]"" m,)(lels, as Pou";n had

150 }" a,s p""iou,ly. Tne F"'nch ,es pondcd by drt:1ing U"'id II) bo, h the Acadc",y and ,he

Salon. Hi s highly finished linc , colou, and

"'"nl""i,io., ",c", W"atly a,bni,,,,!. Mo.-c ,han

that , his St}ic wa. I",,,,,,i,,,d as ,"",~u'io.,al)',

matching the country'S »nod fo , an end n)

a,i''''''rltic OOITUI" io., and. ""urn to the ,tr,n,

p"riObC morals of ''l)ubliC".ln R,.nc.

Upo., ;)ining the ",,,~ution:try Commtion,

nn'id ll)",d for L ., .. XVI'<cx<"CUbo.,.Hut ()f) the

,bth of Rolle'I';.",.e and the end of ,ho:: Reign of

"Ie,,,,,, he """ gaol,,! and might ha," b<"n

cx"""",d 1<"', had his "'}"'~" ",ifi: "''' int<:n'm,,1 with the nL'W 'Em p"'o,', Nap'~&'" ll<,.,al",tt:.

nnid b<"a""e a ,b',"ed I(,lIo",c, of

N'I.)~''''' He ~"md h~n<df at the height ofh ..

inll"","", :trod goi",,! a knighth()()d in tho:: ro::w Legion of]]o,.,ur.

Exaed to H,us,ds • ft ..... Nap'~"""'s f,1I fro""

pow ..... in 1816, DOlid _ an ,., lStt ,"ling ,eacher

_ continued to train }'lUng painters, including

l ngres. lie ,,",S the "inual . n ,li=to, ofF,anc<:

~'" gmcrl,io., : his influenc<: s p.-cad to Iit,hio."

furniture design and interiorS, and fou nd ""I.:)es

in ,he ,b"I'1"n<"J)t of ,w,alphik)S<)lthy.

Tb~ /J~lllh af IHIl'''! (drr~t'f) (179 J) 711ir i, DIII.'id', gr,am, ""..1: and ~ "'/1""''' m,mpl, of poh'llrIlI

palming. 711, radical rn"'",illtUlr:'f M~r~' if sixm'n pi ..p .... Cb",./1It1t Cardll)' - a GntuJi" _ "", Irirhd 1m' 'l:'q in, ",i,b ,ht 'IOU '''''I ht i,

1Iill balding, and 1Iabb<d blm i" bi, /M'b. Tht immrnrr ""r~ Jf><ttr .b«'t Mar..," htad ""pb~nYr Iht luill lb~, ht b~,ltft, "",b in Iht J~,.bin

(III<U and i" tht lifo of biT [rimll IMI,UI., The DC>lh of ,\ bn' ""S oft'" M" camp"'" ",ilb MUhtI_".~) I'j"",; " iT alf i",~1l' of _"'",.

"''''']''11-

18J4

184 7

I SO

I SH -f9

I S6S

1872_7J

1874

1876-86

1880

18S1

I S9f

/ 909_11

1917

EDGAR DEGAS

Born in Pari" J.m of a /mnhr

iJ<",bofmorb<r

Gir" up Ia~. Snltb'" drtr~'ing ,::itb L,,,,"'k. arrmdJ rruJi()" Barri",

Mak" "'~",I1rjfH to ' '''Iy rtudying and palming

Paru Sal", tklmt

Tra,-.iJ ,;:itb

brlllb", Rmi '" Nn., )i.o-k iltId Nn:> 0.-1,,,,,,

H,Ip, organi=, fim ""p"",ionist .rbibition

Taka par' in mb"qum, Imp",,,,,;,, ,,,,bibiti",,,, ImT 1882

FiJi" !>pain. Ettbing 1::"b Pi,,,,",, and

Ctroll"

&bibin!im "Wp"'''' if J""","

Tun up pbomgrapby

C'IlJ" t:"rk J", to fa iling ':'T"igbt

OJ,, in Pari,

The Ope .... Orchestr~ (/868- 9) Th< fim </ a =-j" " ,ant'am foaturing orrbmral ,"usia,,"', rbi, j, a ""r1",it if' D<gal' fiimd Diriri Dibilll, ikmolTatiallly plllad "mong ",b.,­In,,"imT if lb. or.b."", JUS! h<I<J1;} a brigb, fri= of dlltl=-r in ,Ii, rill", fOO'/igbn. Til< ""or} i, r<iam',/y ,,,rly and bmn- at InKY" Il1Id TkNllTlJrr. hmb "dmiud by iJ<gaJ. D<gilJ and IJ<//Jffilix bad a ujm,i/it j","", in ",lJur 'brory iltId pig,"Uln

Edgar ])cga,' 1""S<lflal wealth gal'e him nflight and rolour. ,' lanet " .. y or may not holt,

f,.,,,I,. ,, to de,,"" him,.,lf to art. lie ,uggt:",-,<I. new apl" """h to him but. at ~ny

shunn,,1 formal o-aining, p,di::rring nJ "te. he did int",d..::e Dqps to the futu ,.,

study the Rrn.i""anct: tlvough h'l..::nt o-il" nJ Iml" ess.i'lfl i,<.<. Degas exhihitcd with tl><:m right

Italy and _ 'lfl hi, uwn ,h<..-,,'l' _ rop:l'ing in the Il-,." the Stt n in 1874. althuugh he ne,Cr wh,~ ly

LOUl' '''. There in 1861. he and ,\ b nct met in ""e'l"ed their doctrines or techniques f, ..­

ftont uf a Vi::b"'I"::z. ])<-1;:a, . who ne,." """""I hi""df. lie 'lfllr'ign"l his works whrn I><: s,~d imcstilf"ing ",'ery tt:chnie .. 1 a'pect of l<tinting or cm ihited them. thus '-'<"'troll ing their

and drlwing, h.d Spcnt th rt:" yC:t IS on the ru<ies nw"her and ,'alue in the mark<~I'I.ct:.

His subje",s COme f". " his uwn

b.dground: the high.hom f"''''rnity uf the

ra"""JU r<C and " pc", h,JUS<:: b.llet rehearsals

attend,,1 as a pri"aeg>'d "i,in", and the nude.

srtmingly ub",,,'<'1, a< he said himself,

''''''JUgh the keyhl~e '. Degas \\'1$ .Iso caIJti,~",d

by Jap.n"", prints, which in'l,;ml him to

ttperi",,::nt w~h I~~iqueand unu",all"""I"""~"S.

Unf"nunatc~ .. Dtps' caustic wit lu" him

'me Llundresses (., 1 aN) Notbing ",uJd I!< much fortl!<r frllm tl!< g/am_ if ,b. Op..-a tbaN ,I!< roil

if ""0 ""ary launt/rmfY, Imt ,I!< ,troog dia§!""/ if ,I!< ironing talm i, r,,"iniJcm, if tb •• dg< if tb. nag., Hi, otb", impiYa,ion for ,bi, pirtur.

,,'ar tb. ua/i"" if I)"umi..-', ponr",a/ if "",ying lift· l'Nga"lJUnud a/m"" 2()()() I)aumi", prinn "mong bi, p,,"ar< aT! roJlurion

m.ny friends and he C.me '" • ,"'~tary uld age.

"" his biggest I "-I~,I",,, \\"1< alw"!ys his failing "J'e<ight . I>erhaps th1t \\"1< why he ",uk "P

Ilhu,ugr:tphyat the ag>' "f 6 L the camrta being

efl'e",j",ly a new p,ir of eJ'C<. lIis exprtt

,,,nture intu I""ds \\"1< anuthrt att"'''I'' to

wo.-k .IU",..I the pmblc,,~ Hut his Ia" reSort \\'1$

n, make s,mall w:IX SCW ptures of dan""'s and

1>:,,,,,,: ' ,.one S<"tS ro' longer cxet,,, in """",.-y.'

1798 B()rn and raimJ '" Rln </ a g""<rnnr<RI mini,ur, pOIJibJy TIIllUml ",n </ TalkFand

18H SlUdS" ","kr Nro-darrian GUmn, mutI (".iri'IlkU

1816 Ent,.,-, L '£COl, d" B,aux.-ArtI, mutI Bonington

1822 Finr "«'1"_' ill Pari,Sakm

182f Vi,i" Boning",n in England, ",ah, li'rograpb!

1811 At::ardd LLgi(Jfl 01 HOTlllur

18n &,..II Frnl<b

AmromMor '" Maroc'"

18H_n Pain" ",any pom-ai, '(6"mim'ont

1818-+1 iJ«oram- pan 01 Palai"Ju LUXN"ruurg

18fO--fI im()ramailingol ApoUo Galhy in Lo"''',

18H Sro"~ 48 "",*, al Pari, Unit~",,1 Erbibiaon

180 EJro:ro '" r ,mtb h"~'!tlu

1861 Fini,l1<, mural, for cburtb </ Saint_ Sulpia, Pari,

1861 Di" </ !tlhffrnlo,i, in Pari,

DELACROIX

Women of Algie rs (d""i!) (/814) In 18 J2, Ddacroir 1;:a! among Ib, r"i~", ""mdSng ,b, Frnl<b AmNDiloorft'i,i, '" ,b, Sul'an </ Maroa", and 11< fr'qumt/y tirro:! "P'" ,b, '''/''Yin/a for inrpira,i",,_ Thi! tkUlii 00"0""17"" ,11< ucbniq'u atiopud by i'NlalToir, an" """n.'ng Co""ah/,', Un </ 'dit-itkd ,o/our' and iII "brant 1fim

Eu~nl: Dd'U:Toix IJt id"d him«::lf on the

<1'1:<,1 .. which he cou ld work: 'skilful

enough to sletch. man f.lling Ou t of.

win,k",,' during the bml: it ttles him to get ,.n,

thl: ground: And notonlydid he luim. ho: 10" ",1

music. ",~d ",ide~'. and wmII: flscinating k~t"'<

• nd iournalsa bo", his lill: .nd times,

Dd""'oix Studi",1 with G<'rie.ult undl:'

C ue,in ~nd subs.::qucntly 11O«::d ~" his friend as

the I'mnl: figure On the Raft _/rb, U"/ru,,, Tne

I'icrurl: 1'""id<,1 im petus to Ddacmix's Own

"'cati"itJ-' hut he nen'" =<1",,,1 the Romantic

hho:l. obstinately insiSting that hI: ",'as '"

I'u", dassicist'. I-Ie grcatly adm"",1 and <:'<'l'i<,1 ,\Iiehdangelo. Vewt>CSC ",.1 Rubens in thl:

LO"'TC. and alwar< made ""y """, ful

IJt<l"rot<Jty d"'''''ings . Lil1<rty L,ading ,11< P,op/' is Dd~c",ix's

110Iiticai maslI:'l'itte. an ~lIego'r l',int",1 in the

w.le ofthl: 1830 Paris r<~'(~ution . l ie includ,,1

him«::1f besjde ,he iconic Libeny figu re as ,he

an,,<,1 man in ,he "'I' ha',

Dda"'o;x had coo"p"",,1 ,hc iourney fn. "

"a,rling, in,..""ti,·c "~our", n, ,c<p<"(1ed "Ide,

art"t by the time he elme t() innu"""" "". Icrn

m1""'S, likc C"", ,,ne, Deps, \'~ " Gog h .nd

PiCisso. As long as hc lin,1 he .. -as, as the I,oe,

n.uddairc w,Otc, 'p:tSsjon>tdy in I",,, with

p, .. <i oo, and c(~(lly ,k:te,mincd n, seck ,he

",," n< '" <xp ress p:tS.<ion in the ,,"nne, ,isjblc',

,\Ius~cre 3' Chi", (/824) Inrpi"d by ('.iri,au/t)- ma''"'''t </ tb, tb",,, "mjfmng, l"RlalTo ... ·

1'"""" a blllTm::ing ",n, from tM ('.ru} ""'Dion agaiTl51 tM Turh, 1::bich nlu"d ,"any EU"'p<aTlJ" (induding Byron) '" ,b,ir ",,,,.. Tb, paiming 1::,,,

bougb, a' rb,Sa/()" </ 1824by ,b, Frmrb g"'·trn,"mt, rbapJby TaDryrand in ,m·..,-, "'pport o/bi, JOO. Signij"i"m,/y, a' ,b,tI,,", Salon,

DdamNr mroun,",d Cum'alm', I byw.in

12U(!)

1278

1290(')

12Sf

129f

HOI

I J08_11

11 / 9

DUCCIO DI BUONINSEGNA

B()rR in Sima

Sim", mlmi"pal wlnmirrion for 12 '/):oodm pmulr

Marri" 7;'t'iIl"".

'bry hm', "'~R ,hild""

Altarpim w,"mi"i(JtUd for Sam" Maria Not~Ua, Norm"

App"i"ud '" Wlnm;,," of clltb,dr"i non<­maron,

Altarpim CiH",",'m'oMJ for cbapd in Pala;::;:o PuNic.

PaY,"n/! "ronJ, for ,\ he,tiI. for Sj"", CIllb.dral ,b, only.", rigmd by OW""

I)i" in Sin/"

A 'Rish(~) S.in"fr.o" ,\bescl (dnai!) (/ JOS_II) "[b, Siro", pair/un bad a r"",lrJ:abk fo<lingfor colour and ill", ;m,"m" drnm"i:~ ,}ill ruth in p",uming and lb. applialtion "f gold Tht! ",nlnlIT ivM:.Y'" ,b, painting of lb. hi,lxJp) fa" and biTt''''m'''tJ j, in lb. Brdlmi1U rtyl.

D """in (~ lluonin.<egn' ,,",-< the carlies, OnCe ItJr refusing II) s ....... r .lIegianet: II) the local

"""'tt of the Sicnc'" sch()(~. Like ",iii,;. , and "vin for refusi ng to fight in

C h , .. !.u" of Flo"'nce . he ",."". "'.",nun •. N""<T,hc::I"" . Ducc;o srtl1l< to "",,,

RcnaiSS3.ntt fo ",runner, his art marking" had considerahle StatuS :IS owner of a large

t"'n,it;on !i-,." lIyunti"" to G ,.hic. Loren >c tti house and ,-in",."1r<ls.

and ,\b rtin i would build on his lepcy by On one glorious occasion in Illl , the enti",

d{ .... d ,1' ing the Intl:rnational G ,.hic style. city st0l' '''] "",1 to """""I"ny the Mami) in

Little is .ctually Imown .hout Duecio, procession thmugh the '"t''''' fnll" Duccio"s

though "'ntCl"I,,"'a,y ",,,,,ds ",,-cal he had studio to the '"1the<lral. where the bdls rlng

se",n chi~]r"" , oCCJ.,;jon.lI,.. rln inn, ddll, and "'ntinuousl,... Ironically coough ~" the ",an

""",,,itt,,] ",i,.." ci,ic OffL"TlttS. lie ,,"1' fined who would not exch.nge a I",intbru,h ~" a

swo rd, the AI"",,,, ,,",-< l",int,,1 to cdel","e • military ,ictory th .. h,d .. ,'cd Sicn. ftom

im'a,ion. It h.d bcen tht...., }" ",s in I><Q"'''tiofl and ,ub;.::ct to a strict e()fl t",e~ stating th .. the

enti re pic...., shou ld be Duro,,'s Own un. ided

work , and that hc should '''''Cpt no othcr

c,. "missiofl wHil it waS finishtd ,

The twO T u<c:tn cities, Siena .nd Fh-""", were

scnouun6tic ";'~Is., th .. time, 1Ij.' the tllm of thc

ncrt ttntury, HOff,,"'" 1.,1<1 <'CIit".,,1 Si"", .nd thc

.. ""inenU:: of I",inters ~kc Dutcio "-,,. I .... ' ..

'Ju,bs' kiss' and 'PI"}"r Ofl the ,\ tount of Oli,''''' J'nNn ",,,,,.tit (I J()8~ 11)

Duu;a'l ,\ \.:tc;;tit ';:al tkJuhJ,·rid,d, Tht! frJRIt " . ..,. 'h, ",,,,,tit i"<if, MatkJnna and Child ""hnmd. "'i,h <rn"",ing paru/r abo", and a pr,d,Ua (th' bar, on

,,·hich tb, altar "andl) klil!:J. Tht! tl"~n' cJRIta;",d 26 'Pi,wn from 'h, Pa"iJRI a/Cbr;n, origi""Uy for tk 'Y" a/lh, chgT a/<Jru. Tht! 'fJiwd" uad hh a po"ic graphic ""t·,~ and d,'morlrt"'u th, ""ITat;," /"'t."<t'T QJ:JMa,d

1:-·ith 'h, Si",,,, mol. and Dut"" in pa"i",/ar. 'n" ,\ laestit ,,·at t/i,manrkd in I ITI, to k ,,,urUrlg<d",, rt:.'(J "pa"''' altart. Da",ag' " .... iru"tah/,. ''''"'

pan<i, "Yr' rdd ""'outl and oth", "=, ",i"ing ""iuly

1471

1486

1494

1494-9f

1498

I fOf-U7

H12_19

HH

Ifl8

I fl0-21

H28

Born in ",,,,",mOO-g. ,on of a ~ltbmj,b

Apprm!i"d '" painu .. and ""oJ_ cUt illl<51J7lllJr Ji -Ohlg<'mu!

Marrin Agnn h ry of 'YIlT,moo-g

Vi,,!J ' <alian Alp and mU/i" ;\fanugrlll in

Imi"

Publi,oo­Apoc:lhp«: ,ujn, pain!J Dmdm AItIlrfJi'"

SlUdi" in lmia and Boi<Jgna, inflummlby Bdlini

In '",'r,!O

Emp"'" Marimih'an I

Excbang'I t::orh ,,·itb Rapbad

;\fun- Martin Lu!b ... in AugrlNrg

TIliIn "'nlm-Iand, ,,·itb Agn", m"o­GrulU"'ald

Sdf_Ponr..lit (/498) Th< "'mpositi"" of ,bi, p_1 pomui! foil",," Ill< N ..-mlin, nyl<. In i" Ill< ci<J,bn, bairrryk i11ld di"anl t'i"", of mm.."-I"pp,d ,"""nUli",. all india'" Ibu! Dii"r ",m-jdn",d bi"",lf Il dignifi,d man of ,b, ""rid, and "" m", pro,.;naal lTafoman

A Ibm,h, D~n:r .. "1< the ~"CJll00t 'lni" Eu"' pe - bearing his ,li"in",i,,, 'AD ' mOfl()gr'm

of the No<thern Rcn.iss; roce. lie <':tme - ~nd his bme ""1< ~s"ur"] when:wr he went.

from Nuremberg, usefully si,ua,ed Dc'pin: c'."phining ,h .. oill"inting n)()k

halfy,'ay b<~ween 'he Nt~herlands and Italr, up "".e time than it ,,-!S financiaDy wonh ,

which ""a hied him n) ,,,,,,d with east: in eithe, D~,er p,in,ed nume",uS altarpieces .nd

di n:",io.,. The notio., of 'R""aiss; nCt: ,," n' pom.its. I n time, he .Died him«:lf to 'he ideas

appealed to Diirer, who«: self- ronn it< - a n...... or the Rd'>nllatio." and ,ht" n: ,,"1< • blcn,ling of ide. in it«:lf _ stamped his image on the northern n:ali>1" ... ith the Rt",,,issan«: ,isio.,.

d""ciol"ng Eun1,ean tndi,io., . ])jj,er ronse"'ed his wo< b On I"P'-""

After. "i";t to \h,i«: in 1494, he <"'"ain,,1 , .. ,,<~imcs ,b«>] and en"Il with no.es on ,he

in N un:m herg fo.- ,he nex' ,en l 'cars, busr suhjtcr_m.tter. Il is wo"l. h:t"e su"i,,,d 'c..>, in

p<odocing woodcuts and engr"'in gs ,h.. letters and ,~aries, and al,,) in the Cour" "" tb, An

mark,,] him .s o.,e of the mai'. p<in'mak ... rs of <! ,u,,,,w-ing, OllC of the fir'" b,.,1o; on the use of

all 'ime. Il is I. ints wen: disrrihu,,,1 ,hroughout ,,"th''','''ics in ar~ • tlUl: Renai"'an«: ""ic.

Fou r Ilo"",men of the Af><>"" IYf><C (/498) Diir.,. uali~ro ,ba' prin" malk bi, art ",·"ila"" IlJ tb, "·ilk,, pos,i"" public

and biud an agmt to ,,/I limn in Ib, ftUfT and marhn- <! EUfiJ/,,_

T he Apoc.lypse ,,'a, Diir<r', ,ar/i", majJr =-i", illl<51nlring !b, Hook uf R",'ch tion ,,·itb Ib, Scrip"''' .., !Il< Fr.·",,_ Hi, imnpr'Uliion <! tb, four oon,m<N _ Ji -aT, P"",ilU. P"ri/",,, and D<atb _ bal nrt-n" h<m ""P"",d

''''

1866-68

1869

IS7f

1876

1881

1882

1886

1889

1887_99

1916

THOMAS EAKIN S

B()rn in

PbiaJdpbia, "'" of a "am.,.

Srudi" at L' Erd, d" B,tlllr-Ant, Parin",tkr Gm,,",

SfUJi" prj,.",/y ""tNr BOOrlll!

Vi,;" S" .. ,O. PainlT T hcG,,,,,s Clinic

Cmtmnial E.rporiti()n, PhiJaddpbia

ill"" fotu" ,;,if SUSiln M"al,,;:dl, kg;'" ""thing ill Pmnryi:-lmia Aaltk1l1jofFin. A"

Buy, jim camnu

Mad. Dim:",r. P"''''y/,'anja AcatN"'y,,/fln< Artfand Pn/<D<Jr o/Paiming

R";gII! from Aallk",y""" rlwl< hfr "'{JIM C(Jiltrot''''Y

Pail", ' inc Agn ...... Clinic

M",." to Nortb Dahl'a

OJ,, in Pbilatklpbia

The Fainnm Roge rs Four_ in _hmd (d","il) (/879) Tb, p",i,i"", "f,b. /'K' of rb, four-in-hand ilY' CIllcul"ud by EnJdm fro", Ib, puhli,b,d ," of Mttybrid§)- Ix",< p/Mtoffapbr tbat b. ",,:rud Enkim', patron, P"irman RiJgn' "'aT

m!b<=d tmd im'j"d Mttybridg, '0 gh" """' 1«11"." in Pbimddpbia. Afrr-.::ardr, ,b, Unn',.,-riry" Pmruyi:-ania «(J"'TIK,d ;\luyi>rit/g, to a",tin", bi! ", ... J. tb.,.,

Lea<ling Amcric~n Rc:llist , Thomos

E~kins t",in"l in Eu", p" in the Ia", 1860s hut ,tid no. ,'rn'ure ~hr'"td again.

lie w .. s inlL"n,i,cly o,,,,upi,,] fo. a d=de fr' . l1

1876, tcaching. t the PcnIlSJi,'.ni:t Ac:ld"",), of Fine Ans, Ia",r bec<Mlling ",,,,,,II Dirccto ...

E.kins was harshly cri.ici",] during his

tCJlurc fo .. his inm"'",i,,, .eaching m .... hods. lie

in.>i"ed i. ".,,, 1><:<. ~Jr his srudents tt, wo .. k fr,."

from dissectinn: .nd to oh"'n'e moti,., I",

w.tching a.hletics. He want"l.h<"Jl' to describe

rcalitl' without .he int""""ntion of """,kmic or

foshion.ble li>rmulas. This appruach , he

helie,,,d, led .n 'rti" di rcct]l' nJ the interior

rc:llities nf hum.n ch"'''''ter, Con.«:q""ndl" a

the sitte r. Eakins p,id highll' for his

rc.'olutioMI)' principles. lie w.s forced to

rc';gn fro", the Ac:ld""l' in 1 886 for Ilrest".ing

a "'JI"I~c",ll' naked m .. le mudd to • mixed·

gend"r life class. Fru", the 188(1s, E.kins worled wi.h

I"'otography, OS insp',...;nn , OS.n an ~ln" , and

li>r .",<ing project"l images Onto L'annS, ,\ 10"

importantly. he ,upLTl'i",d • 11<'*'" for the

imprOl"d c:lmcr~ in colhl. "a.inn wi.h

Eadwcard Mu}' llridgc, who pion""rcd motion

picbJrc<, Ill' mc:lllS of a re",l,ing did Ol"r the

lens, i. made """",I exp'.<; ures On a single dry

I~a"' , thc rc b)' rc"" .. ding "'qumti .. 1 im.ges of

athk~es in action,

p<.O".",it should h" p"n .... nting, not nat",ring, E~kins's compo';te pl.tc< insp,rcd

ahh,.,gh i. should ne",.. sacrifice the dignitl' of D""han~"s N!Uk iJ<Jcmding a Srairam,

The Agnew Clini c (/889) Tbis bu!(' pitm" Il"'-' 'Il< Pmmyk'ania IJni,.",ity ,",ditM mmm" a p<K'nli,

botb if ,b,ir miring prifmvr (I'fi) and if ,b",,,,h',, at tb, __ giwl tb,a'u audimt<. But til< ttlbjm oi,"artm(J"'Y "' ... d",",d 'rl<Jt cb«rfol for ladi" t.

look at' and it "'aJ bamd from ,b, I'mmyk'ania A",dnIlY J/xm,. 711, "",* tont;n"" to "" d,ba", cbi<jly .'~r tb, JUUM ;,"plicatio"" ,,·bitb WI"' bd;r.',

QT' "p,umJ by itJ acaptll1l" Jimply aJ a doc","mt illurrnlting til< (tbm) ",odn-n ,",diall proc,dur"oi """rnll<,ia and arlti"fHis

1774

1794-98

1798

I sor

1807

18 11

1816

I S18

1824

I SH

184 0

CASPAR DAVID FRIEDRICH

B()rn in

Gr.ifr.::ald, _" a "mdk-mu,,"

Srudi" at

AauN"'Y"/ C(Jp",bagm

S"r/" in Dr-rom

k'QTtkd pri=< by W,jmar h im,uof Ar'

B'g;'" ""rJ. in o#h

BrnJ,"" ,"",."y,,! B.,./in Aammry

Em", Dr,";'" Aallumy

ilIarri" GroIi", BiH","" in Dm'm

B""m" amn"", prof""'- III

O,-,mm A cadnny

Su/f"''' ,tr(Jil<

1m! "J1/1in"'~ to

"."'} in "pia and ,::aw"",,,,,,"

OJ,, in Om'll",

The Riescnge bi rge (/8](;-4) Pai~"J during a P"-'oJ a/bappy rrability in hi,lifo, f 'ri,dricb lolli, back .., il mountai" fOur k maa. ,,;:mtY:1"'" ,,,rli" and rrnJlk<n il

p"_ama "tranquiOiry. /-I.,., til< ,I:y m"" 'Il< bach"" in " bknd " "'fi pO(J>;) and '-;01." il m""d """,,lIT ,bat j, <rho.;! in ,Ii, ddica" cloud rrudi" aM'.

C "'I'" D.vid F ""I rich st"dic::d painting I'.-i'''tr ch"I"'!' Fri .. lrich'. I~ndscal'c ",·(..led the and "a'UNI hi"o. y in 0 ,1'''''ho gm but 'piri. of th< C rucifixion. Sh"dcd by his uS(: of.

""'''lUaliy ch"." w Ii,,, in Dn:«]cn, «:nllar Sttn< to conny a rdigiou. mes<:lge,

wh(.o;e bcau,iful ,urruw"~ngs i"' pi n:d so many «:,,,,,,1 critics wen' as fAr as =u>ing him of

of hi. mp~ic landscape •. Drcs<]cn w'" .Iso the <:Icrilege.

hub of ,he Ro m. ntic n_",:men' in G erma"}' "nd Althuugh Fri,,]rich 'ried hoth p(><O'.i, w(l<k

nOt onl)' did Friedrich m. kc 'he '''lu.intt".,c of ""d "rchitccture, he .Iw.y< rt: ,urned W

painter Philil" O no Runge, but also mct «:,,,,,,1 Ia nd«:apc<, where he could I" in' ruined

I)(lets the rt: , indu<~ng G:l<~he. churchcHnd ]onel)' figures in ,'.IS' 'l"'ccs, ofn: n

h >< nine ycars, he worked on ly in I",,,.,il or bathed in ~ sJ",bolic ligh~ Fri<>]rich ,ufti::rt:d.

"'pi" , his 'ul~ecrs rAnging fr<lOll "'''-'''''Ile' n, stru ke in 1835 .nd w"-' limited from ,hen

mountains, uften a' ttrttin ,imes of <hy or ()fl ,,-..rdsw"1,iasien::hesand,,-..,c,,:olours.ll;'

changcsof",,,-"'n.Aswi,chn, oi lpaintsh<_"t"] immedi.,c innuentt ,,-..s confin<>] w. fcw

his <:rca';"i,y and in I 807 he cau,,-,] a "'n<:l,ion Students, hut his "'ork " .... rt:(li",(,,'er,,] ., the

with Crarr in tb, ;\Iountaim. Design"] f(l< a <:ndufthcc<"Tl'ury.

W~n.lcrcr Aoo,'c the Sea of Fog (IS/8) "TN ,::iJd_baimJ. wlitary jigur' i, Fri"Jricb bi,""lf .:IM, in ,babaracur of

rb, mmd"" ~ Ix"",d and ;rid: in band ~ b", dimbd an," a rod":! p'ak

abot" til< ,"otu/tIlin mim. Only a ,bon '''"' ab,ad </ tb, Ammtll1l 'mbJnn' arrim. f"ri,dricb bar io",,,d bi, God in N",u,," 711, ",t",,,,

",ntnm h<ram til< a'nrk rod: and ,il< rt::irling "'bi" fog mak" tbi< qui" an /tt:.."",", pru'fWt for tb, t'in:.", /lJ" ,,"<II

1727

1740-4f

174 6

IHO

17f1

1760

1768

1774

1777

1781

1784

1788

THOMAS GAINSBOROUGH

B()rR in SUtlbury. ron"f a ,!JIb,.,. and a painu,.

Sm' '" Londikl 1lJ

ftllllyart. "'"nli" ,-lITi" '" rt Illlj"" ''''/mJing mgrtn·.,-rand

Jur"1"'inr<n

ilIarri" b,;,-", ilIarK"'rn BIl" and w,· up r1Iuli. in Ipndtb

Binh </ daugbu,. Mary

Binh" dnugb,,.,. Marga'"

Family,"""" to Ba,b for por<raj, co,",";"i.",

Potu/ding ,"nn,," ofLmdonl fillyal A au/",'Y

P"mily ,"0'..,' to L(J(IOOR

B'KinJ ""'"<rotl! c(J",mirriOTlf for tb, royal family

Toun LtJ:, Dirtri". Fi,i" A",t.""1'

R<tim frum AcatkmYllfrr dj"'gr"'f'''''' .t~r banging

OJ''''!,Il,,,,,-in L""don

The Ib .... ·est Wagon (1 767) C(Jnfi",d to t(f"~'1I, GainrlxirlJUgb </tnt drn;, cantliN,! ,"oiM /lllItkap<>", lip in hi, ,,,,di .. /-I , c"m, '" Ilppr«illU Ruk", and 'k Duuh mll'u,-!- injl"n/a can '" d'UfUd b.,." in lb. jlumry"f /i", and ,b, "al, </ til. h«d! IT"" Th, group an 'Il< can '""1 h< /mud OR Rahm, D"se<:nt from the ems<

T hom'" Cain,l,oruugh,.."lS a f()un<~ng ]" jming to 1',J<tr.its and hit upon the hapI'''

memhe, of Lon(k,n's Ro),al Academ)" ",,,~,in,,ion of po'ing dientS on thei, ""mtry togethe, ",ith Josh ... Rqr.,lds, Both CStt"'S, ",hieh also .lIowed him to ,iew thei, an

we,e ,c"""plished po"nit p.inters hut ",lIccrions,

Re),nold. mo(lelled himself on Rcm l>r. ndt, C .. ins homugh'. "",, 'e to London in 1774

whe,eos ('.:t in.horough , h1l;n g fi,st ,tudied ottrlC",d the attention of C"'0'W lll. Liking hi.

W~tt.,.~ u and V.n Rui"hd , h"'" me • <1 .... liC1"'d info,m.lity .nd "!(JlY s}"np"hics in ",!ual

admi n:, ofV~n D)d. mC1Sure, the king a.ked him n, p.int the my:il

Like m. ny ani"s, G ain,b.:)(ough su!:."ined t.mily, I'l'p.<sing the officio I Coun p.in"" wI-.:,

to the t),"UHl}, of soeiety p()(tnitu",. ! Ie wrote hap pened n, heJoshu. RLynolds. The old ri,'al.

to. friend who,", "ife's ponrait he had .hady were « ..... 'neil .... l" G.in,huruugh's final illne~,

bcglD1: '! ha,,, no OftL'TlCf l" omi",<1 myself the ",hen he famously cried fro", hi. 1,,,1: 'We.n:

Pleosu", uf sitting down tt, [fini'h ] it hut S<JI"e all going to Hea"en and Van D}'d is of

c()n~"md,,1 ugly <TC1OJ '" ()( ",her ha,'e p(,,'d the c(."p.ny.' thei, ! leads in my w'1yand hind",d me',

No wonder he .. 'os in demand, his «,,,a,lahlc .hili'}' to ""hie,,,, a lilene,,> with

'pon"'nei,}' and fn:shncs. h.d httn legcr>da,y since I. ,}'hood. Funhe,m"'e , G ain,l)()ruugh

",uld "'n(Ie, an)' "'Xlure of fuh,ic , fmm muslin

to s"in. IlowL~'cr, he >tiD pn:h::rr<>1 bnd'C1pe

The Bl ue Boy (l ITO) Th< boy ir Joolltb"" Burrall, til< ",n" a frimd"f

,b, anir" By drming bim in Q rui, """in, GIlinrlxirollgb i, P"Ying bomllg' to lim Oyd:; and

by muing ir a ,ui, "hi"" b, i, cbaOmging Rry""Id, ':.'00, in OM "bi, di"",,,ur, dmllud rba!

'Ib, main ma«" a pictttr, "",Id not Iv hi",'

1848

186f

1872

1871

1874

1876

188f_88

1887

1888

1889

1891

189J

1894

190/

190J

PAUL GAUGUIN

B()rn in Pari" JOn afaFmlm journali)1

Pari, ItocH1raiur

Marri" M"". G",

Vi,i" jim Impr",.milt ,,,,bibition

A'''puJ at Pari, Salon

S'fJ/lr"u~ from ';:if' ImJ ,bi/drm. j oint ",lollY in Pont _A,.m, muff Emil, &rnarJ

Trtr.-,/J to PilrIIlm" and Martini,!,,'

I"Ari<n:,itb Jim Gogb

ViritJ IJniuna/ Exbibition, Pari,

Sai, to Tabi,i

R""",, to Fmn ..

R""",, to Tabi,i

Poor and ,id:, ma'~, to Hit-a_Oa, Mar'l"'=

Di" in ilia"!"'",, biamk

LondSC"~fM" Pont _Awn (/886) Til< IlTtim' tol(/fIy in Pon,_A,"", raJ1;:il= GiWguin Jim ,rid going nam-., r,aring a Ji,b<r1l1iD1" ''mad: and dog" 711, Br"WI ''''mmmiry r .... oomi"J by ,b, anim f()r itJ folk traJi,i""" ,;,bid! in m.;,. t,m Ji",,,, .. J it fi"w" tlrbiDJ torruption

In 1S89, Paul Gauguin ,,""al,ady nthe,an

exotic figure. I'a" of his childh,. ,d ,,""

'I"':'" in Lim. with hi. P'''''''ian mO. her

and he had als() .,."cll,,] widdy in the n:lll"" nd

on busines<. Ila.,,",,,,, hi. q""'" ~>< an ,-:tnh~'

111ndi«: :i<'b..<tl~· hep> ., the Uni,,:ys,,1 hIla,; tiof)

in Pa .... , wh= the d;';l~ay uf. I"~p":,,ian ,iD.go::

i"'I';"'] him n) ","ch bL),,,,d the an;'ts' coianiel

he had ""P'."ri""",-,] in ]inn"".

Sculpting and carving wcre Gauguin:'

eariiest artistic outletS. \\r,th the

these in"'nse nCW .nag<:< ~,ur,,] • mariet and Gauguin ,,-:t •• ble ~l finance hi. fi,st trip to

Tahiti in 1891 , w~h ano. her in 1894. l lccnd,,<]

his days in the ,\1a,'JUcsas, where he had """'<"<1

to ",'oid thc twin contr<~. of gOlcrnment

h.m,au<:1":l.C)· a"d the m;';si,,,,. riel ,'" Tahiri. 'He

,,"". I .. g.n and he saw nHun: with the eycs uf.

111g;.n ' sa id Lc Moine" fi::llow exp1tria",.

C .. uguin'S final yC:t1'S "Crt, a loog, dnwn-ou t

stTUgglc with alcoh,~ i'm and the effectS of sy philis, relie,'cd only by .df_administered

en<"<lu"'gcment of l'i'<:I "o - hut al .. ,~ Ulcly ""><Ilh ine. Rut it ,,-:t. the urge to paint that k'l" non/: &,. n his own family _ 111inting '-"'>ahl,,] him ali,'c .nd ,,",,-< all that he li,'<"<] ~,,": 'My

him to take ,,,n of himself in ,ciation to. a,tistic cenb"e is in my bnin , ""where else:

lengthy western t",dition and to ,un ]i(lilowing hi. dC:tth , G.uguin anained hLT,';c

I",,,"""ing hi. own unique "isi,,,, . ]ionun. ",Iy, ''"tUS in the C)'e. of Germa n EX)JJ",si,,,, i,,,,.

Contcs Bu t..rcs (pri",i,;'·, Tal .. ) 1902

'!Our m'ili=ation i, YO'''' Ji""",. my barlmri,,,, i, my rrnorari<Jtl to b,al,b, I "'" a """fl'. ' Gauguin', boM, non_narum/is'i, ftyl' ,"'()hm ,;:bi/, t."<1rking

,;:itb J"n GGgb" frimd. E",il< Bff"rIIlrd. Strong J.",rurit. .. lin" and /la', brigbt ",lotlrt1:.·"" impiuJ by rimp', t."(JOO<tltJ and Japan", prin"

1f9J

/6/2_IJ

1616

1621

1622

/623_J8

16J8-41

1642

16f2

ARTEMISIA GENTILESCHI

B()rn in R_" Jaugbu,. <I anin Q",;;i. Gm,i/,«bi

Rap<d by WWr A;~Jftin. T=i During and 4"'-rap' rrja~ painn-Judith and llolof<-rncs Mamn painur Pim""",,;. Sri",,,,;, Thry '".t~ to Norma '/):b= daugbur Prudmtia j, ko-n

II-<.o-hat Nor"'" Aau/",'Y of Art and IJ<,ign, INc"",,, flm ';:",nan 1n''''Nr

Mo,." t. G""'a ,'ia Ro,",

Painlf =onJ

'-<Trion " Sus:mnah and the Eldc".. {{",.n.., <(J,","imam in 1m;"" ;\/",,, Iim ,~.

m ... .h in ROln" ,,,,,,ram fyom bu>hmld and m""" on to N"Ph

Engagro at Eng!~-b C(Jun of Cbar/,sl

L,at~J England at C;,-;I Jlh R"unIJ '" Napl"

Di"i" NapJ"

S"s:lIln.oh ~n.OJ the E lders (1622) 0", "&mih,,bj', /,= ""/",, 1m! mort mlll.-ing ;magn S"",,,,,,,b j, d<picud aT til< ,';tri", of um::llt",d a"""i(kl ralIm- lbll1l frwn IN paint of ,-in;, </ a puping Tllm

A n ... ",isi. Gcn'ileschi's carlr <,h.,.,ion her tUlU.- Ag".tino Ti<Si. lIe' r .. h ..... ,,,,,I .nd c<,.,sistrd <"fl'i",ly of p,inting, in focr ,herc ~Jllowed a sCl'en_mon,h trial. during

'he couldn't rcad 0< write u"til she ,,"1< ",hieh Gen'il eschi was accused of being

an ",Iuk. She studi,,1 initially ",ith her pain'er p". "i,",uo" s , subiected '" intim.,e

fa,her and in ,h" way >he met c.. r~,".oggio, eDmina,ion, and ,hen tonured ",ith

",hose chia""",,uro "ylc ."p"".",,1 her S<J much ,humooat:ws ",hile gi"ing ""ide,",e. "Iits,; ,,"1<

'h" >he w:lS dnwn to Ihro"ue d"m' and imp''''lfled Ii,,;ust one J'car.

cxp",ss;i"::ness. She ""1< her own "".leI ~"her After ,h" humili'tion. ('.entiIL""'hi " .. ",,,1

firSt ,-cr';"" of Swarmah and ,b, EM"" l"in,,,1 ''''''her p,inter, l~cranton~J Stiancsi, and the

when >he ,,"1< "" Iy • .::.'en'CCn. I"ir """cd nJ I~on::""". T hey both """,,,I., the

Hut., nir.ct<"t:n , ('.entilesehi "",-< "ped I".' Ae"lcmy of An and Design , when: GrntilL"",hi

h..,.",,, ,hc fir>t offici.l ""lttt:ln "'~"~>et,

>Uj'lu..,d I".' h<'f p"'u,. Cu,;",oll dc' ,\1"lici. G.,,,il ... ,,,dli " .... h.ilcd ••• lI"nius ."d r<~

f""lu''tttlr decricd. bccIOIse she I'0Sjesscd • cr< ... Ii"e ,.k,,, 1",lie .... I!<J be cxd,~i'clJ' ""Ie. h.ru",,"'}'. this did n"t s,' ~, he, I",,,b,eing "'"ri,", (If ker i"'I"Jrt.nce .nd c'cn g,ining 1",,,,n.lI" ft.." Ch .. lc~ 1 <of Eng"nd. Rc<,,'" ",-'hol'Mil' h;l'S d .. d,,,,d th.t Gcnrilcschi ,,~

n .. "",,,,Ir '. goo.! "u",.n I'.inl<'f· hut unc <If ,he " .. jo, ,i .... 1 think" ... oihcrcn.

Judith a"d ll"lofemcs (/6/2- 2/) IIlunTtning tM d«IZpitlllian rf ,b, A",r;,m "fIP"=r 11.lof ...... ' by 1M J,,::ub btnJiM Juditb. tbi, i,. pl1lJ.·trfid 'Xf"'mian rflb.mini "",n Nn",iana/lurmoi/. Th< "ali"" and "''''Halk ,bi_ruro ""ily "'IZub

Cartn·IZKKi. or Rnbmt. ,,,,,,i/,,,bi pttinltd fn', OIMr , • ..rno.u; i, ".",. Ibm" ,ba' pttrtimlarly "pp<al.d .. 'M H!I'rolir/6 "'bo " ...... oft." I/" .. alm,d by

m!l't fJ'f/"rifuJ ''''''J, f 'or 'M ar,in. i, ".,., /til dDi"HII,ian rf ,btltrr"fl"b.f wmro in dlll:indt rf al"'rrtil]

1791 B()rn in R(Jam

1812 PainlT O fr",.,- of ,hellussars

1814 Pai",,"!ne \ \\)und,,1 Cuirassier

1816-18 Vi,;" lurly

1819 PainlT T he Raft of the ,\ 1"lusa ,::in; goM m,dal a' Salm

1820-22 Vi,;" England

1822_2) Pain" f"'''rai" a' LA Salpiwi"',

1824 /)j" in R(Jam foUo,;:ing a fall from a 00"-'

The M.d"o"",n, the ' llf en. of S. 1fM'tri~re' (/822_J) IVbil,1 in Eng/mid, Giri"lU}' bwJ mad, rrudi"of rb, f"''''rty and mimy to Iv found on rb, ITTWr </ l.iJndikl, In til< Tim" ,-,in, on bi, rmun to

Pari!, b, ,',i"d LA Salpi,,.;,,., an irlJllrl< wyilnn, ,;:b.,., b, math f"'",ailTOftll< inmllt" in a <"'"pamona" atmnpt to "'pttlr, and andn-;rmld ,b, !mag' of mmtal illn",

Within. short lik , T hcodo re The lik..gz.cd iI/,,,,,,,, is. highly charg,,<1

(~ric.uh 'trongly inAut'flttd his wo.- k th., mix'" Rcal;;m and R'M n'n,ici'm. It friend Del:>e rou. , and lef, a ",en, On .1l()w in LJn'~Jn , dnwing hug.: crowds

.uh""'n,ial mark On Europcan p.in,ing. ~"si_. months. Regrctttl~y, ('.I'ricault p,in,,,1

Gcric.uh and Ddacro;x w<Te bo,h pupa. of his "~nll ,brl tone< with hi ,wllen -. """,mn

Guo'rin and ,,~ J.I)(lfa,,-,1 on the litmo .. " ""ft </ ,b, mi'tt kc., ,he time th., r",ullS in <b rkening and

iI/,d=: Dc:bcro;x 1_"ing:lS 0.--.:: of the ,icbms. contrlCtion Crleling - and 'he Cinl'a< is now '0' GeriCiuh snrdi,,1 " '-l'scs and in'e"ie",,,1 fragile to lcaw the WUlTe.

,urvi""s in (",Ier to repn)(rutt 'he hOIT<lfS o f Gericiult wiS .n arden' admirer of 'he

the M,dusa, T he I"'inting w.s. Ilfo,,,,, apinS! English school. whe re 'c<~our and effeet • re

'he Fre nch gmcmmt'fl,'u"""p",d ",,,'<T_UP of undn .. m d and kh ', and spcnt 'wo l'ears in

'he ", reeled frig:< ",'. true f.te, The Cip'ain had England whe re he pf<)(ruced lithog" phs,

ru' I 50 p':<JI~e adrift On' m.keshift ",f .. and 'he w"<T",)I()I] rs, and .. "di", of t'lCc h",;e" which

fifteen suni,'or< h.d had to r"" lf ' to nwrder he l<ncd. Unfo<t un.,cly, l>1ck in F".nre, it "-'05' and <'annib.li'm n) Sttr ali,c . riding .cciden, ,ha' Ci us,,1 his earlr dea,h .

Officer o f the I I uS""",, (18 12) Girieau},'nJrt"fJrion 10 bonu and racing gilt·, bim an "","ing 'Y' for Ib,

ani,"aIl1i", and ,,,,,,.nnml, and i" po;;:" ic nnpbllJi=,d "'m mo" in rbi, pitlUr' by rh< iropard. ,J:in ITrapp<d ;"",,,rb Ib, mddk, Th, rid.,. r-dml. [ac,

rb, ,.j"'"ff as bi, bor" rwbn ",,::anh rb, "noJ:, and fimn'I if bo"/, , Tb, romposition uw/h Ib, t'if~"'r.[Rubmt· boU/Hnd bu",ing ""'n

1267

1277

"'" I JOf...(J6

HII_ 20(')

H21_ JO(,)

H J4

IHf_J6

IH7

GIOTIO DI BONDONE

B()rn in

J'<'pignaniJ

R,!,,,,,dJy dj,..,~,.d by CimaM«

Ji'(..-h in Rom, "" fr"'" for u,tmm Pa/a"

Pai"IT fr'"'''' in A"TIIl Cb"Pd, Pat/,,,,

Paint; fr'xot!, in Ani,. Pad"" and Rim;,,;

W..-h in Flor",,,

App"inud "rchir-a and mll'U" </ ,,· ... h for catb.dr"i and dry "f H.-rna

II-"'h in Milan

OJ,, in Norma

J esus Befo re the I ligh Pries, Co if.h:as (/ ]()5...()6) &Jut" JlnJ~ AI'''''' Chap,l Pamm Cio,," ,"ak~ tb, /va",d "ihng .!C"ipb",' .b"lnM" /0"'" hh tb, lid <fa JtrongNr, it iJ "b";otlJ rb.,., i, TIll ""'p'. So ,"IIch IICt,,"iry jmt/" for TfHK' ,bat j, ,u" a ,"",,,m' to pick aut J"w' «Jrr""-fiJ glana w'::ltrtU a half­

bidtlm P'''r. ';:00 bilJ jurt ikni,d king on< if hi, JiKipJ"

C im~t."" ''l,u"",Hr (lisco", .. "j Cion)

H • shcl'hcllf hor ." ... ,ching the picture or" sJ,ttp on a rc.::l. Fro", thm

on , ... <Stem an f(~ I()w,,1 a nL'W "'''',S<:, l nc Ix"..

prob,blr ",orkcd first on mos.i", in the

Flo.-cn,inc Rap''''''!'r hc~"c his intere'ts sl>rc:td to p,inting , sculpt un: .nd ",chi",crurc. G~",,,

b"",,": ~ sut""",ful bU)ine"'11l'n tm, running.

bU)r wo.- bh"p and suw"r ting cight child'L-n.

II"wner ~ P""' P<:l'<)US 0' not ~ Giotto's

c"ntribution would h,,'c hrtn in)l"c,->ul'1ble.

Ilis ""tS"", Gmahuc had worled to ''1",:srnt

for m in its own Sl"'rt, hut it "'.,,, G iotto wh"

finallr disca,ded 1IJ".:tntinc t",dition and , in

imi .. tion of nol""ly, t"ok the 1"l<trar,,1 of humanitr n) nCw b,cls, There isan .utho::nticitr

of <:xp n:",ion in the L'Yes of his figures and e,,:'}'

g>'stun: is c"",,,inci"g heco.u><:: ,ul bodies inha hit th<;, clothing.

It ":'::mS no cxP""-'" ...... 'pam] with c""lr

ultrlmarine pigment ~" I",inting the A,m'

Cha pel in I'.du., T he glo'ious blue 10""

in'pitt,II',ou" to describt: the effi:cr as 'l'1diant

,hr ', T here i. s<' much of the outdoors in

Giott" 's worl th., it wou ld he 'urpri'ing if he

had not 'l'mt his childh,..,d in the c<"'nt,}"Side,

And he makes uS f<..:1 th<TC is such :t thing 1<

innc:, 'P""" toO, WC an: cnc:ou rJgt'] to n:sl"")(]

cmotionallr to Cl'C'y d"",il of his dr:tmatic

na"atilt:.

Giotto p,,><::d on hi. ma"c,y of fn:sc<,

I'" inting '~"""tlJ' to his pupil., Almo" • centurr Ioter, his W'l<k in'pi n:d M:&S. ccio and I.,c, still ,

,\ Iiehd.ngclo "' .... ],." ystudring his leper,

The Resurrection ofL .. ",rus (/ J05-06) N"nb 11':';1, Arma Cbapd, Padua

u,,,,,r"', rb. brorbn </Marrba and Mary; bal km thud fo1lr day_ Hi! Ji"," ba'" ,;:i"ly ro,'".d tb." """rand m(j",b,t·bik til< t,,"nb it of""'d aAd J"'"

mir",u}"",1y '",,0= bim '" liF Gi",,,, bal pJa"d J"'" aAd lA""rn, in nub Q

"'''Y ilJ '" mirror .",b (j'b.r, rb. m"YlK' king tbat kfir. J.mgJ.m,t·iU di.

and tmthrgo il """",,,il,, "'"

l77f

1789

1794-

1796

1799

1800

1801

IS02

THOMAS GIRTIN

B()rR in /.imdoo, RlR of" brwb,",,*.,.

Apprm!j"d '" Ed,;,ard /Jay"

Firn ,,,bibir;",, III RopIAc,.,}""y-LondtJR min' in LondtJn ,;,i,}' Turrur for fJIllTllll TbmnaTiUo"",

Pint im/'P'ndmt

'"'''" tritbin Britain

A"md, {ftTt ,"",ing </ Shubing SOC;",!

ilIarri" ;\/ary Ann BOrT'"

Binb</_ Thoma, ellk-.,-,

Opmingof E i<~) Illet ,,,pol is. OJ''"f artb,"" in L(J(IOOR

The Tithe B3m. AhbotdlUry (1797) Girt;', aftm tinud ,b, ,hub" tbill b, moo, in til<"pm air, IlJrbcugb b, ",,,ally limi"d bi"",li'o r~'O or 1M" c%un. Mllny form,d tb. harr,,, finj,b.d ;;:aurro/()Ur1/mt, '" tb. ,igTlllrur. b", rugg'ITT, hi, "PU,,,riM ,"'''lit ,b", ",Ii",,,,rr t. .... '" ,;:il/ing to Imy bi, ,h,dm too

T homos Girtin m.ried a high ]",; n, in the Engli'h schm] of iandsCl.l'c

"'"1"'n:(~()uri".<. In his day. his ",,,rl was al,..,,)"s oollll"mi with ,h., ,,( Turner. the

ConsenSus being th .. T um..... Iohourcd

iustifi.l~r to I'<oduct: a Ilene.- fini,h . bUl tI,., Ginin's '<b ring and I;g""'u, en'CUtion' ,,,'''' an

indication of I\"nius.

If",m. It ,,-as. m<."Chanical tasl but both ,,,ung

m<"n ",in,,1 much fnll" it. ,\lomu's Lon<kln

hous<: ,,-as a mc<~ing pb<:<: ~"artists nJ " o .. k,

study .nd " ",iali",. From these gatherings,

pnJfessional societies "ere Set up and

exhibition< o .. g;.niu:d.

A hul\" oil"p,inted pmo""", of Lln(kln,

""lied the Eioo'"""'I"'I1" p""id,,1 G irtin with G irtin learned to dn,.. .nd colour his higg<:<t ch.llmge: he co", ... ,,1 181 squa re

tOI",graphi",,1 and architectural liL''''s as an , .. "Is of Cam .. S first with a dettiled graphite

app", ,,,i<:<:. Often. this m""nt -"",king up' &,." dn",ing and the::n colour ,ketches, nl regulariu:

another ani«'s slctch. Nor ,,-as it unusual~" light and ",cather cl"li::ctS On the " ", ,,,II lie,...

twO ani,,,, to mgagt: On the same p'e<:<:. In the:: Gir tin cunducted an open air Stu<~o as he

mid-1790s G irrin and Turner "cre ""plo)'ed "'o( k,,1 up and (k,wn llri .. in (Cotman he""me

tog<~her by. I"trun , Th'M nas ,\ lonro. Girrin one of his pup' Is) e",uring that he p"1S8,,1 on his

drew the outiines from ,ketches by the kn<",'ledge he~, ,,, his untimely death • t the 'b'"

Iand"", p'« J.R. COl.<."T)S, and Turner c,~our,,1 oftwe",y-sL~'m .

Durh:am C. thed r.1 and Bridge (1799) Vi",~ "Bri,ain t.....,-, moo P"""mr ,":hil, Ih, tear teith Prima p"t~n"d

"'ntinn/tal ,,,,,-.I. I, ';:M air" ",,,,id,,,d fH"rim'c for 'Il< "',al,by '" c""",,,imM pit_a" ,h,ir "'::n national mM"'","D,

Cir,in trould manipum" rb.ligbt '0 nul:, any mood "quiml, from rt"rmy to tranquil. H, u 'JoJuti<niud til< urlmiqu' of ,;:aurro/o tlr by """i,,ing umkrpainting and applying "'/otlrT dirw/y '" th, pap". Sp«illiJ1

pap"''''''' rat'< trlId ar,im teould paint M all kirttlr. Canridg', for ,ramp!.. tear likd for itJ rough "rrur,,. i"original P"'P"" "'at, "f courr., for

rontaining gunp"';:J.r

FRANCISCO GOYA

1746 B()rn in

Fum;J",x/"" "'" if a giltkr

17f9 Srut/i,um IInMr LuZJin in Samg""'"

176J_66

1771

1774

1780-84

1789

1792_91

/ 808_14

1814

18 19

1821_24

1828

Ji'(..-h ;n ",di. of Cour, /",;"r.r Bay'"

In Madrid, painting r"Pm'Y carro,"" for Royal Pilct<ry

E/""d '" f&JyaJ AGliumy of San PnTllltloo

BrnJ,"" COUrt

pain" .. ro Chari" IV ofSpai"

Sr.',,", ilbw"

I'Q'~I p""""""" d,aj,""

Nap«ro"ic im·",jon if Spain. PainIT ""nrll;' if 1I';'lling"'"

Paimfamjlicr in The Second of M ay. I 808 and T he l"hird of ,\hy. 1808

iII",." to 00"'" (JutJi/, Madrid. paintr iliad ],.inting>

L"" ~T~pa;n ,;:bm rmiKtl!;on if P",Jilllmd I'll "ruin in p'n""~'(JfI

SOlum De.'ouring hi . Sons (1819-21) In 1 S 19, Gtlya mUilud ro a J(J/i'ary boo" "",rid< Mat/rid l."b,,", Iv fill,d til< ",alIT ,;.'irb hi, Black ]'. jilting<, tb,!art and darhn prod"", </ a bau"ud gmilU. Saturn i, om "f,b. '"115t

b(JITifying pictur« n -.,- painuti, Jla""ting tb. '<n!binJ:ahJ, «IT </ infamritk and amnilmb',,", ),' Go)" 'r J(KI Jat-i.,. Tilid bi, fatb.,. amin.',d p"'" through '''P"mng bi! lmn1 fiaIT in paintingf fbat h< could confront daily

F ... roti,co Goy. i< the firSt gr-e .. I" inte,

of the nin{"temth <"<-"fltu,y, a '" ... I....-n'

",,'-<l1:r who has innucnco;l COunt Ie'" anistS. lie lin,1 in a ",,,,Iutio,,,,,y pL-r.,d . in

Sp,in. the least mlight<-"fled Eurupcan cou"t,y

at the time. 110,..""""-. Goya ,~d fi"d a lihe ... l_ min,k:d f,crion in Mad'id. ,..ho ,b,ed to

criticize the ",,.bli<hmcnt. I t .,"1S in ,\ tadrid too

th .. he crotoun l1:n:d the "",ks of "eLuque, .. lie orote dceb",d: 'I h,,'e h,d th",e ma>lerS.

Natu n:. \'elazq""<. ' nd Remhrandt.·

Rut Goy. could nenT just slot into the

Eu"~l"'n art rradition . his inn"flti,,:ne<s and

,bri ohsessions alw.ys ",t him ap.n. As one

",hob, w'ote: 'Tne dari""", in his wo. ks is th ..

of de'p.ir. .. tenifj.'ing. No m}'Stcri,." gte'm of

light ap pur< as a 'obce ..

CoOJ"i al,m'1Ched the hOff(,.-s of corruption

and injustice . not fru", an e"' pty_!!">luri ng.

1)(,litical angle but as an intuiti,'e ani" .

bcli""ing his i",,!!"s <"uld bring about a new

,,)( ... al underStt,..ling.

"Inc <ssenti,1 GO}~ en,erg,,1 through his

own I"'ysie:. I suffering: One wintcr in An,hlu,i,

hc fdlp "'Y"" terrifying illness, which left him deaf and k.ring ins:tnity. \\r,thou t this ,,,,lc.1.

hc m.y ne"" h,,'c ,1<-"pen,,1 Our "i,ion with

g n::at worb like Th, TbinJ of Mil)". I sas: Th,

,,,",,,,,ion"f 'k dif",tkrr" Madn'd: or with the

Blac1: PainrinW dauhcd in oi l I"int di n::<1ly on to

the pia" ..... ,,-,II. of his loneiy hous<:: .nd wi>:,le

,",rics of <1chings " ." ,li.nrrbing n, be I>ul>l ishcd

in his libime.

Ch,...les IV ofSrmn "ith F~ mily (/SOO) Thi, group fH!rtnlir, &arly i"'Pmd by J a"=q"'=' d'fJicrr a mad,' _

,b<Jugb far /nAn Ivaunf'" _ f"mily" 'k Ag' afEnh'gb''''m'''t. 'Tb, rorUt,. ba1:", and bi, ,::ift afur "'inning tb, kJ,,,'Y: a, ,b, <ririe Gautin­

lat'" d=rilvd rb"n, ,,'Ill" d1ini"ry iii" b<J", G"1a inwu/,d '" fH!rrril)" Cbarh I V and Maria !..JUra. A, ("Oilrt paint", biYapinionba, '" Iv

ddn-""d ,,·itb far ma," mb,l,ty, ,,·bieb i, "'by k ,it~ bi,""lf'prudmtly" in rb, road<ll:.~, rigullliing roa' b, t'in::, tb, trutb from tb, innth Oil'

H 4 1

I H7(1)

I f6f(1)

H70-76

H76

U77

H78

H79

/fRO

H86

H91 _ 160J

1614

EL GRECO (DOMENIKOS THEOTOKOPOULOS)

Born in Candia (""'" Hm,Hon)

Train, in a

'"""'1Jt<ry '" "" jron painu,-

Mo,",,-,.IMil<', irtflurn"d by 7l~'"n, Bam,,'" and nnw""'"

m..-h in Rom, ,;: it bGil , K" ill

"""'''. opmly mriii"" Micbdll1lg</o

Ma,...,.,. Madrid, hid [allY for royal parr"rIIlg'

M",." to Td,oo

Jmmirna';, /", CUrt"/H #..,- birth

'"""'Jorg' Manud

Pail", "inc E.'1>Oiio

Pbilip JJ , .. ",,,i,,,i()m ,\ lanp'!o", of St ,\huria: fir &:oriaJ

PainlJ til< Hurial of Count OrVz

Gaim Inilrly ClH",",'m'"", in

To/,do and Madril

OJ,, in 7iJkoo

£.. in, Loui~ IX of Fr. """ (1586 _94) l.iJui, IX, King </ hana, <::1lJ c,","nj~d in 1297.., tb. id,a/ Cbrim'an ,"""arm. EJ G,.,," pain,,'; him for Ib, C."",", Riformati<!1l ""."" AJtbGilgb til. [ac, it tnu/i,jonally r otlic ,;:itb high roukbowtand r1l1ring

dark 'Y", EJ Grrol pm= L()UiJ' body in 'k /a,bionabJ, ,bt-«-qtulr",. P"" and gil'" him lNautifoUy "prm;,~ band,-

When EI G ,tto the icm ,,,inter left point het"'r tI,.n ,\ Iichd. ngdo. I'roud and

Cn::te for Venice . he wos self ... ssLT,i,·e . he la' ..... h""ame emhmiled in <Xlfl fmntt:d _ quite lite,.,lIr _ I')' long.term lawsuits. "Inc nickname 'Gre<x,'

new IlCrSl'ecti,·es. His first major inflllCnCt: was irled him n", and he alwa)s sign"] his wo .. k

Tition: h."",o "".s another. Howe"". tht-rc Domenikos "Ineotok0i'0ulos in G red.

arc strong i ... ]ic:uions ,hat EI G n::co ""wllr S<Jl11etimes .d(~ng Kres ("Cretan'). wotied urHiLT Ti ntoretto . llo,h artists made Ne,,, nhdess. while in Rome he did c(lflsoli(bte

coml"",i,io",,1 ske,ches from clar Or ","<IX the 'e,;.,;enet: of llr,antiu",' ""i,h It.lian

S'atuetteS. artificiallr I it. And T intoretto's "'. nnetism. l ie C(. 11pn::""d 'poCt: and twistL']

inAuence shine, thmugh EJ G reco's Cbri" his f"<lns: he ""'r wdl ha,,, ,,«"<I len"" and

/)rit'ing til< Troo", F no" tb. T""pk. mirro<s to d""dop these effeCts.

In Rome. EI G rec() h.d little surcess. Ahl.:'ugh"I;,le(~,d"mond"dacoolerl"b",.

perh'I'" due tt, h ..... r ogant claim ,hot he could tho: "",,",: tt, Sp,in did not (~minish 1£1 G rt..::o's

rcligi .. "" ~n,t rny>Iical inlcnsi~·. ll~ ",ugh, ,he m'MMI .. r SI'.in·$ key C .. holi<: ci,)·. which

cng~ged "'i,h 'he C""n.e .... Rcfor" .. ,iu" 10)' im·e~ 'ing gen ... "usly in r<~igio"" ut. How

fonun',e ,h., 'he ~mn.li'y of SI,,"i>h .h>.picccs ofTered .. II. norro ... p.nel. 10

c<)ml~cmcn, ,he ~nist's dongotc<1 figu"'" EI G.oo,~ uni'lU" st)'lc h;,,1 no ~JII,,,,'e,," nd

" .. " di~g:",k,1 f,O' ce",uries. A group of on I",·c ••• cdisc,,,· ... td him in ,he nineK..,nth

""nlUIY, n"",h to m" ... lm;nl1;(., of "thers like DcJacl' ... i~ , Dcg"AS, ChaMe, Van Gugh

:m,! G:otJ guin.

\ r .. w of ,.,1""0 ( iJ"~iI) (1197-99) In rb. .,.cirn. ci.y o/wl«!>, immonBIi::.nl bur i~ .... _f,bt "lim tlt/iJ

""'rt iJf1lmarK lilmhm~ in rtflnw 1IrI, I'J C"tr_ fou'"". 'Y"'JW,btric cird, of in."I«.",,1 frimdu,"" PB'"", tlt/d buN,. p .. ji,<IhI", ......

1470(') B()rn M",bi, "',itbarth G(Jlbar' in Wt=burg

1480(') Apprm'i"d '" a gdd.J7lfi,b in StraJfuurg, /aur "-()rh in StNnga'u'-) m/dio in Cd",IU

1490--98 JI'<.o-h in BIlJ,1 at "-oot/m, illl_amy

I WI_21 Propri,mr if' "-()rhbop in S,lig""wd,

HOJ ERrlim }:TWt:;n "'or}:, ,\ locking of Christ

HII_26 m..-h", ",ttrtof ArchbisOOp if' Main"

1f12_1f Paint; lsenhci", Akarl', e"" for OOspiwl chapd if' S, Amhony ' iIIo""mry iR Aka"

HI4 ilIu". Dimr

1f2f Embra", Lutb<rinlf. C,,,,,, p"inting, Flut to Halk, tr..-h '" bydrauJi,mginur

1f2S Di" of ,b, pJagt« in Halk

C ru"; Ii- ion Is.,nhcim Altarpie"" (""nt,e I'0nd) (C,1 515) n", HO'Pj,all= ,a",d for rim"" if'incurabl, di",,,,, lik< St Ambooy" Fir, (<rg(JljJ7lf) arid rypbilit, III rbi, ,-il'illy mdi"i, imay rf un",,",wl, mY",m' and p"in t:"uJd bm', mi>t/, il ,onmiing lin}: "'''~''m LOri" arid ,bui,}:. Tb, ""rd,of 'Il< illJrrJ'ption .' 'H, ",U" i"""ill< but I ,""" d='ill<' ar. ,,,,pbari,,,d by tb, disproporri(}""U riZL' ofl"'" and ,ho<, gatb=d around rb,croJJ'

A " lfl ''''''I'''':'')' of Bosch, C r"""ch and Durer, G run<:w .. ld "m,jdcn:d hjs O"TI

"'I'UI:l,j(lfl se"lfl<hry n, the ,digioll<

and «rial mcs<:tgt: of his I",inting<.

F""" I 511, G runewald w"-< "'''l'lo),<,jllj-- 'hc

arehbisJ,(1" of ,\ binz H ,hcit Cour, I'" intet. It

was ,hc era of ,he Refo ... "a,i(lfl and the ani,,'.

>)'I"I',thie. "'all}' lay wi,h ,he I'"ltcstan' cause,

bu, hc ",'nag"j to hep his sc:er<~ until he

disclo",1 his SUI' '')(' li:.t the I'ea<:tn,'s R",-(~, in 1525. IIc was <~,]))iss,,1. 'nd ftu", ,h<J) On

e",hra""d Luthcris"" exchanging I',in,ing f()( •

ca",er:lS ~ hplraulic engin<..::r.

Gtiinc" ... ld is seen n()" .. (h)~ as 'he g"'''

I'",cur«" of ,wen,je,h..,en'ury GCIl,,'n EX])(cssi(lfli,,,, , but this w-iS not ",.Ii,-"d un,.it

,\I (.lerni,])) 1"'. "I'",<j • re""" .. lua,j"" of his work:tS .n .ltc.-n.,j,-c '" cla.';e.1 ide.li,,,,.

Grun< ...... ld hi",self did no' seek n, un"",::' any

grea' .,ti.tie ,ru,hs Or '0 h",.k new ground wi,h

his s,}-'Ic. Wh., he did w:lS lilt ,hc I'loin

undelS .. n<ling of ,hose sufl'etcrs and ,heit

carers wOO knd, in fi-(lfl' of ,hi: .11:1 IS ,h., hc h.d

<k:"" .. ",d. Iljs im.gt:s, wh<~her S<lrTo",fUl ( J<

'riu,,~,han' , ."d his extr1()« lin'ry use "f C(~our ,u,],:t<S thl: ne"j f( )( ",,,,ds.

S,oin, Anthony ofEgypt's Vi. i, IOS";nt P.~ul the Ilcnnit.

I"",h<;m AIt',],i""e (d"a;l) (" 151 5) Tbi, ,tory ,,'OuJd bm-, h«n fami/iar '" "'''Y''n, trOO prap in ,b, cbllfJ,lof

St Anthooy" H"'PiwU= in lI<nb,i1If, Tb, old bn7lfi, ,<II. ,b,ir p"tnJn ",i", about til< rm-m "-00 bas miraiUlo",ly frd bim ,,-itb balf a I""f ofbr.ad " '''7

day for rixty pan, n", bird tr...- doubly obliging tb", day and brought a ration for S, Amhony '" ",,/I

USI

16()()"'()J

1610

/612_1f

1616

1617

1627

161f

16f4

1666

FRANS HAlS

B()rn in Anre-.,.p, RlR of" c/o,b· mahr

Srudi" wui.,. /,a/illrl _trainro JllniII"nd.,.in Haarln"

Mar"""S, Lll1;", ''''ikl

!lIarod," Annnj' /-Ia,mmsdocb'<r

Ah«I, "'" child_ horn h<fi" 1m-d,lltb

VIT;" Anr~'""p Pain" foro grMP [Hmrai' G"ic GU:llllofSt G<"rge

;\fam« Lydvrb Rryni<TJ, ,;:bo iJ<an him 'igbt ,hiMI'm

Viri"t/ by I{II/mrr

and,IIlUt; Jim ",. Vi,;" Amrurd","

Po=IDanT ",Id at allCti", fir tiro,

j)j" in HMrk",

Port r ';! 0 (£" ... > Andriesch Il esse. (1626) 711, ,,,,iMntiy r<,/,roah/, Sal''' Hm;", j, portTilj'tI "" 'Il< OClllITill "Ibn 40tb ';:roding armi:-<r511ry. H.,. husband, 'k ricar Mim",/ Midddb<J,~n, "pp'atT in II ",,,,po";Oil pi'"

F "'nS Ibis and Rcml>r~rul t (van Rijn) groups. \ \r"h no d~lIland for dc",,,,<:d

wen: ""''''"~lOrarics. both c"n<UI1Ull'''' interiors ,. religious p'intings ., ,he 'ime.

1. ,rrrait6ts, bUl ,"uh ''',,'' ""l' <~ff""'nt Dutch ,mi,ts were kC<"Tl to IfJ in (JIllers j;:J' group in th,;r ~PI'ru.ch. \\'h.,-e R"",hnndt is ,ti""".... 11Onr.its. Fn)(n thc $ .... &"" of the:: Banq"" <! ,11<

.nd int""l'c .... i," , Ibis' ,ittt:'" arl: fi-<'lucndJ' OjJiatT of ,11< Cr.-i, Gtulrd of s, Grorg' 10 thc

burSting ... ith ,itl~IJ-'~nd,u'-£'c<: chanlL delicate air of thc R'gmwJu <! ,b, Old Mm', Ilis pon",its ho,,, he::en call .... 1 'I~e=nt' ar~ AbmOO_ at Htmrk,", Ibis ,,"IS fumcd j;:Jr h ..

• hhough , sinc<: he:: ... "-< con"antly in debt , I hi' """untC lik'rHssc,; of cach m"'nb ......

himself had linle reason to be checrfUl. \ \r,thneithus.ke",hesnu'undcrd.-. ... ing,hI:

P""' i,ling~,, "'n child n: n or p<XJriy I"id by his I"obably...,d upties n, map thl: fcaOJ n:s untO

clicnts , ... hate,'cr thc rcasOn, numetOuS the cann<, ... hilc ,-"m'e),ing 'pontaneity

commissions could not "','I: him frum an through skilfUlp,,, ing ofthl: b,.lr.

imI1O,'et .. h .... 1 old ag.:. Ibis' inllucnc<:can he ""'" in)an Sn.-en', ""rI. ,

In his day, Ibis ... as unti,'all,,1 .. " p,int.,- of ... t., ~,,,d in I-b.rlem duting I-bls' final J" a",.

'n,e G}'1~Y Girl (/628- JO) 0"'0/ HaN ,/tOrr "PP,aJing porrrilits, ,b. ""'.! in ",b;,b b. bimdl" tb.

br-rnbtrork "'&gmt ,ba, b. ,uiddy uiz.J _ fI«ting ;'nf1"mion. 'fb. gi"f "ddong glima 'o<::ardr __ 1m; """'" ~ if" '*"a tbat II"'fofi'" "'",

,.!fit .. ,;", ifill,;"" <ba, "" ..... IIII".,n rf" .... "'-lift §,tb.ring. 7« gi"f immotlmly d"p ",dd,n, fU&gt1lf tM f lot "'Iff itl /«1 " pronil""

1797

1811_12

1811_30

1814

1811-40

184 1--4J

18H

18r8

ANDO HIROSHIGE

B()rn in EtMJ, ",., o[ a fin o::arom

Pupilifbool: ilhmraro,. [/tagat-a Toyohirn

('"aU' prinlJ if ",,,/i,i,,,,,1 rnbj«lJ, including "irk"'- if ,",

PuNJ,b" C(Jmpl," ,Jition Fifty-11",::e Sta,ions of 'he "Ii.bido Road

P,U a[popularity, p"NJrb~ t"ariow TI()!ab/, =-i"

Trmpo Era a"'''riry afj,m quah'ry o[ ';:<irk

Abandonr Nrb,.,,,,1 [(Jrma' for u",itlll c"'''po,iti(J'''

Rice Pl:.nting in the lUin ~ ' 0110, Iloki Prmince (c_18 55) /-li""big' "_ar Tl()t afraiJ ro "" "-"'nn.,tyk /""1'''';'-'' b"" ,b, rie< f"lt), nHub a"-ay t(J ,b, foot if a min·ro''''-.d biD. i\I,aTl1:.'bik rain-drmcb,J "",*"" pi"'" up rif/«,;,-, "IuaHr if "-a'" o::ilb shoo" if rie<, in a ;'uutifiJly ,"oduJa",J paltbr:.",* if gr"nr and grryr

A ndo Ilirc.lhigt: w"" a leading expo.,e", ",hich rai,.,d ,hem .I",,'e I~.in ~Jlk an. The}' of uk;y.., _ 'pictures of 'he Ao.,ing ",{"te p.-i""d n) ,ni, 'he p(d,"tS of ",i(~tI.,..da<s

"",-~I' _ duting ,he la" h.lf.cm,ury of ,ndes","n, ani ... ns and ",e",h. ntS. P.intings

it< existcn"" "" • Jap'nese an li:-:.n". Uti}".e ",{"te ",,.,,,,<,1 for ,he wealthier .-anks.

o.-igi"",,-,<I in ,he I.,e ,.,,'en«en,h cen,u.-}" Iliroshigt:'s nJt,,1 Outp", "''''' inun<"l1"', « . ne

d'-'<Iiea«d nJ the pur,ui, of plea,un:: in ""'-'1-'h}' H(('I"';nts. He studied <irJwing fi-,. " childho,d

uman He :tnd b.«d on I""ub.- idols ttl"" fi-,." a .. 1 ,,"'" al""",ti",-,I to ;US, Olll:: ",a''''.-, Uttlr"-'

'he "'nks of ('(-.Ine"'ns and ""'"rs. "Ii,)-,ooiru. \'-~ Iliro.hige ,,"rl'-'<I for (,,-{"t '''''''')'

T he collec .. ble uki)">-e ",o"dbk,,,k I'.-ints }"ars h"~Jn:: pn.locing the series ,ha, esttblishcd

(b-do ped along n::t.,i,,,I), "'I"'i,~iea,ed lines of his n::pu .. tio." Pifry.tbr" S,a,;"", if ,b, Tol:aido

'heir own, ",i,hin , J'I"n<:<e tr,,~,ion of &lad: an a",biti,-.Is """dogue th., ~,Ik)""d the

ha.-",o.,ious c,~our .nd sn"'-ful co"'p,»i,ion. gn:a' highw.}' be,,,,,= K},,,,, ... 1 Edo.

\ \ \),king In the nineteenth century,

Iliro'hige and HoL:u .. i e""h I><de"ed to

<Tc:ttt: Ia ... I",ap<:< ",.he, than I_>n,aitsof ""'BlS,

IO .... ::StlrtS, poetS and Courtl::s; lIS , Tbe in .... '" ]o,'e

"f .he Jap.n<se f, >< all "'1""" of.he na.u",1

world ensured that bo. h artists had an

enthu,i,,-,,ic ~,I1I""'ing. Ahh"ugh he m'r no.

haw matched Holu",i', draftsman"'ip ,

lI imshige at his be« i< unsurpassed in his

poetic ,i,i"n, I I is abai'r to e",le .he mOI . 1 of a

p.rticular platt still ha' unfailing appeal

to w<stt:me""

Nig htSnow a t Knl .... a (/ 812_14) A '":ood /Wd: from ,b, =i" Fiftr-Thr<..:: Sta.;,." of .he '!(,bid" R .. td Hit cbarlKtnirrieaUy rbad,d rry ugirrN"l rdligbt at',," a m()"main t'iUag' ",gulftd in ""'''', tbrougb ,,·birb tbY" /,,"p« a,.. rrrugg/ing 00'"', Sn({".r, rain ()r mirr ar, ftrt"<J",.,d INxkgr""nt/ (I),llIi,;orn agairn, 1::birb Hir05big'

"If bit mlt'dkrr, ofi'" tkpicud <Ti1<Jing ,arb (Jib=' p",br, mfpbari=ing tb, 'rarlJi",,, of Hi"",,,

1931

/ 9fJ_f7

19f9..{i]

1961

1964--68

1970

1971

1978

1982

1984

1988

199f_96

"M

DAVID HOCKNEY

B()rR in Bradford, RlR of" cia}

SlUdi" iI! Bradford School of An

StudS" at Royal CO/kK' of An, LondtJn, nt,,,, Kitaj

PuNJ,b" Rake's l''''grelS ,tching>_ Pint ,.iri, t. Nonh Africa , 1I1mr Andy Jlnroo! in Nru )"'}

T,,,uh, painIT, ",xb.sand ,xbibirr «ron USA

Rm'fJ"P'cti!" at Wbi,m,ap<i Galhy, L..uJikI and toUIT Ellrllf"

Mo,...,. to Pari,

S"r/" in Lor Ang<i<t

TaX""p pbollJgrapby

/"",,",, painting "fur ,btu,),<"r bm,}. B'gint _in ofh'tbograpbt

Major """"'fHCtT:U ,bo,;:n in USA and UK. Sm up muli" in ;\fa/jim

M~j ... r.lTT1<p«tit .. of dr",;,ingt, Royal A au/",'Y, u,ndon

&bibiIJ ';:aU,.· cdOl1rrofFArr '",hbiu lantNil!,.

Sar" fr"m TM Rlliu i Prng ...... , San F nmd"" 1982 H()ri:nry fim mgaf,'d ,;:irb ,,_jnt<rprning HoglITtb', Rake'; P,ug"'''' ,;:bm

k n"lmrt.J "" " miu of ".bing in 1961. In 1975 b, tN"jg,ud tb, "' and c".",'"" for l§Jr Stra,imJ:yi- "P""iI t~mon, {lITt pnf"rmro a! 'k Glyrllkbour", Fm;"a~ Eng/and. Iloci:nryl ,b.a'" ''''r} ,"ix" practicality ,;:im '''''Ptiooal t'irion. To tlia" ,;:Iio ilCctmd bim"f "'gh'ing painting, Ii< up/i.d; 'r,.. nr.-.,- rtl!a"d ,Ii< rb.a," al a Jid./i"" n",bing / do i, a I.Mi",. '

D "id Ilockncr i< One (If ".,,' ,,,rs.,ile

a"isl< of his gencta,ion . manr of whom ha,-e not dn<:loped H

interc<'inglr fi-(. " theit c(. "m(lIl mots in 1'(1'

An. l lu-oughout a long ea«",. Ilodrncy has

manag,,1 bo,h nl mun " lIl''''''<"1"Sr _ th rough

his qui<~lr affitm:l ti,'c h"Ollo -crutic I'" inting< -

and to b<"C(Mne :I IItitish ""tional tn:asu n:. as

wi'ness,,1 I".· his c",,,,ion :IS :I Ftccm:ln of

llrad~,,,l. his hom" town. lie has ""in"in"]

.trong ,ic< with Yo.-l,-mi'" and ''''rn,lr tL~urncd

to m:lke grntle ,,-a"''''(~ours of the landscape.

The'" exist in tottl ",nt,."" to h .. ")(lnumrn",1

'TC:ltmCnt of the Gnnd Can}"'lIl. oTigin.llr

exhibi,,,]., Lundoo's R(,)--al AC:ldcmr.

Not onlr is II(dner~ 'lill,,1 dultsman . he

has. 11o pmdu'-'t:d ,-",ching< to iliuStntc Six Fairy

Tal" of ,b. Brotb= Gr;,m" and CPo C,,,,,frs

Po"",. During the 19iOs he ,cn'u",] into St.ge

(k:.ign wi,h "",w"es .nd "'I< ~'T Srr"'insk},s

"[1" Rah', Progr"t .nd '\\O.OT"S "[1" Magic

flll". I"Mh s",!,,,,d at G~."dd"JUrne . ,\hnr sor

that his Ixt inting ,tyle has brnefi«,] fi-,. " the

bn,.drning Out th., ",-as ,e<]ui",d Ii>T St'g<:

<k:sign. When IlodrnL")" "".ok up Ilho nlg.-aphr. he pu rsocd m<"Ch.nical image_"",ling ,hmugh

,~rious I'm"'",,,, •. fi-(M" Ilhotog.-aphic ",D.g.: and pI-oJt(lC'1'Jing to ciglee (inkj'-"'l.

Tne debate con,inues ""::T his .pparent

.,-{,id.net: of subjects s""h OS waT, I",,'er'r. sickness H.I injus,iet: . ~nd whethet one ean bc a

g.-eat anist wi,hou t ""nfmnting '",riou,' issues.

lIu, II,lCkn,-)' bdie,cs i, is ,·ittl nl "Jntinoc

Iwling .nd learning . wi,h the <k:<lieation of.n

exl~O"'T wOO .usperu; there is so much ,m", to

<~s",,'er al. ,ut an it.",lf.

Mr:and M rs c:L.rk 2nd Per<)' (d""il) (1970_71) Om, OilTH flo,";ng dmgns rombind ,;:ilb C,lia Birr~'dr, prinud

"",il'I produ",d lUi"' of ,b, mort dmrabl, gan",nrr of 'k lar. 196(b­and "rrly 197&, Hochuy pJaY' ,;:i,b aUw.,ns '" if b, "'"' a R"w"an",

p"'"traiD'sr. Th, Ii/i" ilIJ<JCiard ",i,b MlT Oa,* nand for purity Imd inro"upribiliry; and ,b, car P'Frf (a ,lang ""m for pmiJ) ,in boJ,

uprigbt on Mr Clark, lTarm an'a. "n" <""pk oaupy "'" dimlKI bah,.,­",b, cam'a" ,,'bicb cwld k dit:id,d ,ari/y "",ugb, Thi, may or may""

rif/<ct 'k fact tbat 'k Clarh ",= d" .. rmJt::irbin 1M" Y'ilrT

FERDINAND HODLER

ISH B()rn in &m, ,oo o/"cllrpm"r

1871 M",." to G~,,,.

Srudi" at L'FAd, d'I B,tlllx-Anr untkr ,\1m"

IS87 MufY &r,bll Smcki. Angus,ill< Dupin gr.'" birth to"," Humr

ISS9 MllnT" &nbll Sm""i, di"(TCI!J

b.,. 1891

1691 Vi":,, Qnd ",bib,,, in Pari,

1894 ,\/",,- &rib.

1897

1699

"'" 1909

1911

19H

1917

1916

J«II'''5, IIfllTTj" b.,. 1898

Wi", gold ,",dill Ilt Munich

Adm;",'; '" Bn/in S«:",io"

W;", g()M ,",tlnl Ilt Pari, JI'.,rld Exhibition

iJ<1l,b of AUgU51ir" Oupin

V"kn,ilY (i"k · /"),,,,1 gi!~J birth li' dlltlgbur Pawi",· Val",,,,,,

iJ</ltb fro'" "11Iar "/Jid"""" Goth­

Do"'

Pr°f_r"

I),-tr~·jng, G",r..'11

Art ACiUkllf:J

Oi" of p",,,,"",,ill in G"''''11

Poster tO r 19th Art Exfti l>ition of the \roen .... Sttession (I'XH) H(}(/h"'IlJgu", </b..,,_ ilt ,b,l9rb Exhibition if ,b, Vimnll S~Jj"". Thil JIxr~',d ""'r ,birty if hi, "",h and " . ..,-"'" if ,"any «roli"},, b. u"r..·,d

BOth of Ji<Tdinand Hodl<,.', parents had c3 <lies. 'p1lboli .. w().- k, 71" Night , hos slccp

<li .... l frum tuhe"",I",i, hy hi' r{t""nth prefiguring death, but the ""),," of G en<:v.

binh<hy, along ... ith six "f his sit.lings, fail .... l to See he)"JOd the nal .... l bodies and

Ilis ""peri<:oces of death in the &mily "'aL:.:: it h'nnt,1 it from ""hihition. The ,e,ultin g

tm~"ing n, C'.'~l1rt: his ,,,,,-i "ith Munm, but pub~citr, with ..... nls fr(. " Frln"" , Gen"'n}"

"'ptie and ",elanch,~y the",es ... ert: ..... """ lfl and AuStria , secu,ed II'HhT's intern.,io",,1

during the intm.«:pLTiod Irn:,wna'the/ind,riw., rt:l'unti(lfl, Ilis inn""n"" <"an he O'a""d in the 1I00lIe, stu,~ed in GenCl'. unde, lI.rthclemy work of ,. herS, like ", .. ti ss<:. nd Kli", t.

,\knn,' fO<l"er pupil of InWeI, It ,,~s a ""J tI"l,titi'lflal cd"",tion hu t it I1Ught hi", to dr.,,· well and ""J)(lS,,1 him tn the lasting inAu<:ocel of Re",I,,-. ndt, Ilo ll>e in and Diirer, II"dle,

... o,-icd initially as. 1'<Ty """'I",,,,nt I",..traiti",

lie <",'<."ntuaUy ";'i",d I'a,i, to cxl~on: nL· ...

ideas a,.1 SIj,les and 'I'ed.lly admi",l thost: of Ga ugu in and Scurn , lie had ,1et';',,1 his own

srSte,,~ ... hich he called 'I'.rllk:lism', 1I,.II",'s

Late, pictures we n: on a s",aller scale,

H'Hlicr ",.de ",.nr st:lf_l'onnirs and , ... ith shadel of his childho,. l. he <h<::u",,,,,,,,l the

lingning de.ths of twO 1",,,rS, I",th "."herS

of his children. lIis 'uc""" in s<, ",any

categ",i"s ",ntinued: hi' hSt rearS ... ert:

dc""ed to drca"'r hndscal'es, ... hich

s:tti,fJingir "''''bin .... 1 the Swiss identity with

i ",agt:s 0 f tI"lnSC<."nd<."n"",

P~intingo f :> ,\Iount:.oin (/909) u,n,J,."p' painting ';:aT a memif"/ ""'Q for HaJJ,.,. during bi, final pan. Til< "'/"'trJ b, ",..,J for mo"",";n rtl1lK's and /aJ:~ gym TIt"ng" and d,arn Ill" bi,

flJi' n;oJ,·,d H, m"naK'd '" pr""w Ira", if 'Il< grand So:iu imag< ",i,bin a bigbly p""",ill. ,.iriiKIary fly!. "nd tb, multJ "''" parti<ulilFly "PP,illing to

,b, many ,,,,,riTlt ';:N biN! jatlr7lry,d an tb, '"""ntain l7lit~,"1

1697

1711

1720

1729

1711

171f_H

1748

I7H

170

1764

WILLIAM HOGARTH

B()rR in /.imdoo, RlR of a Lain WXM

Apprm!j"d '" a rih'ff mgt'll'.,-

Sm up aJ c'if'f'" mgT"""-, produdng hook ill1mr"';",,,. A,uM! Tbornhill'I fru ",., rlauk",y

EJ"P',,;:j,b Tbornbilll daughur; Jan.,

B"","" " POITTIl;' painu ..

SUlrrr painting 'mod"" ,""",lily' mbjurr

Rum bi, 0"'11

Rcadn"y in St Martin', lAm . • guild for profmionn/t and ,.bool flK y""ng ani",.

b ''1'<U.;1 frum Calai, "n' '1'Y

Publi,h" tn'a';", The Analr'.is of lkautr

Ap[HJinud S<rj<"nt Pai",.,- '" ,b, King

Dj" in umdon

TIle Shrimp Girl « .174J) Thi, /;"<1.1 porITai, trw Tl<Jt duIU for a co"""';,,_"'; Hagar'b k'P' it for hi",,,'! /, is /m"d "" II popumr ,Ii,,", hm:.'1IIlJ ,Ii, o-j<:< "fLondon, ,;:Im-, difj,,,,,, m-m 'n1tkrr " ... '" ponr"Y.d in a =-jn if pri"tf. /, i, a rapidly <""uuJ oil ,hub, un u"""",/ i1f'Pt"'Icb '" partnlitu,", b,,! i, gr."" jim rb, rigll' impr",;'" if a [ac, glim/",d in paning. Hoganbl- ,::ido", ,I,,":. ... d lb. pi""" to t'rimn- ,;:irb 1M w,","m" 'Tbry ""d b. ",UJt/ "'''paint fI"b. Th= l- fhb and /Hood for )'lu/'

With,lIr wittr L>n<k)ncr, \ \r,lIi.m

Ilog.nh has.,lca" two cbims n,

Ellnc . Fir .. , through his own

.c~d"mr in St ,\h,tin's L~ne, he:: pr"""I~r did

mo.-C than .nr indi,;du:tl to e"ahlilh.n English

sd..,ol "f I" iming. And "''''n<II}" he p,,,du=1 f".-crunnerS of the grlphic n<",d with ,",,'cral

,.,ries on 'mode rn mor.I. ', the two I",,, known

bcingA RaJ:,', Pr()grm .nd MllfTiag' a Ia Mod<.

Ilog;.nh's grca t ftien<l, Ilenrr Fid<~ng (.",ho'

of Tom ]()_) p'" it I",tfccrlr whe::n he c.II,,1 him

'. comic literl'1' I" imer' . l nruugh soti ,e, bot h Fid<~ng and 11<>ganh eX]"",,,1 the evils of their

.gt: , .. rgrting the mCOn , cak:uhting "" ...... Iitr of

thuse who tool the ]_"'rttr and mise 'r of othe::,s

as "'l'l'ing " Ofl'" n, th<;, own "h" ntt gt:.

As !itr as 11<>g.rth was c<.-.c,'tn<'<1, he:: w'!S also

cal1~l1igning 'b",imt thl: ,,'-'to: 6,.. F",nch Rococo

(he w1.. an ""'''' ")f) tel1~)('rlr}' of Boucher) which he reckon"] w.s un<lennining the

Ij,'dihood of EnglO;h ."islS. Iii, .ttitude was OOt

il1~"<,,,:d h).' his ar~t in C. bi. 6" sll)'ing, .ftcr

being cought 'kcn::hing tho: lIOn's ~..- tifi"Jtions,

In 1753, Hog;.nh publish,,1 atracrcall,,1 Til<

Ana/pi, <I B,uuty, T his "'-.s partly a n: bukc

aimcd at so"c.II,,1 cnnnoisseurs ~" being

insufficiently inlOnncd about an , and I"'nly a nluablc rontTibution to thc discus,,;on of

a"'thetic<. Iloganh had a thcory th1l a 'line of

bc:t uty' in thc s .... p" of an'S' "'''''' intrinsic to thc

Sb"ocbJn: of a picbJrt:. Looking cord'u1ly into thc

Painu,- and bi, Pug we S<"<: hc has dnwn thc

famous'S' On his 1",1et",.

Ch,,;ring the ,\km],..,r (175~/5) 'An Election' ';:M Hogartb', Ji""/ moo"" morak =i", IUw'YI",d in four

PMIT, ,bit i, Ib, firllll ,a"', ,;:bm "~rytbing d'l:mnill" inllJ a riot, Hogarrb <I'm ,"a«, dy ufo""'''' llJ ,ar/rr bmory paimingJ ,;:i,bin bi,.;;:n; ,bi"im,

ir i, Cbari" L, Brun', \r,""..-y of Alex; ",k:r ,,,'cr Darius . l <I>uad of ,b, i'"p",ia/ ,ai' rignifjing !'i-llJry; HogMtb bill a fat ~(J!" flying """, ,b, b,ad

<I Ill< n"" m,mi¥r"f parfiamm, II row'" mal bi, ,oorributiJrlllJ d,hat, ;:,11 IN no IN"", ,bllrl ,bat hird'r CQ(kfing

1760

1770

1779

1792

179J

1797

1798

1812

1814

1823_1/

1828

1811-49

1849

KATSUSHlKA HOKU SAI

B()rn in HonjJ,

Ed" (Toryo), "'''"f a mirror p()/;sb.r

L,,,m't;.'oodhJod: can-ing

Stud,,, Il1Id "",h-in ",U/iG of Kalru1;m;:a SbUtl,b"

1.,a'~T Knrrub":a r1Iuli. "fur d.",b "iShWIJIM, comi"n" rrtllJying and ullming ,I"'~'b",

i"Natb "f firrt ,;:ift, /<""ng ,.,,' and """t/augb'=

Marn" =ood "'if,

SUlrtT landrca", painting

i"Natb"1 <Ill", ,,'"

B'gim publi'hing l lokus;; ,\ lang;

C"a"Tand pubJidm"!nc T hinr-Six \r,cws of ,\ 1()unt Fuji

l"Natb of =(}I/d

';:if'

PuNJ,b" J()urn<1' to the \ \\ucrElDs

OJ,, in Arah""

"'"

J.

t' .,-

t •

The Poetess On<> no KottUchi «.IS10) Th< ~1IfT """'''p'l1Iying uli}""..-c prinn Ul}u '"ro,,,, fon",', iJ.,., ~Q"i,"ilK' ./,b,]apan= 1-"" On" "" M macbj,;:jrb '"" a/bn p""m, qlMJudt:.vrdfor'w(Jro. Th./m=</b<r nil"" aT< ill", in ,b, ,,",/ilUT if b<r f'K"'"< arid ,b, Jrr«1l

H ok",,,; ,,-,,; r<Sl'on>.iblc ~" • I'hL"nu",<nal 30,(((1 worb of art. lIe

lin,l for nothing clse and "' .... dri,'''''

'0 perfe", his s'rle ",i,h c,,:ry nCw undt:mtl.ing.

Ik,w""n the agcs of sixtr·~'ur and "''':nl}'"t'''' he had. burst of <Tc:tti"it), ,h .. r/Sulted in

se,,,,,1 m'ior series of woo<lbiod prints ,

indu<~ng 711, 711rr-ry.Sir Vi",:, a/Mot"" Puji.

As a }u "h, Ilokus.i ","lS on • COfl'Un' 'lu/St

for his artistic nichc . After. rd.ti,'elr long

p<Ti,.1 under Katsub" .. Shun40, hc lef, tho::

stu<~o ~,lIo",ing 'hc ma"cr's duth.nd _ Cl'cr

curious _ im""iga,,,1 wh., ",ht,. sehw ls h,d n,

offer. I n the P"'ttSS, hc <:-.1ml: a"'-OSS cxamples of

"t di'pl'ring • <~"in'" ",/Stem inAu""<"t: that h.d origin.llr filtc ",d ,hmugh ,i. the Dutch

'rJ<ling I_"t in N,psal.i .

"Ii, al,,,,:cia'c thc impa'" of such infiutntt, it

is nett""rr to ",mcmber tha, J'p'n underwm'

• poli"J' of N,tion.1 Sedusiofl fi-,. " 1639 to

18504. Foreign ,ndt " .... sttiedr limit"l'nd the

J'p'ncse ,hcmsel,'/S for bidden to ",\,el • broad.

T he pietu",s d",i,'cd f""" Europc:tn

""gr"'ings in'l" r"l llokus:t i fin.lI)" to be",,,,,,.

bndsc:tpiSt a' the .ge ofthinr-<:igh,. I lc 1l<"g1n

w,,.. l .f"" h, c>:ptTim""'ing with we"ern

pe"p"",i,,, , m.king <T"Hess oh.en,.,iofls; the

""'uing work w"'" intt' twch'c ,-ohll"/S of the

Iiolus:ti ,\Ianp (sl<1l:h bwLsj publi4o::<1 in 1814. lIu, it waS the uJrrya., _ 'pietur/S of the

Ao1ting w(,.. ld· _ th., mode ,he rCl'","", jou rner

in 'he b'e nine'tt",h <"<-"fl'urr to "'ml~etI: • cirde of inAuentts .nd """.1 '0 • (k:ligh'c<1

Eur'~le the glo.- i/S of the J'p1n/S" p.- inL

A D~imyo ,\lusing on ~ Lost Lo>'e (/815-6) 0", "a =-i" nltirJ,d O ne ll und n:d Poems Explain"j By the N urs.::, ,bi,

,"a""pi"" of ",.I>"r printing ilkmra", a p"nn by Sanji Hit",bi. HoA:!lJlli', innat< '''''' "f proportion marri" ""II ;;:i ,b bi, dr:',/"p,"nlt ,,'-""UnHtyi'

P""""ti,"; and jJ'gur" " all kind" at ",...-k and I,i_" fro bi, in;arjab/, nltbrui""n f...- d<pitting lifo in all in "'fJ'C"

14 97

HIO(?)

-" HI9

I f26--2S

I f2S_12

HJ2

IH6

I5:4J

HANS HOLBEIN THE YOUNGER

B()rR in Aily;Jmrg, RlRofHam /lo/lvin lb. EJd"

Srudi" t.,j,b [atb.,­in AugJmrg, tbm In""" to Sa,.!

8"","","m"'r.! Ib, Ba,d anim' guild

Pint lTat~k to England, ,;.'i,b i",rod",,; ... '" Thuma, ;\10n'

from &-1lJm"'. PainlJ p"nrai'''lt ,b, Tudor ",tIT,

I{mu-m to ,;:if and "'" child_ in B",,/

Ahanoom family in 8",,1. Smh, in England

Anacb.d to Eng/iIb C.",.,

I)i« of til< plag'" in Lond<Jn

Sir Ridl:.lrd Southwe ll (/516) JVbm rbi, por..-Qi, tl'M painud, Sou!Ir~.,,1I bad Iv", Jbffi/f a/SuffolK and Noifoll; for m'" pan, d'JfJiu til< [ac, !bat b, "" .... a ",,,,-jcud ,""rd=~ Holh<in (otI"ry" Q ur",in ""p/<"""'''''''' "hom ,b, man 1m,. aTln:aY', in hi< dirparri""il" "yk. 711, u",b"t~n ja1:J il<kJ1:J hi, mu,-ing moutb drat."! !b. ri"",,.', ",,,,,tion to til< J<an on hi, ,ud:

HaIlS I k>l bcin .. "1< one of two gift .... ! northern Eu",l''' ' n:ligioU$ illl"g'" came under

sons tnincd by their artist Etthcr a't:l.d in Ihsd ~nd ,tiS<Hllerne n thrt .. teocd the

lJans Iiolbein the Elder. Roth town·s food ,ul" I)". Arti,ts enT}"whcn:: we", ,rart<:<] out~. oooL des.igncrs and alu,,, .. nHs for seeling al",rn. ti,·c ,,,,,l .nd IlolI",in docid"l

the le.ding Cer,,"n I,.. in",r Frob"" offuscl. togo t() Engbnd.

but the ,~der oo}" ,~ed in 1518. In those d.}"s. lie sailed in 1526. h.,·ing perSu~dod

printerS were publisherS toO and their Er1smus to write. let",r of introduction nJ

workshops wCre m<..::ting pJ.""s fo r the Henry VII]"s Treasurer. Sir T hom .. ,\iore. in tcl le<"lu.1 eommunit}". Froben·s office Ilolbcin·s .dmission to the English Court w ..

attr1e",] ""nJ· schoh rs .nd S<) the }')ung tho: h-y moment of his career .nd ],ef,,..e long

Iiolbein met the Du",h hwn.niSl Er"mus.

Ilolbcin I",intcd his firSt officialponrJits in fusel _ of. burgo" .. ,,,,r .nd his wife - Ilut.

despite their ,ucruss. he (~dn't res"itt himself

to 1"" tr1iture. Ilc c n:: .. <:<] a 1101",1 .. SLTics of

w'''l<]bio''ks c.lled Da"a "f l"Na,b. de,ign<:<]

, .. ined gl25S. m.de mo,k:ls ~" g,~d'J11iths . • nd

p.in",d ' ,.ne religious ,ubj""'s. IlowL,·.T. in

1525 . .. the Re~Jm, .. ion 'p rc:td throughout

tho:)" h.d a=I,,<:<1 him .. their leading. niSI. ·Iogether with his ",sponsibilitic. It:.r

"" rcmonial and li::st;,·e occa,ions at Court .

Ilolbcin p,,,,·ided an """""'p.niment t()

11"1V}"·s serialmarri.ges with hi' p,,, rr.its of thc

king·s ~<"Iual ~ nd I"'''pecri,,, I" ides. Hut

these were" mere h.ndful ~mong thc one

hund n::d 0' S<'. including mini .. un::s. th .. he

I" inted in " " al.

,\nn" ofC I< ... 'cs (/1 J9) 1M Tudor p<riod ra,"'" </ imrig'" tmd <kap,ian. ' " ,bit p,,,,i, </II,,,,y

J 111'. founb ri/r, prrbap< H(J"'in did ""«JIb aI'''' rirb bit ,"rriru/wr, h/"dd hr-uJ"'T(Jku tho<. /ramn. ,blJt 'IIUtd ,il< hng ,. ",{J il<r,il< ' .. 1/" .. </ N"""',, ... " il< In.d mrt m. H,,../abora,, drm",.,IIinl.!.II,JiJi_ m f«iJupmtion.

Should tbat In.,,, w .... a d ... d H""''': .... 1ry tbt tim, il< ""d t In", Trt1T '!rnl, II .... ? 10..- mon ... "n r...tJ:r t. wmmimo.. II""'i~, p ...... ,., of hit fifth '!rift

00'

IflJ6

16H

1156

1157

lap}

1666

1667

1671

l'fU -n

1 au

1664

IU'J

1910

WINSLOW HOMER

B()rn in &mm. }IU, ..... </a bard""," ,"<reb"",

Apprmrj"d to a lirh<lgrapb<r

Spn"H rb, par in halla

B"","" m"ga=7n. il/nITTa"'r

Sm up,tudi. in N"" );..-}

Arrignd e;, .. il JI'ar ani"

Fi,i" Pari,

B'ginn:'YJrking in ,;:aw .. oIa","

Lit~J in CulkTcoatJ, England

iIIot-,.,- t. Main<

SpmM ",ort

,;:inftrf fro'" ""'" on in filorida, Bab"m", and C ...

Paintr til< (,,,, If S,n:'111

OJ,, in Prom N«k, ME

I lome. 5"ttt Ilome (/86J) .-t. a ';:1lT «mIT, Hllm<Y iii",! "monK ,b, wldi", and in rbi, piCrtir' b, alp"'r" 11 fem. 1I:irb ft.." fttkral in/am? pri:",'" at "'pp<Ttim" Tb, INmd in rb, dirt""" iT JU/'P""dly pJaying 'Hom,. St."«, Ham" Tb, ,"m', 'brogan' j,.,()lta" bnn::n. ,::bich i, bow tbry ';:<r, i,_d. SoIdi", 1. .... '"

rurp""'} '" apply ""Ill bJ«} "' limn. but aftm biNI mor. imp""iltlt du,i"

will by Ill)' 'In the future w.tcrcolours' Although \ \r,n,low

110"'''' firs, us,,) th<: m,,,~ul1l who:n he

was ~I "'ady a m'bJ ,e Htist , he signifi< ... ntly

.... i«:d thc p,,,filc of " ... trt,,~our in America.,.1

through .CI·c<11 hund ,cd wo ,b bec.me its

aclrnowl("dg.:.-d ma"C'.

1I,."c, '. Ht training consisted of

a,tist ",<::Inl exp,,)itions to the \r,rgini. fi-on t

whrte he .,.",ml>led. 11O,tf,~ io , which fo< m,,1

the ba,is ~" his fi,st iml. , .... nt oils. Unlile

Whistl ... ,.,d Sarg.'n~ 11,.,,.,,. _ ~ "'!l: n,,1 . nd

lD1ostcntltious man _ ,,,,rl,,1 ,,,,.0;,1).' in AnKm

.nd lefi- w.nt.g;.,d" Eun)]>C1n mO,,'m""" lib:

In~"",,"on i<J)) to 1",,,,,,,,1 witi><>u t him.

Ii i. carly wab;"" ~ours ("'r(llcd • p",-Cilil-

app"'ntje.:.-ship to. lith0W'I"'e ,. Once he had \\'a, rurll i<I).'1I and stl,.1 in "'ntra" n) his " ... ,

become .n illu,t"to' fo, HaYf'"'r U'"kry in "'I. )nage. Tnen I lomrt went still fUnher _ to

Ncw Yo.- l , he Stt"'''] <k:stincd nJ ",m"in so. the nonhofEngland~" twO J" "'s, in fact _.nd

1I'''R~'c " a rcar's .<signment as a O,'il \ \'H p".]u,,-,] a ",rics bas,,] in the r",hing I'ill1g.:.- of

C uDcre,",ts, S,eam rr.wlcrs hod .I re.dy begun

to replacc sm.llc, fishing c",ft , but lIome'

pc,sjstcd in ,<'Co,ding ,he old w"ys "nd

,,,,,li,i,,,,,,1 skills, "s in il/mding Ib, "',,',

He "1(JI',,1 'n Prout N<'Cl, ", .. inc , "ftL,. hi<

,"'W'n nl New Yon, It 1"-""",,, his home 6" the

,"" of hi< life , "I"''' &,." ",,,rung h<J~d,,}s un

'he NL'w England e,",s~ in the Adirond.cks "nd

Quebec, "nd .he wint,,., th .. he 'P"''' in w"n"'"

dim"', II,. "", I",in",d .he SC3 .nd its I""JI~e

"1"'''''llr until. firnDr, hi: omi'tt:d I "-"I~e Jtl

f.",ut of the ,""ness of the , JCc:I n .Ione,

Sh~rk Fishing (/885) H()m" "'ar "'" Am"ica', fmt >p<ning ani" 1m, b, did kc",", mart" </

Ik gmr',jusr "'bm tk ni",,,,,,,b.CnIruty tburro' </ ,b, J1ibJim, /",,,kap' "' .... rramform,d irlta tb, gr,a' outdoon and rk ~kaur </

manly mi'P"m,'

PIETER DE HOOCH

1629

164S(!)

B()rn in

Rotunltrm, "'" if' a bricH'Y"- muJ a mith::ifi

Studi" in Haarlnll untkr B.,.rot71f and

Ocb"n.~1t

165:2 ,\I",.,.,. to IJ<lfi, ,""n FDhritiw and Iffm,"

16H m ... .hllf pain"" and 1<n'llfIt '"

linm ,"ffroant

Just"''''/'' CranK'

165:4 Mamndaug/t," of a marUr [aim" (potury) ","hr

16Sf BrnJ,"'Im",tkro/ Ddfi guild. s'm Pi,," i, bor"

16f6 I)augb'" Anrlll j,

'"~ 1661 Mo,.,.,. to

Am"",!",", painrr IlJjlum, d"mm;,

",,"r 1667 IRa,boi.:'!'

1684 Di" in an i1Wl<u "ryln", in AnfJuniam

A Mus;",,1 p.~ rty (1m) A ",phi";,ilud inuri..; pai"u" darkly during til< artin', Am,un/am p<rioJ, and binting at tb. d«lilU of 'b.IlJjIl"'" d""," inm tlU!&JY ",'wa'''ga'''' 7],,,. j, pambJy """' ir",um;J(J "uaeb,d to tb. "1''''- "'ing ofj,=l to ,b, t:.",nllfl in rd

S <"'I''''''''CJl.h-<'rtltW)' rusnll"<:rS of Dutch

ani,ts (':1,,11: from th<: mcr-ch:.nt cbs:;es,

IBllilc o, her Eur<"C1n ""unrr;", ",hrn::

church .nd aristnc.-:>t)' ,..c", "ill tho: ",ai'.

I"tn'n<. T his meant Outrh I"intcts ",crt: he 'n ch<-.,,,, an}' germ:: _ suth '" 1 ... ·tr1irun: ,. still ~k:

- ~"thell""h'cs.

Piete, de Ilo()"h '; best genre work "' .. s

aca",~lli'hal " .. tlr in his ca" ,,::r, in Delft ",hen:

he IlK~ F>hritius (a pupil of Re mbr.ntlt) and

Ve rmeer. G il'en that Delft waS the

",anu&Cturing cent'" nfhigh qu:l.~tr len",s, it is

likclr th. t all th n:" ",,,!c uSC of • t""hn<~ogr So

al",c"';endr to hand. l -""",<s 3SSocja",d ",ith

tho: Dutch sch()<~ _ nlwn liew; .nd dom",ti"

inte,iors _ gal'C sa' pe ~" ""periments in

IlCrSl",cri,,: and ''1,ruducing l'arious ,urf.c<:s.

"'pan fn'm the well_tried "',"""a """ura (set: lug<: 198). the n: w<"t" magnifying and ",luting

len«:s, .nd ",ilTorS, anr of which could be

...."pl,'),,,d in rend<"ting ",cD"",· hrickw" .. k, tilal

""utlj'1rds, and rdlccri()f)s in gbss ,. "', .... 1. Iksidcs technical I" ofi"ien<y, dt: Hooch's

gift lar in his " ."nsitil'itr nl hu",an n: btinn,hil"

and eSI",,,i.llr, 'tho«: silent Ill<Hl'cntS

",hcn ... «Ultin.,s a n: rriggt: n:d by ..• gCStun: , •

set of tnning circum,t:tn"".', Sa(lly, de I koch'.

later J'ca, ' "''''. a d,,,li,": in his p"',,::rs. lIe ","lS

de""lSt:tted at his ... ife's death in 1667. Rut

ab-cadJ' his mo, 'e to ,\,,," ..... d.111 in pur,uit of

wcahh)' dicnts h.d bl to coarser wo.-k on •

larger seale , en'CutI:d ... ith " (b,ke, p,lettl:,

reinfor cing the feding th., de 11()"ch's grntlc

light no I()ng<::' shone.

'me CMUrtyani of ~ H ouse in Ddft (/658) Typical of tk Ho",bl- bantlJing of 'fHK' mill P"'P"'tit", 1::itb tb. long rirra

,bro"gb tb. arch and tJari"", doorT /'fi inrriguingly ajar. 711, JWw innriprion ",>tIr: '711i, iT St J""'"", ,'ai, if you ,;:j,b to "pair to fN',ima mill ,"U}:""'. Por "" '"ust [1ITl d,stmd if .. ", "'i,b '" Iv rai"d . Do" i, i""i" ""0 "''"par'

,b, c"",mud ,"o,b.,. mill cbild in ,11. du,,",d hac}: yard 1::i,b tb, "',,,"an unti" ,b, ""'" mc}: arch:ay. p .. m1 to '''P out in bff Ivrr dotb,s?

1882

1899_

"" ,,"'-'"

1906--10

1924

19JJ

/94J_ff

19H

1962

1964

1967

EDWARD HOPPER

B()rR in Nt'!!! )"T}.

J<JR"/ar¥"p"

SlUdi" iU",rra,iun al.""'t1!! );..-} w,",""aai an

,"'" SfUdj~ paiming a' Nn:> )"'} School afAn

Tbrn "para" 'ripr to EtmlfJ<, ,bj,jly to Pari,

MarTi" ]"'<pbim JimiH, N;,'i_

Bui/Mba_ ", &arb Tnm), Cap, Cod. R"""purrJ< at MUnu'""f Mod.rn An, Nn;) );'Ti

Pit·. ''P''I7l'' lTip' to M""co

E/""d '" Am"iam AGliumyofAm and LL,,",

{{mo'Pm;,', of grupbiCTa' Pbi/atklpbia

M""""'"f Art

Major n'1T{J!fp"'ti:-. ", Wbi,"'J' MUHtmf of A","iam An, N"" );..-}

;\fajor US upr'_!Il,ir, at Sao Paul" BimnaJ., Dj" in Nn., ) i.o-}

The AlKinthe Drink"r (1876) t.,.- Edg;.r Dcps !)"gaJ' im"gi1llltion accitkm,,11y tr_formro ,b, up"",tiOTIJ if "~'O </ hi, /rimds ,;:i,b tbi, pi<tUn'. Th< ,""<Jlmm il actr":t Him Allar", ,11< man a

pai"m-caJlro iJ<Jbou,in. D<gilJ parrr"!"b",, ,itting 0«1' in ,bought, 1m! d"im,d b, did iii" ",,,m to portray lb.", aT dirripaud and d'gnuud, t."bieb raj bill:! til. criria p<Tcd .. ,d 'lmn

The I"inting< of Ed ..... rd 11,,1" ..... an: tnditi"n.nd. ,isit" r n) Paris in thecarlr 1900s,

I.ndmarks of Ame rican Realis." , . lI"ppe r n: mained un,ffi:cred I')' m","ments

style he ne,,, r abmdoned hut <~d likeCubism, ju" ... heavo;dedAb"",crionbtcr

not f"lIo",' merelr in (mler to rep roduce on in AmeriC"~.

the "i,ii>le. As he said , 'No 'm"unt "f 'Amerie. seemed .wfully c rude and "' ...

skilful intcn'CJ1tion can "'I~''''' the essential when I got b,el " he admi""L J'Ct it ..... tl-.,se

elm'CJ1t of imagination.' qualities th., rooted I loppe r '. disquicting

Fiftr J'earS "1""'tC Tb, AbJjmb, O,.jnh r ,is iun , thmugh ... hich he c<Jm'eJs the SCJ1se of

from Auu"na' but D Cg">s sti rred Hoppers alienation that I",-""Ie. a "J' hig city.

a .. ", n: nCSS of ... ho t the Amt.,-ican aniSl call,,1 lniti .. llr trlin,,1 a< .n illlL<tnnlr, 11(~" t.,- "'''''

'd<'C~J'ing fm'" J"ur orih~n.1 idea', ... ith the ro" a go,_II"intcr ",chnic:tDJ'. lI ut the sell"';ty

statement: 'It ·s much bette r to dnw and harsh illumination of his "',mllO,ition<,

fn))n ... m<mo .. y. It"s • transfunnation in ... hich IlO l,..!a",d Il)' S<~C1'ln figures who at time. al" car

imagin .. ion ""Ibbonte' .. O ne "'1"o<lu"". scan:elr n)(l<e .. Ii,,, than the furniture , d", .. ·

onlr ... the n<'Ccssarr.' ,i"",'cr,; in ... ith . ",~ k"";,,, a"')(.<;phe n:. Like all

Although "Iueated In the European significant arti,ts, I lol" cr can. without a 0-""" of

sentim""talitr, m.kc p"'plc Imk at SOmc

cOO1lmonphcc im.gc .nd prt""i",: their OW"

'u""-l" i bi ~tics in the tit"" of <bily cri""""". Fur o,,:: r ~mr}'urS. Ilol" rt ",,,marricd to

Jo Nil-ison . his in'l'ir>tiun. model .nd

intdlcctual match. Jo ",as an artist h<-rsclf.

whose d''I·dol. "cnt was ,h"art,,] br I lul" rt'.

dcmands on hrt 'imc. T hey had a «u<lio

"I""",,,nt in N, ... · ",rio and ano,irr h,."c at

Capc Cod . ... hcrc Ilo l" cr "'prcsentcd thc

sun.minc as thc s<~c .ntidotc tt, mc]'ncholr.

Auto"'." (1927) br Ed",. "l llopp'" A "Y!1mm ri" a/"", ,,·itb a cup" coffi" II,. c"" only g'"'' if !bu,"pty cbair

"PP"ri" ,",am tbat 'M" 'X"f"Cting '"'""'~ or ind«d ""(Jwd ""/,,,,", !b, arrh'aJ of anyon, at aU. Pladng bn in i11l aJima,ing nr.·iron,"m' ,,·b= ","""

con"'" only ,,·itb u<nt/ing m",bi~" HopI'" mahs un "dirt""" ""d d""chmmt _ painud and imaginary _ to cw," a rimation ,,·b.,., til. ,·i.-at"

mpp(NS til. con"q'ml(~

,eo

1710

"01

11107_111

ISIJ

IflZD-Jf

If124

ItJJ4-41

1149

flU

1167

JEAN-AUGUSTE-DOMINIQlJE INGRES

B()rR in Mon"",ban, RlR of It "',kir

Srudi" wui.,. o",it/ ant/trim­,b, Prj" tk Ro,",

Stud,,, and "",h­in Rom" &gim ,b, odali"llM uri"

ilIarri" ;\falkl,in. CbIlfJ'U,

Studi" mill ""rh­in Plorn/a

{{"ur'" to Fnma

Dirmor </ hroth AGliumyin /Wm,

In ,,,,,tinll"} d,,",mdfor

portrai"

Tkatb "f Mad,kill<

Ma"";" fklpbiTl< Ram,/

OJ,, of [»Im,""";a in Pari,

Loui s.Frm,,-ois Bertin (tk'ail) (/812) S,,,,,J in il ,impk chair agaiTl51 " Alh<T backdrop. B<rrin til. /lJUntkr IVId t/irroor of tb, Journal des D<'b,,-<, 'PitlR"j=~ ,b, lilm-Ill bourg""'" and mah/i,bmmt. Tbj'mp<rhly tklinw,d por!rait it ",,,,jt/.,.,J '"""f,b. fimst of rb. ni"numb ""fUry IlfId «"'Qimy a <TTJ;;:~ing QCbi"~,"m' by InKY"

Jean_Aug",« DOl1unJ'l"" lngn::s ",ade hIS reputation In I" )<tr.;,,,,,, , although he

bc),c,,,d that hIS"'!) painting wou ld bring

him losting r{"(,('gni.ioll. I h'ing won the l'tix <k: Rome, he li,·,,1 in Italr ~" SL~"<"JUL"n re:lrS,

'{"turning nl Pa," in 1824. ThtTC he found little

in C""unOn ",i.h hi. F"'nch "..."e"~)o.-,,ies,

",ho h.d mc:tn",hile 'h",a,h,,1 the a"""phcre

of Romm.ici.m·. Ing'es C1l1ed hi' }'".mger

,i, .. I, Dd"e roix, ',he "po,tle of ugliness'. In retalia,iuf), Dehc",ix deda,"] Ingres had '00

imagina,ion 31 .11'. Indeed, Ing,e. had nO

instinct ~" nart'l,i,,, and hi. Sct IMetts ,ufl',,. ~"

i •. Up do"' , the", is a mOSS of info.- m.,iof) but

no {,(lnnccting energy.

He h,d a houtgt'n;. mentt~.y, and rL~ his

",nth "''':'al, as Ihuddai,e admi",,!, 'a dttl~J'

"'n'uoUS na,ure'. Thi. i. ",hy Ingres i, so

admi",!. IIi. IMcru",. a'" p.in,,,1 wi,h .mazing

phy,it .. li.y: and he ", Iishes c''''Y dett~ of h"

wc:tkhysittets' d o. hes and ;'::",dle,y. A ,ul" .,ne

cxaml~e i.Mad",", ,\fai_i"in h<:, no",lg"wn ,

",hich ,,",l .wel", }'c:tts nl p,in'. lIe.- li,tle

,t.ugb"" ".,IS to h"'e been included in 'he

pOtn-,i" bu. she had grown up hy .he ,ime

Ingres finished.

Ingn:s "'bJmed to R,. ne as Di",ct,.o' of the

French Academy in 1834. Aw"y from 'he

COn'ttn' cri.ici'm in J>.ri., he un .. 't'lpl",1 hi. nbu f,,< .c:tching. Like hi. own .ut,,,, David,

he "h"C1,ed dt'l"'ing abm" all: 'If I h,d nJ put

a sign "''', my do<,,-, I would wri,e "Sthml

"f Dra"'ing" and I'm certain ,ha' I ",nuld

<Tc:t'1: p.in"'ts

Thd i s Imploring J upitc' (/ S 11) in tbi, iUU!trlllion from Ho,",,"', lIi.d, "n,,,;, MI:' Jupit,," '" "pair tM

Gruh'injusri" '" 1m- '"" Acbil/". InKY" elF'" Th"i, in ,I!< familiar mould "an ,/onK"ud odali"l"', bff body <un.~d arIJUnd ,I!< ",lid arcbiuflllral f'KIlr'

,ba' i'Jupiu~ Mnm,;:bik,Jupit""' imp"i()U! Pal, botb «IxJ" Ingr" ' Nroc/ameal 'na,,,,mt o/N'I. )I"Jn I (/ S()6) and fon,boo""", tl!< Al'".hro,;s

uf l ],. ncr (/827)

1866

1886-92

189f

/90/-04

1910

1911

1917_20

1921

1924

192f

19JJ

" ..

WASSILY KANDiNSKY

B()rR in !II",,,,,, .. RlR if a "a ,""cbimt

Srudi" Iir", and "OII'I,"io at JI/",.-"", iJnit",-riry

VITj" 'mp,.,.,i""is, ,,,,bib,,,,,,,, d«nn '" '" a painu,-

FGII"ib Phalanx Trm.-,/J to Italy, N"b.,.mrllJJ "nd "'""hAft-iea

Pa;n"{lITt ahnnut in tra,=oIOtir

C<>--foutllb D<T Bbuc Reiter ;;,irb Mar,

MarTi"Ni"" Nicolay"''''' Andnyrt',J:aya, birth if run VTn.,",od W...-h in ill",.."", at Propkl Co,","iNlrialof

Eduazti""

iJ<a,b if ron Vm:dod uacoo at &rlin Baubaru-

Co-foarllk m.ue \r,.T rj,b f,illing<r, Jm::l<tI5/:y and K,"

Mo,." ,;.';,b Baub/lUIto 0<"""

Mo,-,.,.", hall« 1::bm Nciulo" BaubilUJ"

OJ,, in Nrnilly_ mr_S';M

The Dre~m (191I) ",,'Fran,'\\arc Man- marly at.::i1jJ indud,d ""i,"lllY in hi, "it,d picttlln for him, animal, "f"""",Nl lb. in_rna and harmony ,;.'i,b "'",,'" ,ba' human kh'gJ bad las!, ilrId b, firmly hd;"',d !ba' ar' _Jd bridy rb, rIa",,,,1 and ,b, rpiri"",1 "",ilk. Marr m<d in bank a' J"n/UJI in 1916, O"'"f biJlilJl "...-h, Fighting h )( m<, m"'~f rrJ1::anJJ abstraction untkr ,b. in/hurl" </ KnndiRSJq. Tbt! ""0 uri"" roHaboraud on Oer Shu" Reiter almilrl",and .xbibitiom in 1911 and 1912, Tb. profi",d d"i,.. </ lb. group "'ar to ~ ''''bind lb. t ,.i1 </ app<ararlt""

WOSsil}' K~ndinsk}' could hear

colou rS. T his condition _ known

OS sJTI.~"hc<ia - ,..os keY''' hisar~

and he c,'en named SOme of his p.intings

'in~)J("'is:ltions' . 'l}'riCiI' and 'coml""itions' os

thoub'" they were l,;ettS of music, K"'(~rbk)'s

pionttring (J.:,,,lolw,,cnt of . hstr.<1 p.inting

1,,,.,llthl his n",,1 to exp.-ess colours .nd ~"'ns OS

if theJ.· wen:: phJtl<,,1 fr()011 the "II"e air thmugh

which «JUll<1 w'l'C< ",,,,,I. Hc a'pin:.-o:l to 'pun::

I"'inting' th., ""ul.1 bring"'" ""'wer tn the <:Imr::

<.'In(";(lIl" thru;h(~d os I"tming nJ a S}11lIhlll}'

'C(~()ur is the kL'}'. Thee}" is the halluner:rn.:: soul is the piano with its m.n}' ch<lflls, The an"t " "'"

hand th.~ 1»' nHJthing th" ()( thlt key. setS the «>uI

'ilnting 3lJn"" ,.ic:llly.'

Kandinsky ,,'OS thirty before he began to

p.int .nd }" t I ... ".me (lIle of the mo.t ()(iginal

.nd inn""nti.1 aniSlS of the tw<:nti<1h ttnrury.

In 1901 he 1,,1 an a,.,nt_pdt nl<,,"n"'nt in

,\l unich CiDed I'hal.nx. lI<lth a schm l .nd.

«"'i<~y. it .in",d ~" fn::e(~"" fr, ,,,, • n ",,"(kIllY_

domin. ",d art wo.-Id.

K.ndinsky h.d • long_ten" rdationship

with 'lilt of the Ph.l.nx studmts . G .I)( icle

,\lunter, whose "ision and "-'I",rimen"'tion

innuenttd hi. style dramatically. Up to the

oud"''''k of ,..'lr in 1914. whm K.ndin,ky h.d

to leal'e Germ.ny. ,\lunter ''"is prc<ent .,

crucialmon",nlS in his Can::<'I': his firSt .b"rl<1

I",inting, and the ~)unding of the Express;lIni"

iNt- 81"", R.ju,. (lIIue Ride,) grou p with F rlnz

M.re (1880--1916), She led him to .n

appr",i.,ion of child .n. which K.ndinsky

beli<~'<,<1 offer"l. (k:<" >I,;,;tual unde"'t:tnding

through which all hun13nkind might gmw.

Impression '; (19 11) br Was,;lr Kan(~n,kr IVl1uJimryi- rryl, t..".,./m"J on ,b, lWn _

"f'T'"",,,,i<JnaJ pro!'"ri" 0ff(lm and co/our. UJ,J '" 'X'f''''' ,b, full "mg' of bi, ,",,"ori,,, "moriom

and imaginarion

1741

170

1761_6f

1766-81

1768

1781

1807

ANGELICA KAUFFMANN

B()rn in Cbur. Jaugbu,." a mitral painu,-

Fa,"ily mot', '" Sdr.::ar.:lm-g (""11> Atl51riaJ

T,.",-.iJ '" Rom" Mila", 1m;"" Napl" and florm«, finally

jolnr Sf LtltaT

A a"k1l1j. /{(I/'"

Mo,-,.,. Ii' EngllVld. marri,s Ant""io Zllrrbi. a Jm..till1l pain" .. "" .ring ,;:itb ,b, Adam broth.,-,

F(Junbr ,",,"Iv,. "[ l,,ndon, R.lyal ACtu]""y,;:itb RrylWltlJ

R"""", t. rUn ma:=fol r1lU/i" in Rom,

Di" in /{"''''

F:.m ily o f Feruinmd IV (/7SJ) An ",·",,, .. dillllriiy larK' painting in t::bim ,b, r"1"/ f","i/y "[Sicily and Naph "pp<ar Jifrriu, p""d ilgai_ a iandrrap< Tarb ... than ,b, ricb inu,.ior " a paN"" Bringingtbildrm up in ,b, fr"dom and h<auryof rtlral mrroWU/ingr j, a njlmion .flb. pbil<N!pby "iJ,,,n-]ac'luu Ro __ au

AngdiC. Kauffillann "' .... a I",'(""'o>n:ll Im;«,] to L>n<~>n ",,',he "ife "fthe English " om'n in the age of the a"",,,."ur and Al1lb:l<S3.,k" in H . ..,i"". s"" p";nt,,d numerous

the fi",~ n) cho.llrngc s<riou,lythe m.le ponni,s in her first J'ca r - One sittt:r "''''' the

d,. "ina,iofl of history l>linting. Dc::'1,in: Iwing famous actor .nd ,heatre ",.nager, ])a"id barr,,1 fn. " d ... ",ing ,ho:: m.le nude_ Ofl ",hich the G arrick _ until she h.d sufficient funds to I>ur

"'mt:ntiofls of hi,,,. y p.inting n:,tt:d _ she her own house and ""uld 'urn to history

under ... "", S<"'I"",I J'calS of 1""I"""~>n in Italy p.inting. Promnt"j by Joshu. RL")'nolds,

IlCh"arr~inginLofl'~)f) "'theageof''''''''''y-fi,,:. Kauffm.nn bttame • fOlmder m':I"her of

A< a child pmdigy. Kauff,,"nn 'poL" ~Jur L')f)don's Roy.'! Academy of An , contribu ,ing

iangu:tges, piay"l music. nd abmt: all ,he coukl no k:w<r than four da,;siClI C<lO"p,>s itions.

p.in~ c<lO"I~eting h<r first """u"ission"j "" . l Zuffany 1" intI:d 711, Awl""iaa"'"f,b, Royal

at the age of ,wel,t:. She , ... "cOed widely ",ith Acwlmry in 1772 to ",,,,u,,e,mr.tt: ,ho:: o"":lsion.

her fa,h<r, filling in the b:u::kgllJuntis nJ his lrllfliCllly, it ,,"" dt:cid,,1 that ,ho:: "lCmllClS we n:

mu ... ls. She "'>ntinu<,j to m::..::i,,, "",u"is,ions to be ar ... ngt:d around. nude male ,,>odd. so in

and est! bl i,hed. "'I", .. tion in h<r '''''n righ~ ,.,icr nJ include tho:: 'wo w,."en aCl,k,,,ici'n< _ following 'he NeoclassiC'.1 example of ,he ,\hry ,\Io",r and K.uff""nn _ ZofEtnr

G erman p.in,er ,\I enp.

E.ii>.:.li>eth IhrtlCJ' ~s Ilennio nc in A Wi"u,.. .. T,,/, (c.lnO) E1i=<llNtb Hllrrlty "'ar ,,,,, </ lb, ,"oFt c&hr"ud actr,,,,,",, Ib, LIkId"" "ag'. and 'P"ia/i;:rd in tragic Sba«?arian btrtJind. Muffm""n '"Ilk" tl!< '""'t

ofb,r ftriking rro bair, Imt "'i,hom a bim </ ,I!< cll/lip/,xi"" ,bat Hartlty b",,/f d=ril!<d grapbiCilUy III '/r<d/,d al a tlJlld', 1!<1Iy"

'"

1862

1876

1886-91

1892

1897

"" 190J

/90'i_1I

/907_8

1911

1918

GUSTAV KlIMT

B()rll in Ballmgarun ••• m of a gold "'K""'''-

Enrou at Sobool"1 ATn and C,.a/n, V;",,,,,

Pail", t"llrj"", <(J,","imam for "ih'nK' and ,"urld,

D<atboffatb.r and broth,,.

B""",,, jim Cbai,man " V;",,,,, &",';011

W;", gold ""tlnl at Uo.-Id', Fair. Pari,

Vi,;" R,,' .. rnrlll

r-d" for BFarllin. Iff""';"

Rmgm from S«:",ion, hroJ,"" ",mllNro[ Vi""",,. JI'<.o-hb.:f, cr.aUf

til< Sn.clct friel.<: in Bru,,,IT

Pai""Th" Kiss

Pirn pri=:L at

I"'"""rio""/ Ar' Exhibition, fill""

Dj« of pn",,,,onia afura J1fllJ... in Vim""

J udith II (dn,,;!) (/909) Th< 'Kunsrxball' marhd /(Jim', /uxl",bip "iT nru ",,,t"'"mt, "fur iT diJPuU ,;:j,b ,b, &"XIionim. Judith II if in ,b, J"gmdsril (C,r",an arr lUi"'..,"') mod. 1m, ,!xm" If""' injl""''' jf-"," Scbi&', drl1!::jng, ,;:hich Klim' pony ad",",,}

AlcadingCXI'OfK"Jl'Ofartm)lJ\'C1u,"mng which he ",,,.ts c,'crl"hing: And .lthough anti-<,<)ns",.,~ti,'e \r"'nn' Se""ss.;c.,istS, Schiele I.,e, res,~,',,1 his own ,,~our handling

Gust'" KI imt fn:'luentlr I","'olcd h).' difli:: ",nt mcan<, he toO ""!S iml" "",,,1 when

antagon istn. T heEm pc:mrJirln'JoM'phll",'cn he first 'a", Klimt's "ork at the 1908

fo.-hade hi' dri,'crs to go 11<t'" a nr I~""e sf.)"ing 'Kun' .. <chau '. Klimt help,,1 the p)unger man

SectS,ioniS! an. The obicction, wt"I"C not n) c<)n,id<rli>lr 0"" t1'l<: nen twO rca rs.

Klimt'. sLOnpt uou. use of gold and Rp..1ntino:: Far fmm Paris. Klimt 'pem e,c,y ,ummer at ornamentation, hut to the borelr ron"".I,,1 t1'l<: Attt:rset: _ Ausrria'. bigg.::st lake. He hmd

emtici'm in his Ixt intings. the bnd'c"pe inspiring, and ..-..nl: of his best·

Klimt's effect on other artistS .. "1< mOre kro"TI ""rl; wen: Ixtim,,1 the n:, inch.J(ling Th<

pos~i,'e. lie himself had b<"n influ<:n""d br the IVIT. Klimt's won.s on cam ...... en: c<. nlxtr1t;"dr

Swiss Hooler, who r<~urn,,1 the c<)ml~ imcnt li::w, he n:g;rded himself mOfl' OS 3 mUr1~st ,

s:t}ing: 'I Jo,'e his f""""es .. the fn:"I,." w~h ... hich had hecn his prime rnub:: n) ,u",,",ss.

Three Ages o fWo "", ,, (/905)

Th< ,btu ag<' r'f"",,,,,ting lb, ryd, </ lift an "' in a "a of "'k',,, buMI", Th< figll,",~ ,b",,,,k-,, an 1m"" d_1y rurroundd by rbap~ uJhrting Klunr 'r in,"'"

in Ib, ,.ima of miiTobio,"gr. A li"k ""arcb "uaIJ Ib, rbap" jI(Ji1,ing aho,~ ,b, )'ltmg<r .:o,"an ",,,nbl, ,o/ooi" of INxtm'll, ,;:bi!, ,b, old..- <III< nantk ",nid

,b, doogaud pro"'=:.Ja IIDoaaud ,;:i,b tkatb and d""'"l-itioo

'"

14f2

140

1464

1472

1477_82

1482

149f_98

1499

I SOJ-06

I f06-12

HII

HI6

HI9

LEONARDO DA VINCI

B()rR in Vinci, ,,'" afa notary /",b.r and ",am'" ,"otb.,.

Tum to I"." ,;:;,b fatb<r in Norma

Appr""icd to

",/dia "f J "",,m;{J, ,;:itb GbiriaJUJio, B(Jfritini, PfftlgiTI<J and di Cmlj

BrnJ,"'I ",mbra! S, L ,,*,', Guild

ErtabJi5b.r 01:.'11 "lIdi. ,;.'i,b iII,did parrorlllg'

Mo,.,.,. to ,our, </ Du!< of Mil"n. Pai"IT \r,rgin of the Rods

Pai""Th" L3St

SUI,lt ..

Tnn-,/J to Marl/till, I~Jlj""

FlornlCl! and Romllg1lll

R"""", to

florm", Pai"" ,\Iofl' Lis.aji.o-hal/aJ<ll tkl Giocotloo 1m, k"p par1Tai,

Fund! king off= pam"'ag' in AWarl. Pain" mvnJ \r,rgin of the Rods

Tr", .. d, to papal court in R_, R"im to hnu:b (ourt in .'Imhof"

Di" in Amboi"

LI Snpiglim (I 50S) A ddiea" 0<1 rtudy. p"bap" Maoorma, h",,,'11 IlTTne Lady with Dish",·dlcd I hir

L C()fl""~) ,b \r,nci ".a;n"hsanan;,und

craftsman hut ,"lon 1".",,,<1 himself, sci"",;" os ",ell. It is no. known w"tTI:

he learn"j cnginttring: he might e,"n ha,-e

taught himself the b",s of mcchanics, His

notl:l.-.oks "',"al the '{,(' pc of his or igin'lity"",1

a n: full of exquisite dettil. E,"rything is in It.lian b<"CilN: Leonanlo Iack{'(1 Latin, ",hich

"",,, I,,(.b,bly an a(h-ant3gt: sinc<: his "",k w"ls

mot<,1 in h" own ollscn~tion nther ,han ,he

tc:tching; of othcrs. Not a II LCOfla"~,'S idc:t< ",e", sucressful, Ii i,

ch, rktl:ri«ic de,;tt of ifumata ('in thc manner

of ",, (.ole) depended on slow, ca reful

modula,ion of lib"'t and shade _ tt, LCOflar<k,

strung C(~our Contras's confUscd thc eyc -

wherc:ts rr"d~ional method. of fresco I"inting

'<-quirt,1 'apid wo .. k Ofl w{"t pla"er, So LeOfla,,~,

d<~ 'cI(1,<,1 a new {'(. "I"", ,,,I tt, I" o"e ,he waD f, ...

Th<UmSuP/'". Unfonun.tl:~·. it nci,ho::r held thc

p.int "' ... pn,,,-,,,,-,I i, fr"on ,mi'tllre,

11"",","r, ",hat ,emains of thc fn:sco

,it""",«,",,,,, L<"na"lo's al, ,,,,,ch nJ {,(M,~)("'itiOll . R;thcr than I~acing C hrist and the

al"",dcs in a >tri<:t r"w, he wouped thL,n ""runDy,

Clch gt:"uring in rc:t<:tinn to 0"",. ",. .... ,><:nt th., Ofle of ","-", ",ould S<)(jfl betny ho", T he w.y

that ,he 'I""'" al" c:trs to ",,,,,it behind Ori,,!;

""'-d ". cla",i" =,,~~c of ("""I"~ nt PL"TSI><-'Cti,,,. Lee ••• ,,10 is Ofle uf 'he g n:atl:« I'" intcrs .nd

"",st ,""a,ile gt:niu<es In hi,,,,,y: ,hc

.... "b<. limL"nt of 'he Eur(1)<":t n Rcna i"",nc<: , II is

p.rticip"iofl in a deb"e ., murt , hetween

r'l>rcsenn,i"e< of the artS and scicntts , is

"'llOrtl:d .dmiringly h)' Va",ri: ' [he ] silene .... 1 the

IL":tm<,I. nd {'(", founded the li,-elie" intellect :

The \rorgin ~nd C hild with St Anne (co 15 W) 711< rr""," "hfr jI(f"~'J from 'k kiNI of 51 Ann< d"""n tbrough ,br" K"'tratu- in an intrrau n::irring manna .b"""n ... """'r1I' '''''''

1290(')

11 19

1125(')

1127

1111_12

I H7_J9

1148

AMBROGIO LORENZETII

B()rn in Sima, ywngt'r brotlm- of til< aniIT PinTo

R«(Kdd a, Iit-ing in Sima

PainlJ fr=- fo.­cbap'" hou" ofS. Fmn",,", Si"'a

Enurr tb, ,,,,ild at FIorrn"

Paintf fr'xot!, in ,b, Pala=o Public. QtSima

Oi""f tb, pJagl« in Sima

The Life of S.int N ichol. s ofB~ri (d"ail) (c.lJJ]) AI hirbop of Myra, S, NidNJla, if ,bot:.", "" .. ing tb, "",,,,from f"min. by mira"""""'y Jryingand mllltiplying ,b, filCh oft:.·bw ,bat

blMl fall", in'" tb, ""

The,e an: k w hard IiIcrs a,~ibhlc aoollt

Am b"'gio L"" nz<~ti. It " "".<\, liLdJ'

that he ","", a p"pi l of Duccio. n'gnhe r with h" (~(k:, hrn, ho::, PiL~"': and ho:: is Imown n,

ha,,: I" id "' Ic,,,, twO cxt{"["hl ,·"its to ]o1o",r'I<'t:

fi-, . " h" "JIl>l: in Sic",. lIe ".,,, dearly fa",iliar

no' on ly "i,h the wo rl of Giono bu t al<o:) thot of

G iono's 1·1orcnt;"" ,u"""-,,,<,rS; and he is I"" bol~y

""Iu"ihle~" ""min Sic""", inilu<"Iltt:s on ,ho::

an of I~o n:n,". I'.nirularly in the a"'" of ,.,,,11

de",, ;onall';""''''''

Both Arn h<ogio and I'ictto n:nd towards nar rH;"e ra,hc' th.n deco",,;,e wo rk: and

Amh"'gio - 'he mOre in"m,i", of thc twO _ is

he,,_known ~" his fi-cs<x>l:s in ,he grand cou ncil

chamber of Sim • . dealing with thm,cs of W)(. l

and h.d w""rnmmt and 'heir cfkcrs on b"th

urbon and rural life. II " delightful srenes a n:

{"[am">l:d with inci(k:nt .nd an:hitcctural d<~ail.

T hey an: 'he frr" p'norlmic "icws (}If town and

cou"t'Y sin"" das.ieal times. and dernln"rlte

tho:: n:""rbhle cun t",l of Str""OJ n: . 'I"ce and

(~st:l.""e achie",d in I tI ~a n p.inting a' this time.

",·ith Am brogio:lS an ad"an,,,d "1:1"{"[. ·ll..:: L, n: nz<:tti ho::ot hcrs to,th died in thc

gr .... J, plague of] 348. which killo::d two ... thi,ds (}If

tho:: 1"1,uhtion of Sien •. indu(ling • g ",at many

of 'hc c()nrr,~ ling a"s"){"["1<)·.

The Effects ofGoooJ Go..-crnm<:nt in the City (J."'if) (/117_J9) Thi, d,,,,il a/fortb a g/im!= "f "JI!ryd", lift in " t:."/I_g",·,",,d city. !II", Qnd

tr"m'" rid, about on m,-,,/mck, a ,bop IT/nub op'" f llr In"i",,, and il1l

i"'''-''''ng p"rrion oftb, t"",n armi,,,,,,,", ;, r,,·,al,d, fiJI oflmttkmmtJ and boleoni,,- Althougb Sin'" ri:",g,d Flo,,,,,, in pr"'P"ity at til< tim, of

p"iming, it i, prolmbly an jdroliud "prumt.,illil to eontr"" ,;:im tb, '/mJ g",""m",,,,' jr.Jro in tb, """' cba"br. ,botring a dty d"'a"""d by f"m'n.

and mlln<Ut"r fallingfr.- 'Il< 'ry

I SS7

,,"-'"

190f

1906

1907

1908

1909

19 10

1911

1912

/ 9/1

1914

AUGUSTE MACKE

B()rR in iI/,xb.d.,

ron "I a ,neil min"r

Srudi" ar' al Dii",/t1Jrf AJ:i>d,,"i.

VITj" Italy. Anmd, Biaiin ,,,,bib,!.,,, in H,jddkrg

Vi,;" B,Igi/,m, Nnb..-/alUJ, and

Likloon.

Vi":,, Pari,. influmadby 'mpr",.mirtI. M",.,.,. to 8.,.1111, f1Iuli" untkr Corintb

Vi":,, /Ullyand Pari,

MarTi" EJifllil<,b GN"bard,

Birrb<!_ JI'iJ,,~ ill"" Marc. ]m;:kmry and K","Jimryin

M"nith·1"'''' Dcr Rhuc Rei""

MU/J Ernn and KI« in B(Jt/R

Vi,;tJ Ddau""y in Pari, ,;,j,b Marr

Binh if ron Ji'''''JK''''g in Bonn. Vi,;, fro.n !"Rla"""y and ApoOiTllli"

VITj" Tun;,i" t."i,b 1<1«. Dj" in hatt/. at P"1b.~·I"_ Hurl",

Pie rro! (/ 9/J) AJ'b<JUgh gmmdly Fllttt'ist inbi,ro/iJluingand Cubi" in fix'"' 111...-,1-,. bad RiJI Y" bad "m, to "mlni/a" aU 'k ;"fI"n/in k biNI ", .. UrIU,-.,}

during hi, In"' Ii .. parr ii' Il paint"

Auguste Macke w .. s Iud)" enough t() particularly s}"lll'"he,ic to the c<~ ()."

min)" financial s<"CUri'r. and waS ~Iw .. y< harmonies of the O 'l'hic Cubist Delaunay.

ITtt to study and tr,,·el. l ie ~I<" Vin .... ! '\\"cke nlOk an independent line with the ~n

the p"ronage of his wilf,'s unde , lkmha,d "fhis time . I Ii. inll:""" wCTe figur."i,·e n"'· .....

Koehle" in return for ad"is ing him on hi. m}sticol , u<ing !'ight colour in b",.d outlin .... ! a"c"lI",tion. a,cas , and s<'m<~imes avin" a multicolour .... !

,\ladee fir$! S3w Im pression ist p.intings in mO'.ticin the"rleofDcbunay. Pa, is in 1907. Then. in ,\ Iunich in 1909, he m.... On E ... ",r ,\Ion(by, 1914, KI<"t: ""d ,\Iade

Kan.Hnsky and ,\ la,c , "J'~Jundc rs of the a, rin,1 in the Tunisi"" ,m.ge of Sidi Roo Sa id. Exp",«ioni" group /"Nr Blau, R,jur (RI uC ,\ lade sl .... ch,,] the ou,,"de of ~ cofe befo.e they

Rid ..... ) ""d wotied with them to 1''''1''''' the hurried on elsewhe"' . Six mon ths b ll: ' he was

alman.c ~"thei , firSt exhibition. \""~hin. fL'w kill,,! in action. I lis friend ,\Ia ", _ who would

rca,s , through f«-quent tr.",1 and pe ,sonal mttt the same !itte two )"C3.rS on _ w,nt C this

"'nt""'S, ,\ lade h.d cn",wltCTed e,cry m'ior '1'i"'I"" ' \ \ <: p,int<1"S Imow .. he V"e ~ br ib<ht .....

modern ~" o"""lIlen!: the F,en<'h Fa",·e. .nd pure , sound to "'lour than any of

(i,..,luding '\\21 isse), the Cuhis11l of Pi",~sso a nd us, he V"e it the dar.y and !'ightncss of hi.

R'"'que , ""d the Itali.n FuturistS. I le,..os wh(~ebeing.'

Worn"" in ~ GreenJ~""ct (/9/ J) Painud at Ld:, Thun in S;;.'ir.Lrland. ,hi, f","{JUS picttlr, ,hm::, a parriculnr/y

,,,,,itit-, tmd harmoni"", arTflng,,"m' of fix'" and cdiJRr. /, i, ",,,,in ,hat ..IIaa, "wid hat-' """tn, a paw-anir1 ifb< had rnn.-;,-ro. A.- Marr ,aid:

'II", hi, frimdr, ,,-, h"," ,,-ha' prot"i" ,hi! man of gmiu, UfT"/y bo" in him. '

1898

1912

1916--18

1922

1925'

1926

1927_29

19JO-4O

19J9-4S

19H_f7

1965'

1966

1967

B()rn in UIJi~;, ron of a 'ail ...

IIIo,kr comm;t' JUiatk

StudS" at A auJi",;' tkr B,aux_ArIT, Bru=lr, iNcom,r wIRm"aal arrirr

Marri" GfiTgm, B<rp. Impirro by Cbiri(o', T he Song of Lm'e

MUIT Dadai"" 1l'orkn:.'i,b Arp, Sdrr::irrffJ, T""ra and Man {{ay

Pain" T he Lo" Jortcy

Lit~, in Prune" m"IT Ernrr, /Jali,

B I'm", and EJ "" nJ

{{mum to Bru=lr. Stunalirr ,bal.." in Pari" [.""don. N"" )0'*

Cbang" painting Jry/" Imt r,,''''IT

Pa;n" r~'ofr'xo rycln in Krwkh ... 1,_Zu, and Cbar/""i

{{m''''f''cm'' a' MUH"'" of Motkrn An, N"" );,'*

B'gi", "wpm", </ paintinW

Di" of panOUfae (ane" in Br"",1r

Fa ntom:.s po<ter (19]5') Tb, ParI!Uma, ApJ=aarion Soci,ty "'/J' f",mOO} by ,b, a,-ant_gam, p<Xt Apollinam in 1912. {{"" Magri'" and bi, brotb..- Paul ,bar.d /J p=ion for ,bdianto,"'" fibm, ,b.n::n in 19 /J and 1914 and ba"d on tb, na:',hbySo"'~rrH andAllnin. Tk jieriona} "";,,,;na} hmlm' a "'ure, _fimpiration for Magri,,, and oft'" JUgg<rrro bi; choi" of ,i'/,r

Unllkl: mO" of hOI fdlo", SurrealISts

Rene ,\lagmte ~<k'pt<d .n

una5$wllIng, .... ther dullllfcs'J II: !l>c

docs the e,;<k:nce of our Own eJ'es

mL-an an)""" n: ?

Hut Magritte will not let uS dodge this

lowpmfile ""JS his "'''rof ensuring that he m.... o.,slaught , nor allow anr sit ... tion to ",main

with as little interfen:ne<: as p",;sibll: whilst blindlr a=I" '-'<1. lie m.nipula",s time , sc:tle

cone<:nrr.,ing 0., thl: Surrc:tli" n,k of 'barring .nd ,;ewl.,int "1'C3 ",dlr. lie turn< night into

fmm J"ur mind all n:n", milo-ane<: of wh., J'ou dar. li e offerS mirmr im.ges th., show the

h,,'e ""n, .nd Ilring alMrs 0., the lookout~" n:",rSe of what we exp"ct to sec. lie <:reateS wh., has nner bern ' . ';SttS through win<k,,,,· framcs ju.<laposed with

T hl: rricLs ~nd puns I><esent,-,<I in M'h"it""s <"nva",S, ,ugge,ting the I )()ss.ibi~ty of finding paintings communicate on a b,d th., threc_diml:nsion~1 ",.Iity through the A.,

CO., tcml. ' .... ')· ,;ewerS undcrSnnd "''). well. surf.e<: of. picture: J' .... the "icwer muSt sec th.,

We know th., thing< an: not al"'''rs wh., th!)' it's ~lImcrelr I" inted. 'E,,,rJ"hing ,," sec hides

Seem because we are suLiected dailr to another thing , wc al"'''rs "'''nt n, s.,,, wh., is

thou., nds of Il",di'_gmerl ",d images. \Vh., hi<klm br wh., wI: sec .'

The I ""1'f'Y Donor (/966) Magri'" 1::a, ah::ap to""i"", tbat tbinK' ba'~ a flip rilk n-m mor, <uri"",

,ban ,lvir /acalk. In oro'" li' rmd<r rb, 'Jar}' ,ilk ,.iJibk, ",-.,-al 0/ iIIagri,u'rr«urring m""ft ar< arrrmb/,d bu.: l"r.:I",ba",d iIIr A1-<rag<, tb,

m,IodS"", (0,-",,1/ (,;:i,b a_iat<tJ cb«Y) imtI tb, n-ocat;'-' bol= at r.::iligbt_

B,ing/ooI,d allo,," '" to 'cbifi our g""', '" rlv pbilOJopbn u,am "7""", t. n-mnmlly '" rbingr for 1::bat tINy uaDy ar. by ,,,ing ",bat ,b'Y ually arm't

2

1878

1897

190f_1O

1911

19H

1918

1919_12

1922_27

1926

1927

1927_29

19H

KASIMIR MALEVICH

B()rR in K/rJ,

roR"f Q fiXrory fimmml

Srudi" at Kin! SdJooI "[An

In M""OIr, rrl<ilj" Imp",il";,,,", Cuhi5manti Fam.'j,.",

iJ<'igm "IT muJ CI,m,,"" for \r,C!O.Y (JI'LT

,hI: Sun

&bihi" ,;:irb Tat/in I1nd Po"",'a in T,mfF'::ay V' and ,1xr~'J iliad: Square a' '(). W'

PainIT \Vhi,c On White

UacM at V,,,dJd:

An 11151;"'''

uiXb.,a' Lmingrad AcatkmyofAm

PuNirooThc World os 1>1<..'1-Ollje"';,;')"

V,silI Qnd ",hili,,, in Jinnat.7and B<rlin. iIIm, Arp, Gak, lL Corbwi..- and Sd,,";,un. Vi":" GropiUIill 8nub","

""«b,, at Ki", S",,, Art insriruu

OJ''"f em'a.- in Lmingrad (lWI!' SI P",,,lmrg)

Three Li ttle G irls (1928_12) AJ'bwgb painml in Ib, p.,.iod if S(}(ia/in l{,aJi,.", imp"ud by Sw/in. !b", ,btu figur" ",IN> til. old Sup,mati" formaliti,s and '""1 Ill", "for dir«t/y iNK} '""'" if Ma/" .. icb', 'Mli'" ""rh, !b, )'1()wcr Girl" 19M

K"'illlir ,\1abich <lid not attribute an)'

usc: Or I''''l)(.<\c to an .nd it ,,~s his belief th:u arti,,,, ,hou ld be ,piritU:lII)'

ind<l,,,,,d""t in ,,,,Ier n, erc;tc~. Sttning with

simple d", ... ings, h" gI',. "erric "lU:l"', CmS<

and rccHngle WC ", intcndcd to show the

'su p,cm'<)' of ~",,,s·. MaJe,'ich initiatcd

SUI"",,,.,i,m in 191 J with his,;c", and ""tum'"

f,,, the Futurist '1>< ... a Fi,,",), ",-.,- til. Sun, ~" which One of the h""kclot hs '''"is a hl.do .nd

white "lU:lre. lie 6n.Dr exhihit,,1 the i"",ic

Bmd: Sq"""., the '0.10' ,how in Petrog",d in

1915. Three }'urS I.,cr, he produccd his

f'mous Whir. on Whir. , 1<iding • m},,,ic

'nnoun""m""" '] h"" cmergI'd into white.

Beside me , conlrlde pi lo", ... swim! Tbe f",e

... hite Sc; , infinity, lie< hefore }'uu.

This StatCment 'nticip"ed Minim.lism by

6ft)" )" .rS.

P''''t.re",lution, the }'oung S",;et Union

,;cemcd fertile ground Ii" .niSls , .nd

SUI''''m .. i'm became the Slrle Ii" e,c'l~hing frum 61m l'0stcrS to """mi", .nd tcxtilcs.

,\tob'ich,. man ()fgr<~t ch.n" and. brilli""t

v

'I",.kcr, held le.ching ],ostS in ,·",iou,

in"i,u,;ons and ,,",-< ",ad" • Cuntor ..

the 1("",lin. Rut beyond the "arly 19!0s. the StotC

tighten,,] its grip and dccn:cd ,hat the artS

should glorify 1'(~ itic.1 and s<>cial ideals.

01"",,,,,,<1 and marginaliz.cd _ ",Cn arrested

"nre _ ,\hb'ich w.tch"J ""hi!c Stllin il11l. ,,,,d

Socialist Realism In 1931 . nd I"nishcd inde pendent .n l1l(lll'I11CnlS fro", wh., h.d

bttn the world's ""-,, , I'"JgrCSS;'" coun try ~"

11". lern "I",,,,,, an.

SUl' rcnuti st Compositio n (/9/5) An ''''''1/pI, of rb, m-aigbtfort'ard ",mbinat;'" of g",,,,n,-icai <i<,"",,,

,ba' ,ual" .. icb pain"d ;"t1:.'"'' til< um',iling ./Sup,u",,,j,," in 191 j and lb. 'Wbi"an Wbi,,' ,.,.j" <! 1917_18. /f,ba,imnx/tI"d ",!<JUT; a

ud 'nangk a/'P"'rT, rwangl" hroJ,", 'rap'''''''''' and ,b". j'I trong ',"ph",;,." ,b, diaf!f'rIIll

1812

ISfO--f6

INrI

ISH

Isrs

1861

1862

186J

186f

1866

1868

1870

187r

1881

1882

/881

EDOUARD MANET

B()rn in Pari" J.m of a judI{'

SlUm" in Par" tmtkr COUrtlY" Trtr.·,/J ,;:iddy

Binh </ fatbn-', illqi"m,," ...., u.,

,\/",,- l"NkuToir

At"". &udd"i,.. Pint painting "Inc Ahsirnhc Drinker

MufY /)"ga'

!"Natbolfatbn

ilIarri" Suzan", l.""bo/f, Lion'r ,"o,b". Exbibirr D<'jcwler 'ur L'll.,.""

Exhibits 01)'1" 1'; '

ill"" Ci::"",,, and ill"",

iII"". &rtb. Mori""

S",," in Nlltimal Gtulrd

&bihi" "Ine Seine ., Arg<:n"'u~

AI::ard<d L'Kiun"f Ho,,"tIr

&bibi" liar ~t the F(~ics·

lkrgcrcs ", Salm

L'K Ilmpul"",} OJ''"f I)'pbiliJ in PM;'

LoL:. de \'.ole nee (/862) LoJa d, liz.kna "'a, ,11< kad dan=- in" "''''P' from M"drit/ ,;:ro pnfixmd Il' ,b, Port< IJallpbjru during lb. ""m"" """'" if 1 862

Ed()uard M.net "' .... a l'ara<~)xic.1

C<Jlllllina,ion of the ",,,,IUlio,,""y ani"

... ho =,·,,1 official gold mcd.l" the dehon";' Ill.n_.bou,_,own who uscd "",,~ sl.ng: .nd ,hI: repu b~con lih<:rol who .,-,,,ltl:d n)

go home '0 'he c<. nfor .. ble consLTl'ati,'c

lifl:,t}'11: to which hI: "",,, a"''''tom'''1. II<: "",,,

hand"lOl'c , witt}' and genc",'" to fril:,"1s. wI>:)

indu<k:d Baudelaire and Zob. And hI: 1(""h,,1

thl: hJl'ocri<J' of PI:<1,11: likl: hi< own fa,her, ,

pillor of thl: Il:gal cstahlis hmen, with an

ilk-gitima'l: ''In , who." moth~r ,\I .. nl:' m'rri,,1

himself, o,",c his father ".,,, <k:ad.

He "",, Onl: of 'hI: gcnl:""ion regularl}'

exclud<,1 from 'hI: Pari< Salon. Rej<..,.l:d for

both stylI: a nd ""n'l:n' , thl: litmou,l}'

''In'm,,, ~ial OJympia and Dii""'''' rtlr L'H.,.Iv

end<,1 up in thl: Salon dc. Rcfuses, .lthough

,\I.1n<~ reoll}' had n(. anticil""ed the 11OW<" of

IlU b~c opinion ah",inst him. 'i::t, :IS for :IS hi<

p<"'rs werl: c<lOlcemed, Dijrn,ur marked 'hI:

d.wn of In~"essio:)nism. ,\Ianc,'s ")n~,,"' ition

~)lIo",< a sixlrcmh"::m'ury engra'ing of. lost

drawing by R.phael, call,,1 TN ]1lllK'mm' of

Par;'. BJ' re in,erpreting ,hI: worl of a

R"".issan'" m.ster, ,\ hn<~ "",, q""sti' lOl ing thl:

I,o<sibili,}, of hcli<:f in an}'thing onl: on'"

,rust,,1. ' Ini, p.inting "",,, "'ml~l:lrd thc J" "'

aflrr thl: dea,h of M .. nl:" s Iit,her, wl10 "",,, I,,"h

• judgl: and an .dult"r ......

II)' 1874 ,\ hn<~'s ""ut:t tion a. exp<1"illlc n",1

arti,t and lead"r of thl: I n~, ,,,<sioni'ts ,,",S finnl}' es .. blished. 'Ine Cali' C uerl,,)is, ncar his

Batignolb sttJ<lio , I.oee:llnl: ,hI: ml:<~ing platt

fo.- Monet, Renoi r, Sisley, Deg-... and Pis • • ro

and .ltho ugh "'ane, presided ""er them

regularly, he would not P."ieil>1,e in ,heir

emi hit;ons . I I<: chose instl:.d nJ ","ain !Orused o n ,he Sal,." which he Cllled ~he trut field of

hattie ' . I lis ">1in influ,-",,,,,. had al,.."y< b<..::n the

Spanish pain,ers Vcl"'''luC>. and Goy"", but it

,,~ during 'his ,ime - when he aCbJally went pain,ing m pI.in air & (MI1 ,\10""" ', boo, studio _

,ha' he Cl ml: cl'N:st '0 the Im p.-... "",i,., ist style,

DCieuner sur L'! krl.e (/86J) 711. t","",,'r boM rtil,", chilUmg" tb. 1= c<Klarning b.,. rIilhd pr""'" ""d ,bilt if tb< o,b.,. t"man (1I1i".d hil,bing ""d 1I1llIity t'.,.. ilkgaf) . It bar h<m

rugg""d ,ba' ' h< fa" ir tbat if ,\Iamt 'r ,"othl Jlicrorim iII",rm" 1m, ,bat 'k rudy h<kmgr '" Su""mu L«nIroJj: 1I1Olb.,. "fbir baif-broth" Imd rbor,/y to k bi,,";/<, Tb. alnHnpim)'ing Inm au S""anm'r brOlIm- FmlirlilnO, il rmipwr,

and Mam' 'r br.,b.,. G"",,,~, in "" 'arn'rtic' /<z. Tb. bullfinch _ bot~ring "".,.b.ad _ t'lll' a ""pular CIlK'd r<mgbird in Parir at tba, tim., p<rbapr tb.

rigbt if "m ill lilm-ty addr ."lra rignificalla to tb. lUm

'"

14 JO

1441-45

, .. , , .. , 1448_55

1451

u nl

14 65_74

14 66

14 66_'10

14 90

14 95

1506

ANDREAMANTEGNA

B()rR in Ma di

Carturo, "'" if a

'"P"'-Apprm!;" to

Sqtuuci"u, h«","" ,.,jot"i:"

"" W..-h ,;:i,b

"uJpm,. /Joon"Uo

1.,a'~T

SqtUlrc;"", j

''':orhbop

Painu fr=ar for Cburch "f 1M Ern",'"",i, Pad,UI

Mamn Niroi<Jria BdIiR~ Jist", if artin Gi(mmni

BrnJ,"'I COUrt

pain",- to GiJ1I=:Agtl!</

Ma"'''''

Pain" fr=a< for C"l1lcra deg]i SI'("; a' Pal"""" D1«:aJ,

C(lmp/"" ,"oml1nn",,1 "ri" Ti-iwlll'" of C.<:s;.r

Pail", fr'x~ in I"""", 8,11'.0." cbap<1

B'Kin,ropp'r mgTtn:i"gy

Painlf ,\ 1a<~>nn' ddb \r,,,orjo

Dj" in Mantua

Lwlov iro Grrtting I lis Son Co nii"", ] Frmcesro Gon1::lll"

(tlmil) (1471_74) Th< [m«l< in ,b, C. Ill'"'' deg~ Spos; (bridal ,bllmhff) af'b. dJuaJ pala" in Mantua ilY' rrriking <"il1l1p/"offf,,,,,,b-c<nrury ;UW;"";,,,"

When Andrea ,'hnteg'" waS" dli:Clsrdlttlt""in!lu""",()fD(ln,.cD(~~l<wh(.n

Jumg Ill'n , thITe w.s huge ho:"ntt:wo.-!",I"'''''''I''''-"Jlti"". in.c"", .ruund the nnnh It.lian ,\ lantcgn.·s m.jot dill lay in his uSC of

cit}' of P.du. in ,he c"lkcrjon .nd study of illusionist pCrSpccri"1: 1.o,h for ~"I:g,,)und

Rom.n.miqui'ilS.M.megn.ln{· ... m.nyof,he oc,ion and l",dground sccnery. Thc priml:

uni"'rSi,y sch,~.rS and .ntiqu.ri.ns im',~,' .... J in cx.ml~c is his f",sc" p.in,ing in thl: Cil"'"il

this ",ork .nd ",hot he lc:im,,1 from thcm he tkgli "''p'''':, M.nt"", ... hich insp,r,,1 R~phad .nd

f""",<:ndy "1",,,lu,,,,d through his.n CO'-'''ggio .nd the wo.-k of thc b~roquc ma"crS.

In turn, his painting< Ji:...1. growing in",,,,,,, in The StZ('n""lt:t'pic",, in \hon:t is.nother fine

the rL~i,'al of da5<iC11 ~lnns. ThnJuh<hout his example. The 'poti.1 con'truc,i"n of the

C1""-,. he m.de fn:..qucnt Il.f"",,,,,,, ttl R","arK'}ic I'" inted hall in which the ,\ I"~)nn:t is di'pI1)',,1

In<.",~cl', a.s!.,,,,,·n "ith C.e.<:t, himselfin the .,pic fits the .ctu.1 frame, ",hich itself sinH.!' tt" the

suitt:, the Triu"'ph </C",-,",r. ,\ lann:gna's ""'~1tur11 front of a tt:ml~e.

"!(,get"", "ith his bruther-in_bw GiOl'anni

Be llini , Mantegn. " ... hrgelr ,c>ponsi!>ie ~"

sp rCiding the idCis of ,he e.rlr Rt·miss.nce in

no,thern ha!r. No, ()n!r wcrC his paintings

highl)" "'p"I,,!. his "'gr:t"ings also won the a<hnir:t bon of Durer.

\ Vhen he died in ,\ iantU1 in 1506, ,\ iant<:gn.

,ce,;,'''] the r:t '" hon()ur of h"'ing a funerll

ch.pd d"lic1t,,1 to him in the church

ofS.nt·And", •.

UMne n t:l ,ion ",'cr the o.,.~d Chri st (c.1490)

Manugna b", frill,,,d tbi, confinro 'Pa" in a """Y,bal arcbiucturally d'fi"";1 ""N ,,/I "fa m"IX"'; and, '''';lUd '" b, "' ..... in IN rrudy of

damca/ mo(1</" N am:ry' an imprmn·, ""'rffiry t."i,b bi, Cbrirr fi;:ur., HE '""JUry" for"lxmming al", mmu, ,bat t."bam·.,. ,b, angl, "

apprOtlcb, Ib, to,"'""" uliUlmUn tb, t»""d fm. 711, draP""i" Ilr' 5barply d'fin,d, pain"d - i, i, mid -from Manugna" modd'.f foJdd

paP"" and g"'m",d fabric

1

1284 (')

11/4

H/f

11/7

1119

/JU

1121_12

/111

BJ9

H"

SIMONE MARTINI

B()rn in Sima, .om afapla",_

Vi,;" A";g,wn

Paim; ,\ 1aCStl in Pal""w PuhbJi,o, Sima

Vi,;tT Naph

Pain" polyptycb for church in Pi",

MarTi« C."·iUIrIIl ;Ii Filipputcio

Pain" "'My ,burch and go:-'t7Im<Rt

ClH",",'m'oM, """'

/'M I"",.

PainIT Annunciation for Sima Ciltb.dral ,;:itb LiP/'" M,,",,,;

S",/" in At'g"''''' iHc","" frimd " Pm-arch

Dj" in At-ign'"

Angel G~[,rid. Annunrution (J",';I) (1 JJJ) Th< fl/'lda, an j, "'d",, b"., JlTihing lb.""g'/)­"-.rd, imo tb, mlln ~Id kaf INxJ:grOUlul Jr,tb no ltIrTmry IaL"f, p,-,/mjonaJ goJdlNllurrcould g"

01-'" olU b'mdud kll:-" (8, 5"" "l"ilY') .lIt of 11

ring!< du"'" ,11< gold coin" ,",dineal ltidy

S i,m"" ,\ I.trtini <~ed" t the 1"1,,1 Cou rt in and dill with Duttioand Amb.-ogin Lorenz.ctti.

A"ignon , .ftc r • ,uccessful and well_ It is 1' ''''u''' .... 1 that Ducc;o waS ,\lartin; 's

«· ... arded Jill:: 'I'~nt in the se,vice of Iel.ch<:r. l ie d",,,I'1,'-"<1 Duocio's tr"'-tlnm' of

inAucntialp""'ns. I lis illness,,~ such th" I>.: sP"'" and ",lw1le . • nd mastl:",d the Got hic

h.d .I r ..... dr d",..n up a will . • nd his g<:nCT,,, il)· SI)·1e so hriDi. ntly th .. his ''llln.tion sp n:.d

and lolt: ~" his extend"d f.mily an: cle" from 'CT,'" Eum pe. ,\ lartini ,~d not. howe"". h:t,,, the ,beum<"nt. lie was much k,,·,,1 in n:turn. Duccio·s instinct foO" d"'m.tie n"",ti,·e. lIis

esped.lll· bJ.. his wift: Gi"'~nn. ,..ho rL"Ill1in,,1 skill was as • <"~ourist . and in "''''''ling the

in full ,oourning ~" him. depnee of t;"hlJ'""ehd figurlS in gr.nd «::nings.

·Inis type of e,·id<"l1"" is .. ,,''''' fmm tl>.: l ie "'~ the prtft:ct Cou n p,intrt. ,\\.1 n ini .1«,

fou ne<"l1th ""ntury .nd. in Con tra" . ,...,thing di,ected. ",·,,.. bhop in Sien • . und<:ruking

d<.finite is Imown of ,\ \.1 nini ·, life hc~, n: I J 15. o .. n.men~.1 w,,.. k. such as gil,~ng • nd hrt.ld;"

when he I" inted .nd sign<:d h .. ilia"';; in Sit"lla. ,biclS. l ie was ""nSunU1l"e h.ndk-r of dt ... il .

J udging f'olll the importance of this ,..ho ",uld as n:adily I" int • n:alistie to,..n.""' pe

commission. he was . h .dy 3 distinguish,,1 on . w.1I as he ",uld illumin:tI1: " singk: I .. ge of

p,inl1:'. and 1",' llo l>ly ICpr<hl as <:qual in "'nk manuscript~" his friend. the I. ,et l'ct"'ICh.

Soint Louis of Toulouse C rowning Robert of Anjou (Ill 7) A oouhJ, coronation "'}" pJac" ,;.'bil, UJi';' IX </ Pran" off"' bi,

",nbly """." to bi, brotb"" M r«,;';', tM (f"<r~'n of uUntbood. Manini', gr,arm ,kilh art' "n diJpJiTf ,,'itb itn:j,b """""", a roat..,f."rm" larg'

'l""ntj,;" </ gold /"'[, and JrJ1"' dr.',,- 1'''''1'''';'''

TOMMASO MASACCIO

IWI B()rR Tomm"", di Gil1'.'"n"i di Simon, Guidi, in s'w Giot'iumi J1l/darTliJ, ..... if a 1I<Jtary

I>#)6 Tkatboffatbn

1422 S",/" jn FkJrm", ,"",liNr"! Corp'mm'on d_g/i Sprdali

1424 liN", Guild ofS, LuJ:" rrudi" ""tkr arebi,ut Brtm<U,,.bi

1426-n Pail", fr'x(}S in Bn""",,, Cbll/"I jn Santa Maria J,/ Ci"min<, florm"

1428 Trtr.·,/r to Ro,"" i)j" tb'H M:.odonn.:.o ~r..J Child "ith £Oint Anne (/424)

Thi, flTlJUP "'ar a ",Ilabot-arion h<tt:WR Ma.'a,,'. imd M=lino. Til< """p",i,ion "'k "'''jor fig"'"" ,Iw!:.', tba, tINy ".= ;\I"",a-o. 'r c""'rilm!'m. TIN MooiKIr/Q) righ' JmupuJJ<tfon:ard through Ib, fabric<fb<Tdr=imd til. band <ISlAm" "rim to

"'1'i<JU ,il, "'Ptb"1 ,b, pimtr'-TfHK<' By rontTtlJ1, Ma",Ji",,', ""yiJ ",,,ain ratlm-JIll! and ",,/<, ,;:ifb rcarr,lynwugb rtrmg,b jn ,b,;r llmtkr blDulI to

bold rb. amain up at 'k hack

T(Illl1""" " Ia."",;" li,'cd "hand_to_ (lisca<c. lns"'''l, he left behind. Ix_ly of w(,..k mouth cxistcnct: with his widowed tho ~ like Giot ro's t.,,~m:: him, p,'e TlI:W life to

,mthcr in lolon::nCt:. Ilis I",st dothes westCrn art. Along with two Flo,cntine

re;id,,] with the I"wnbmkcr, and he <"uldn't contcJllpol"1ries, the a",hi",,,, lI,undll:<chi _

af~",1 to I"r his ""i,unt , who c,,:nlUaUr took who t:t ught him l'<"t'l'ttti,'e _ and tlv: srulp".

him to law. A "'a",h f,. fresh p"mnage mar D,.,ateDo. ,\ "'saccio cmb"",,,] the l.i""il~cS of

hal'l: httn whr ,\ las.:tCt:io ,ul1lenlr I<ft li':tr Ro me human ism wh l~ l:hc:t rlc,Dr. li e 1'1"",,1 thl:

in 1418, nL~·<"t to r<:turn. Onc "' I. 'rt 'I",aks of &Uiblc indi,·id ... 1 and thc ,cal ",orld at thl:

dc:tth br I)()i'"ning. while "'hers sa>" hI: fcU Ct:nt,C of his "i,ion, d,awing ,ubj<:ClS ti-,. " lill:

"i",jm n) the plague. a,ou nd him r"hcr than ti-om gi~]cd "",die,al

,\1a=cio could ha"1: I",en juSt one of the "".Ids. crowd who ,trugglcd to ,utl·i,'1: and then In 1416, ,,·hen his fo ,me, coUabo,ator,

,'ani,h<,] anon)'Jllousl)· thmugh conAi", 0, ,\las<~ifl(), left the III"1""acci C hapel unfini,h<,]

. nd wcnt to H ung.r), on othe r hu,iness ,

"'=<:<:10 n><Jl the pr(~ccr (lI'cr. 111e frcscocs

th .. he I"intl:d the n: wc n: not only g n: .. ly

supL"fio ' nJ "'",o lino 's bu t Ill'Y bc .. id to

h",c st:trt<,j the ltt~an Rcn.i"",,,",c with his

Illa.tl: 'y of I'=pecri,., and ("'''''''ation of light .

During a reg rcttal~y hrid Caree r, ,\b=cio

ga," Flo n:ntine ... t the di n:criotl it n:qui n:d.

As • leg.!)", hi. Rr:tnc.cci frcscoes bC""llle

thc adnow lcdl!"d ""lining sch<><)1 of

gL-nc .... tion< ofFlo n: ntinc paintl:""

The Rende ring o f the Tribute Monq (dnail) (I n6_27) An .pm,tk from Mattb":J'1 §J'1"I- 711. tax ,dlroo.- a' Capn-nau", tUmalllh

pay"''''t .ftM "",pl. !ax. JuUJ ' anrt:.'", i, to oro", Pn<r '" catch a fi,b, and in i" ",o",b tbry ",ill find a ",iramloUJ lik"" ",in_ Hi'liJrilltll kb',,-. ,bi, picrttr. a/kilNs to a comnr..-.rnal Ulx rifo"" in N orma. Maraa-';' may bat" jn<llllkd bim"if among ,b. gnJi/p of ap"rr/u, prmibJy al St Thoma!, on tb. rigbt. TM

ap"rrl" JUlnd in a di'';'''t ","i .. irrl., ",/idly ,,,,xl.O.d in ,b.ir GruJ...rryI. ttlnirr and doah Tb. landrw/" in lb. batkgro"nd is pain"d in f'"fitl

/""pror.u 1::ich mcaN:" pi",,,! </ dirrllRa and 'M /igb' t'ny d.arly com ing from olU ",Ura

1869

1887_88

1891

1892

1894

1898

190r

1906

1907

1911

1917

1941-43

/94S_f/

19f4

H ENRI MATI SSE

Born in u Cat "UI ·C ""'Min" ron of a grain ",,,"eb,,,,,

Stud,,, law

L,at~"".., li' mmyar!

En"n crudia <{ Mo.-<au at I:FAd, d" B,,,ur-Am, Pari,

Birth <lo""gb,,.,-iIlarK"<riu

MatTi" Amili. Par",,,. ",,,,b.,. if MarK,,,,-iu, tb'Y /"",- b",', r~" ••• "

Group ",,,",d Lcs Fomt:s 4'''" ,rbibi,ion at til< Salon J'a"",,",,,

VITi" N(J..,b Africa

&cbang" /",int_ ingr ;:itb PitiIDa

Vi,;" Rurria

;11",.,.,-"",",,nmdy '" Cou J'Awr

Und"~,.,-{/m=

J1I'Xtry, ""'" to hook 'IJus..-",;""

iJ«oram-iJ<J",,,,iam cbll/"I oiN",,,-/Ja,,,,"" ({"rmY<. J ma

Di,.,- Of"",," in Cimi,=

The App:orition (/874-76) t.,.. (',u,,",'c ,\ lo ",.u

G""at" MOn'at< til< ..... of a Pari, armiuct, """'"' kiNI.,. of 'Il< Sy",/xlim , Impiml by lb. fifiunrb ."'tlttlrf iraiiam, b, " . ..,- a <Y,amr if baUuciTlllm'Y ,-",ritk Im"d on my,h! and d"a",!. ;\fa,iN '1"'*' </ bIT ,,/Xli.,. atan jm'j~rating i"jluma. alrbollgb lb. aT! "",hiM",,,,,, di"'Pprm."t!d ofbi, ,""bod,. 'H, did no, "' w on ,Iv rigbt ",,,,Jr, 1m, off ,bnn. H, di,!tIThd our comp/a"'''y. ' iIItJr"''''' Ja,.,b Us< of paim gtn·, ri" to ""!tIT,, tbat inrpir,d Mati,,..', Ja',.,. d<CtJt"utit" ",tJt"k

Henri ,\ htisse .nd Pablo Pi.,.~sso

shared aniSlic p,e_cminen"" and

I. ' pu ia, ity fo. much (jf the twentieth

century. hu t the n: ","1< • huge difkrence

bcrween them. Against Pi"">.,,,', unrdCllting

showm.n;hjl~ ,\ hti>.'" <b'ci'1,ed slowly a ... 1

methodically. and nncr set out to be

cont""c,,",!. lie or<:e litmo u<ly S3id he wish .... :! his art n, be lile • {'()n.r,,.-.. I~e ar mchair to n:bx

in ., the e nd of. busy day, lkhi nd the nude

d.ncerS and riot of {,(,lour. ,\ htisse ... a s .n

unosh'm,,1 bou rg<"is,

Matisse tooL early rr.ining from G u<t:Il'<' ,\lo ",au (18!6-98) . who po.~i,'dy ",,{'(,urlg<,1

his students to quest jon e''''1~hing and to ",h'lnce thei r own opinio ns, ,\ loti>\«: Studi,,1 the

"" o rls of ,\1:.one t. G~uguin . Van Gogh and

aunne. Then he cxplo red Seu r~t's

l)(j intilli'm thmugh Sign"", lIut it ",'1S fnJln

190+-{17 thot he got togt:the r with Derlin .

Still Li fe of Fruit ~nd ~ Brone St:.otue (19 W) by ncnri " t. tisse

,llath" aUo,;:"J tb, ((J/oUTToftlN" obj«rr '" dietat, tb, fiTllll romp",ition ,

ll'imn. g/lfdngfruitJ and bright urami" I,ap aUt from ,b, .""/ b«kgr""nd,

at ,IN "''", ti,", ","aining in"gral to tb, arrangnnmt , Mati"" r<p"d in tIN

"" <f nrt:ry in"",,,d pigrnmrr and tIN "JllJrati(Jt/ <f rolmT't """ ti:~ pil!:.""

Vlami,..,l, IIra'JUe .nd othe' ~Jm,,::r stu,lcnts, he had m'N"lperm.nmtly to the erJl.: d 'Am r,

to cx periment in the vi,id c"lourS and his ple"'ure in no1ting b.-ight c,~ourS Ofl tO

exaggerat,,1 "rle that ''"is c.II,,1 Jiam'ism. Cam'H culminated in SOme of his 1110St

,' htiss" "a,-dled sou th One Summer with su=«ful worb.

Dc",in to C<~ lioure: and that ,,'" where he firSt

had the i,lca 6" his l", inting"TN Dana, wh ile

w",ching fishe rmen dancing in • ci rcle o n

the he1Ch.

After the F.mes, ,'hti>.'" hegan to wo r!

with hold", shap'" and Sb"Oflg I", nern<. O n""

As an old man , ,'htiss/: underwent

a bdo minal surge ry, which left him quite

dis.hled. Und.unted, he <."nte ",d J'et ano the r

phas<: of c",ati,ity with s.impic coIour"j p"pe r CUt_outs; and so, often h .... Jrid,lcn , he ""tried Ofl

making an nJ the 1,,-,,.

MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI

14 7f B()rnin Capr''', RlR of a Hmrltiru ""bJ"nlm

14 91 iJ<",bo/,"",b<r

I4SB Apprmtj"d '" Gbirlandaio in Norm"

1490-92 LrJ<' in Iro_bold of u,rm=o d,' Md,ci

1496-1 roo L,at~J N(Jf"ma.

I fOl-04

I fOf- /6

HOS_12

H14

Hl6-41

I f4 2_fO

H 46

IH7

H64

S"r/" in Rom" <cuJptJ til< Pictl

&Ulp" D"'id in Norm"

&ulptT jig"m for ' .. rib a/lul;", 11

Pair/ITSi";,,, Cbapd"iiing

Tkatb "f["tbn L""~T H(Kma for good RdatiombipT "",hJi,buJ ,;:itb tk· Cmeali"i IlfId Vi,ton'" C,,!<JuRa

PainlJ T he L"-,, Judgement

iArr painringJ, CO""<:rS.iun ()f St I'.u] iUld CrucifIX;o., ofS, Pctrr

Mad. d!iif arrhi"" of 5t p".,.', Baril'a., Ro"",

i"Natb, </ Vi,ton'"

CoIon"a and p"pil tI,f Pi"mixJ

OJ,, "I a four in Romr

The l loly F~mily "ith Infm' Stjohn the B-.ptist (I),mi ""00) (c. I W6)

Pair/uti for lb. birth <! AglUJlo Doni and Madddma Stroz=i, daugl,,", ,bi, it a fi'" fxampk "ilfitb,/anY/(J" ttmprum/ 'Y' for

inurrt:.'ining b(}(}i" tmd til< pJay of ligb' ... ,""",In and dJ7lp<ry. H i. fmal, f'Kurn aT< ,mJailingly

m"",ular """_ Micb'/llrIg'/o um1 mal, motkk, claiming ,bar fmaln roarg,d mo,"

M ichdangdo lIuon'IToti - like his ""i~ng , Michelangelo "' .... in ",,,-.stint d ... mand

Hm:ntine "'''' '''''1. ''''1)', U:on:..rtlo and al ..... ys wcll ",,,..,,,k:d. Thmughout his life,

d:.. Vinci _ is One of art'S "10" h ... im, ... " ... d ... isely in pr"perty ~" his ~,ur

"ctSttile gcniusc,. P(-.ssit.iy the gre.",,, m. rille ilrothers and p(Mcss{"(1 .. ~>nune himsclf., the

sculpnJl' in the ...... stLTn trlditiOfl, he "' .... . 1", a t~"e of his death.

m .. tn p.inte, .nd ",chiu"t. Ihd he onl)' lIis 'esl'0nsc to the Sistine Ch"l'd

sculpted his first Pi"i) , p.inted the Sistine '-«ignment ,,-J< tt, I'rot"st' 'IJOinting is not my

Ch"l'eI or design ... d St I'etn's in Rome , .ny on<: .. rt'. The "''' - 3S we Im(",· _ is hi"o.-y. Fo.- ~,ur

ofthn«:: .. chie,em""« ... ou ld h1l, ...... n'ured his highly uncomfortable yearS, ,\lichehngclo

1'1."" in history. struggl,,1 to t .... nsfo.m .. n (.Id ..,ha l'cd , l ..... ky Michclangelo's .bait)' n, judge. block nf ,'ault with Snme of the most ,uhlime .. "d

marble "' .... lcgcn<hry, ""'''' e,en S.1id that he m",,,ouble i"JOgcs in the ... orld.

""uld s"" the 1~''''nti .. 1 6gu'''' in'id .... I low ... "" , As an old m'n , he <k:"'t{"(1 the 6n .. l eight....,n

fo , his DIl"id, ,\1 ichcJ.ngclo "' .... ol~i gcd to rearS of his He n, St Pe"T'S II,->ili<, ... ' Inc dnme

, ...... o,k .. forty-year-old bind, p,e"iousJy that he <lcs.igned "' .... not fini,h<,j in his libime, ah.ndOfled bJ.. ' n()t her sculptor but he would be S.1ti,fi,,1 th., it is nO ... a ... orld-

Leading up to the ""mmissio., ~JI' the Sistine fl,m"" ",chi"",u",1 J.n(b" .. ,k.

Christ . the u .• t J udgernent. Sistine C1upel (dnai!) (1541) Tbi, fr'"'' gat·, ri" to confr"""'Y from ,b, 'U"', Cbri" "anding. ra!b.r !ban 'i!!ing '" ,b,

Bihk "a"'. " .... !Il< cbi./ prohkm, Al!b<Jllgb ""TIlling =-,aimy ,,,,," It ,"(I" au!bori'am', "",i,ion. in u'Pon" !o /a"r /a,,~ againrt nudi,y. aTI(J!b", pain=- add,d 'Ptlriow d"'p"i", Ln" / tritb Cbri,,', kfi fool IT" cb, martyr-.d S, Bar,bolom"'.'. holding bi,."", jiayro d,in,

711, ,}in romai", il/icb,/any/a;- "//_por'rai,

'" JOHN EVERETT MILLAIS

1829 B()rll in &U,bamp"''', .Rlll

of In,,",," " J=ry Militia

IS#) EnutT R",ai Aall/""'Y ScboolT

1848 C ... fourub fh_ Rapb"'h'u Brorb"bood ;;:i,b Hunt and Ra,uni

184 9 &bihi" Lon:nzo and l .. t.clb at

Rayal Aead,my> Likloon

ISfO Erbihi" Christ in the 110,,'" or II is Par""", al R",ai Aallumy> umdon

INrI Pain"SidllaJl",

IS'iJ

ISH

ISH

1862

0l"'clia ,,,,bibi,, II' A ctuJ",'Y

Vi":,, Srotland 1::itb Rwh",

Mamn EJji, RWDR afUT b.,. annn},"n"

family unh in South KnlJingt<kl

ISH TIJII<n I'aly

1878

ISSf

1896

W;", ,""lnl a' Pari, Unn'"",1 Exhibition, ao::anJ<d iLg;"" ofHo_r

fij,-;r IIni" '" h«",", Sa",,,,,

El«ud fh,iikm of ({"Jill AcatNmy. OJ<< of tbroat callaT in Ulnoon

P,,~rs' Sonp Atl",rtisclnCm F.,.turing Bu[,t.lcs (/886) Mill";, grimdmn, Wi/b'a," Jam", "'aT til< In/JIM for ,bi, pim,u, originllDy ,i,lro A Child's Wo.-l,l Wbm bwgll' by PUlrT, Millai, p"mjrrion bad rriJl to h< .blllh"d for ,b, addition "fa Imr"f "'''/', for "" '" all am'.,-,i","mt. Bubb!.,. ",mumo", of,1!< ,"0" i""i,Qlhmiring 'Y,"006 n'.,. dn'i"d, and ,"any of ,b, col()ilr pri"'t tba, P,,:rr /at.,. pubJi,l!<d bung in 00'"" ar()il11li tl!< '!:.'(Jrid

In 1840, .gt:<I only eIL",'en, John E"rtL~t T he lill:: of the Brutherhood ",,-< f.irly sholt

,\lilhi. 1I""",,e the }"ungt:,~ pUI,;1 L",'Cf .ix rearS_I .. " SpCflt undL"t .,tack fro", I><"h

.<1", itted to London's Ro)"tl ,,,,.dt"'y I><"'s ~nd puhlic, Mill.is' ebri" i" Tb, Hom,"f Schools, \ \'I>il" there, he met Ilolm.n Ilun~ HiT Par",,, dtew. ,"<-'nomouS re"iew from

who ],ecamc • lill::lUflg fritnd, .nd .iso D'n'" Didens. ThI: f..;s teach,,] the earS of Ruslin

G.bricl Rossetti. All thtee agreed th31 the who "TO'" to Th, Tmm in dell::,..,e of the )'t<:­

Acad""y h.d stiA,,] Hritish • It ".J IUflg with its R.phaclite H""hLTh,. ,d. This p",,,::d • lit ",lUI

'murky chi","""""",', So in IfW8, Out of their conne",ion f, >< ,\lilhis, who fdl in I"'t: with .nd ndical disc..;,ions, the Pr<~ Raphaeli", I.,rt m' rriL'] EfSe, Ruskin's ",,·wife. Tl",y WL"Tlt

B"" hcrhood ""ttgL,1 to ch.lk:ngt: ",thodoxy on nJ h. It: eight children.

with a cok,wful rL"tUm to l" e.R"",issanct: , '.h.J",. '11>< p:tSSion ~lr me,~e,~lism wore of!" when

,\ lill.is ti,..,d of 'l'tnding .11 <h}' p,inting .n . ,..,.

'no b rgcr th. n • fn 'c shilling pieCt:', He dttidcd

to I,.,«::n up his bru'hwo.-k and scttic down to

being. first-cla« .. c"demic p.in"". ,\ l ilbis ,,-!S a brilli.nt «"hrUei:.tn but hi: " ... s no intdlc<1ual.

lie p.intcd politici.ns and sentimcnt.1

n",.,i,'cs without. traCt: of cynicism. lie

enjo)'<"<1 the wuhh and a" ... nls t/,.t his talcnt

ju,t/}, hrought him: <~Jt<,1 On his f.mil}, and

kcp' the lo}"I'}' and .lftttion of his fricnds .

e'p<..::ial~· t/,. t of his Il::lk,w a "i,ts,

0l,hdi:.o (1851_2) Til< P",Rapbadi,,, 'rp<rimmud ,;:j,b ".'" ,"'" pigm'''' a:xJilabJ" gla=ing ,bn" for m/lXimum "'m;'l(J<iry, ""to cam'"," pr;,n,d 1::itb zinc ,;:bi", Ophcli.

had, lih a colour ,"",marlt '<catalog"" ,;:i,b irr ro/mJ, hi,,,, ,"add",lak., cbru,", pl/m;:, eMo,"ium arid, and zinc pUo,," ;\Iillai, Ivgan paiming tb,

Inxkgr<JUnd <Jilt if 00111, n<1U' Kingrtrm,up"n. Tham". Til< painting "'a, cump/",d in London til< follo"'ing "'int'" Li=i, Siddnl til< Pr<-RapbM/i"

m"", ""aring an I1ntjq'" broa>d, K"t::n, bad '" Ii, in a balb of "'at", b,a"d by oil lamp' from klot." "TN (Old ,b, caught at a "TId, brougbt tb, tM,at if

dnmagd again" til< arti" frum b", fatb",

"" AMEDEO MODIGLIANI

1884 B()rnin lit"(Jm(J

1902-OJ Studi" in N<Kma and J~nj",

1906 ;\1"",.,- to Pari,

1909 R"""", to Lh"(Kr/(J and '" PilrjIagain.

ill"" Bnmm!i, d«id" to '" a "uJpmr

19 12 &bihitJ Jcu1p,urt> at Sal",

19 14 H,al,bh<gi"'''' fail ,urill from

"u/prur< '" paiming

19 1 7 ,\I",.,.,. to South of Fran"" mun­J,amu Hdrn,,,",,,

19 18 Birrb</tlnugb,"

1919

1920

J,a"'"

R"""", to Parh

Di""f"'lmtular mmingi,i! in Pari!

s....",ed Wom~n in Blue (1919) A lNaunfoUy unM"",,,d portrai, in a iimj",d pal"" tbat ",miry! a mroiU/m', mood Til. rub,l, br(Jlml

ron" _J in tb,haaground '"'" '" r<jlm ,11< in".,­'fHl" <! a allm mind, and ill", "lmpl,,""" ,b, "''"{HIram/< flm"" " tIN jI"b to"" ,., lb. Titur', lac" nulland b"lIlJy

AIllCdCO "'"digli.n; produced such

di"incr;,'e worl 'hot I" ")I~ C wonder

how - in Paris .. the .tart of the twen'i .... h ""mury _ he re",ained unnJuch .. II')-·

either Cubi'", or F,un';'I11. I ,... ",.<1 uf fn.cruring

his inl1g.: or I",inting in heightened colour, he

te., k a decidedly "1" csentt tional al" ",ach.

,\hldigliani nnet had any interest in the all,,,.,,,, and 6,u nd no affinity with l'i<:":l.<.SO Or

,\ htisse . After hcftiending the Ro manian

sculpn>r ll rlncu,,; , he mo, ·"IIT,. " "'Oll tlmme to ,\ 1onql1rn:ts.«: , where llrlncusi h.d a studio.

,\1odigliani , as an Inlian , Et,'ourt,1 the sto.,e_

c:tn'ing tndition , and the rebuilding of

"'ontparnasse meant he could heg plenty

of li""ston.: ITo", bu~ding sites. lie establish,,1

his clong-ned style with a ",rie< of d<pnt heads

that he cxhihired in the 191 Z Salo., d ·Autumne.

'1"'0 years hter, ,\1 odigliani ab'n,l>ned

sculpture on he,lth g rou nds. I lis paintings

consist alm( .. t enti", ly of p()( b".its a,.1 nudes.

The I. mraitsofhis lTicndsa re <Ij'liu:d hu t ' Iuite

rec()gni<:tble. T he nu(k:s we re ,,.,,k:ls, I" id for

by hi! dc:tlcr Z I' "UW,ki , who often SUI" li"J

JIliru and <:":1.))\''''' te.). The ,lender, ma"ncr"]

fig"'''' I,,"ame ,\ 1odigli.ni 's tnde" .. rk: the ",'al

he.d with linea, featu n:s. inclined Oil • long

neel. with the body quidJy brush,,1 in ochre.

,\lodigli.ni ".,IS destroying himself with

drug> .nd .I"oh(~. but Stib >tn-.eti,'e. as one

fm,.lc sitter dL"",rib<,t: · ... with I~..,l """led

hai, • nd the most beautiful hot. <hrl eyes . . his

red silk ",,,f ca,elessly knotted "ound his

neel.· lie " .... m"ried with a small daugh"',.

hut sJ,oelingly. two <hys .ft ..... his untimely

death . his l"cgn.nt widow Je.nne {'(. "mined suicide h). leaping frum. fifth_Ao(,.. window.

Reclining N utl e (1918_19) Early in 191 7, in ZhorIJt."skij apartm"", Modigl;i1ni painud a =-i"of

milk! ,bat ",sur,d bi, f""". '",Ikry mcnff, 8.,.,1!< lI'.il/ gat" bim a """ _ man ,Ixmi in 1"N"'mivf; d<x,ibing ,b, mm" '" ·rump''''''''·. Tht! pair,

"'mmirrio= rapidly ,I<md ,b, g"'I<ry, outnlg,d !bat ,b, figur" bad 'bair', Modiglitmi) nll/h ar. t'«up,,,,,,,, in tb," >culpt"'''' ,un...,s Imt ""'ff

;'u/u"". H, painud inumr.'<iy in tl!< la,., pan (Jfbi, lif" rifining ,I!< f,m"', form in uniq'" (I)'"p",i,;"", ,ba' ami,,·, a barmonrou, Imlana

h<n....,,,, ,b, "OIi, inIlI ,I!< ""rbt!ric

'"

1872

1892_94

190J

1908

1909

1911

1912

1917

1919

1914

19J8

1940

PIET MONDRlAN

B()rn in

AmnTI'oorr, JOO" a kOOma,,"

Srudi" jiM art a' RijhlXad',"j" Am"","rm

Wi", mR.-,lImg pri=, from Ani" Ami,,.,,,, SOO":!

i.,aml f"!;ntilli" and IIm"IT ,m,niq"n at

Too",p',o.",.,"X an ",lorry

]","f n,",,"pbi'1!, hr,", t;:irb Cllh'iniJrn

En"",,,u» Cubi"m 11' ... bibiti"" in AmIT"'!"'''

Mot-" '" Parh. InurTllltionai fll,"' afrr ,bm:.~ in Pariumd Bfflin

f"""dJ Dc Stijl group ,;:j,b Jim

""""', R""",, to PlITi,. Puh/i,b" Lc N",· ]']""ici'"H:

On Hi,kr'djrr,,/ 'tkg""YIlU art'

Mo,." to Lall;'m.

'""" H'r~'(Jr,b and Nrol",,,

s"r/" in N"., );,,*

j)j" of p"",,",,,,ill in N"" );"-J:

interior (1919) by Th ... " ,'an D"".hu rg An arcbiuctul7ll '"(JIM in D< Srij! rry/<, ,bo,;:;ng mllrhd rimimri"" ,;:i,b MarolFi,",', prindph if o.rign

P iet '\\ondr;an ,,"11l~ (". " a dCl'oUl

Cal,-in;" family of k<..::n l",interS and musicians. Rut their rCI"cssi,'c

discipline led to his reject inn of a steady an

Strandcd in Holland h).' World War L

,\ Iondrian ~nd T ht"O Van Dnesburg

(18S3_1931) fnr m"l • grou p .nd pub~s""d • map,in<: eall<:d iJ< Stij/(T he S,},le). T he writer

'eaehing car<"r in f.",ur of the ~rti,t's lilt: itself, Schot"Tlm.cler's ide .. of 'pc" iti,'e ",}'stiei,,,, '

and Ia "'r stiD , n, his ",,,brJee ofT h<'<''''I'''y.

T his mj'<tical bclic:f sy''''m _ in humani,ys

eV(~ utinn t[),,~ "Is spiritu.1 unity_""'" 1. '1",1" in

,he \ \'i:st a' ,he ,~"e , not It"''' .. mngst the

pinnttt. of .Ilstraet .n, K~r>rli n!lly .nd M~I",ich. ,\londri.n'. mCou nt<:t with Cub;;",

in 1911 ""'S ,he eritical I,oint of his .rti"ie

den:I'1.""''' ' whm he relm,,,d n'''m,1 forms fmm his IMen"i.1 """,I", I.ry. 'I"gether with

Tht"", ,,,}', it 1"" ,dl,,1 him into the "nLS of the

" 'an"ga"k The nt.;cure Dutchm.n left f, ,,

P.ris, ,he first s"'p ""''''rds ~ n in,,::m.,inn al life

,hat wnuld ha"e a lasting in'l"'ct nn western .n.

... ere directly inc"'po r.,ed ~ nd ,\l()fl dri.n·s

.esthe,ic became ,heir guiding forCt: ,

"""mi""l to putif}'ing ",,)<I.: rn art .nd

llringing it to eH:r)'nn<: ,i. archi"'cture , pmduct

design .nd 'Jl,ogr:t I"'y. Tne ,'el)' «Tm, Neo·Plasticism, ,h.,

,\lnndrian ",Iop,cd for his geometric

.b"NCtinn!l in 19!1, .. 'as bnrn,w,,1 from

Sehn<:n" .. cke r. \ \r,th his ')'1'.,.1 as}""mt~ric~1

"rlngemCJltS of squa res and rectangles p.in,,,1

in l" i""'I)' ",lou rs <~,'i<l.:d h).' blad b.nds nn a

... hite gmund , ,\londri.n S'mle ~"

'rlnscmdmtal ""peri""Ct: and pun: h",mny.

Comf>O<ition with Red, BLock, Bluc:lnd Y"lIow, 1928 by Pi", ,\lon<irion 1871·1944

iltondrii1n k'P' "'ict/y 1o t~ni",llDId ixJrizon,al li""o/ comp",i,;'m and broh 1::irb

Jim iN,intTgjir imnxiueing dia;~malr irllo bi, 1::.,.-k in 1924. Wbm Mondr;"n ,""",d I.

Nn:! );'rk, in "'1}(J"" 1o bi",urg"ic nn." rtlrroWU/ingJ, bi, lin" /(Jrm,d ,b, aU·rolour grm'

b, calkd 'boogi,,,,"-'oogi"

• , , !

! ,

1 ; , ~ j

1 ~ ! • • ,

184 0

I SfS

I S'i9

1861

1869

1870-71

1874

1879

/ 881

1887

1892

"'" 1908

1911

19H_26

1926

CLAUDE MONET

B()rn in Pari" J.m ofarbip'Tcbandh

At"". muJ ,,,,di,, '/):itb Boudin

Enr,," at AallJimi< Sui"" Pari,. ilIm, p j,TIlTTO and C_Iv,

PainHen plein air 1::itb MaM' and &zilk

Plein air Jtlu/i" 1::itb /{"", ir

iIIarri" C,miU, l"MlIiin<r. ill""" '" LiKlOOll. iJ<lltb offa,h<r; R"",= 'oArxnl"uil

&bibirr Imp rcss.io n Sunrise

!"Natb "f umilk

L,um hom, in Git'<t7Ij

&bibi" in NnIJ );'Ti

Marri" Ali" /-IoJdJd"

PainH'" Gj",my. Fi,i" Lundon, paintr Tha,"~

Ej',igbt d"","",,,,

Tkatb"f Ali"

Ji'(..-h"" W",cr Lilies ",j"

Dj""f Itmg cant" in Giurny

Lilt" Summer Il:.oysucks (d""if) (/891) Aft<r rb,Ca,c Saint-Laz.:l.n::. iII"w mJ,uqllmt/y "mbarhd OlIotb,r ,.,-i"_ baywch, I{ou", Cntb,dral and ril<1::llurh'/i,sa' Gn-<nry _ ",d! a painrraking tkm<al!tra';"" fba' atm"'Pb.ri, roAm" cUIi"d by cbanK" in

'b.ligb', elm modula" a nJj«' ,brougb ,11< nlti" 'Pror","

C bud" ,\Io.,ct is the em,nl figu'" of

Iml..-cs<ionism. "Inc pion~cti ng mOyemCnt h.d its seed in .n

enCOunter betwcen • «'en.ged cari""rur"t a nd •

10",,1 p,inter, .. the SMp of thc ". ,Ir picrurc

fnmer in Le I-blTe. "Inc"" r <>ung Monet "'..,

intnJduttd to Eugt:ne Rou<~n: A""demr­

tni""d, hut One wJ.:, liL,,] to paint his he""h

scenes in the <" en air, in d.l", of pure colour

with lu(",c, dtli""te bru'~"ruLes, 1n., 'UIlUller,

Roudin ttught ,\ lonet to d",,,,· and paint <~r""dr

from n"ure, 'in thc light, within the

"mo'phere, JUSt as things . n:'. "I(J honour

R<,udin, the Iml'<essioni,tS included him in

their first P"iscmihition. In AI..- il 1874, a gruul' of ani,tS _ all S.lon

rtiectS - mounted their show in • fo nller

l"'ot(W'l'hic "U(~O. S(. lIe of the nam'" ",ad

now like a rok: uf honour: a unne, Delf~s,

,\lonel , Morisol, P"",m" Renoir and Si,iL.,.., ,\lost eriti", werC scathing .nd the tLTm

'ImpressionistS' "'.., un""ittinglr coined br

One, Louis Lero)" who rCSLHed particular

scorn fo< ,\1onct's I,"pmi"" StmriY •. Turning

the jo"e ban on Lcmr, the artistS "tJI'",d the

n.me penll.nendr,

Sic arn T r.in, LI G~re £.oint _Loure (<<'''il) (/877) 0". of a uri" of M."t!h'. mih'''! rtIltion pictUff', 'Ha"d at JjjJmnt rim~ oftb. day.

For bi, mort "mbi,i"", rtluly" tb. urban /andJalI'" M .... " d"m Saint_UnItY., gam::,,! to bi, "'Io,..d Normandy. H. c .... antra"d .., lb. foU-'P"lrum .jJ<cn of

ligh" J,,"OJ.. and '''',In, building ,loud ,bap" '/):i,b curly brUJbrtruJ:~, M .... " "'/lJ a m",Ur at adapting rtriM", trJ rho", lxn;, ligh' aif"tJ Ur'ur. and form

1841

I SfS

1860-62

1864

1868

1874

1874-86

1878

1881_8J

1892

I S9f

BERTHE MORISOT

B()rn in &1Irg<f,

Jaugbu,. if ,,",iT ,it,/ ",,-Il1I'

;\1orb.r d«itkI B.,.rb, ,bould

,tlldyarr

Pupil </Coro'

rIm ,,,,bibi,, in Salon

Tnn-,/J in Spain

M~rri" E"g~ Mann. brotb<ro/ Ed_rtl

&bibirr at all impH".,,,i,, ,bo1."J, bar 1879

Binh if daugb,.,-luli.

Pari, bot= bui/,. 1::bieb M{/,"~ arWtJ ,""'Ing

""" i"Natb "f Eilg~

Di" of info"""" in Pari,

Young \\'o"",n Powdering Her Face (<<tail) (1877) 0", ua_ Mari"" j .. ",d !b. 'mpm,""i", may bat~ !v.n IlNiT rn.,,,-m </,11< g"""' ""'" Imp",,,,,,;,, '"'" bad aband",,,d "'_pi", birrory ""r.tr, ,::bieb uquj"d C(Jmpkr mlll,(J arrQnK''"'''''' and ""to pain"d "0 I'ic:in air or ,;.'i,bin a hGllrgrol' Il(,,"m;, "'ring. San" from "~ryd"1lifr ",," til< ,,, .. iwry of anim ofb.tb "X"

B <T'he ,\Iori,." l>roduttd n,,::r 300

I"intings. Their prinrip"l subjectS arc

"omcn and children: .nd • large

1''''llOnion of them 1i:: .. urc htT siSltTS and their

f"mi~es, or her own ,bughlcr, Julic, ",h,. " she

regularlr rtt'J<,bl. IT,. " 'he 1",1".- in II;', ,\'un,

to the ,,~,Ies"'-"Jlt in ]u/i, Dayrlru.ming. Mori,o,'s own ,mther waS ""I)(""ihle ~"

fc.;tering the .. I""IS of hcr artistic ,bughtclS, ncr,he .nd Edme. T heir tutor ",as the

land",ap' st Corm, who encourag .... J them n,

",ork '" pI,in air and make p'inting trips "'""J'

lTom Paris. Summcr 1861 ~'und the whole

familr riding mulcs through the Pyrcnees

hec:tu", Ikrthe and Edmc ",uld not g"

unchapell","!, T hcir fatocr _ • highlr p.id

gmemmcnt offici.1 _ ",en built. stu,Go in

the If'lllcn Ii:Jt thcn~ and oc "".I his "ih:: frequL"Jldr

rntCrt:ti""d I",inll:rs,.,d mu<itia", at their h,. ,,,,.

Morisot bt'C'me grc:ttlr attracted to

Edm"'nl "''''net. lie indu,k:d her in his 1869

Salon picture Tb, Sa/rolly, btt.me hcr mentor

and, ","entu.llr, her brother·in·!'",. On""

ma"i"j to Eug(,"" ,\ bnL~, ,\ loris,. "',,-"ructL,j

• ni>lr cird .. of her ,,"'n. At ,h<;r ""'" house: in Ilourginl th<,' B,,, .. lr<'gubr ,;(lire" lOr •• tistS ."d ",1';"'''' .• m'.'g ,h •• n Ikg.os. C.illd..."",. '\\O" C1 . I'isso'n'. Whi$Ile r. Pu .is de C lu, .. " ,,<-so Kenoi r ,,~I ,\ bll •• m~.

No '~JUIJI ltc. "'e,hh)' h,dgr, . ,ro;1 ",,'e ,\1< .. i,.. '~'I K,"u"itics Il..,}" • • d Ih, Wic , ti Iw pri,,~cg..,1 "',. "<'11. 11,," 'e'c •. >he "...,ded "0

I .. ,.,~. ing'" prulCdion ",.ny h._If!.,kHy " .jfh

,he 1 "~I","';..,i"s in 1874 .... 1. despite the mioogyni";" ~"itu.b 01. ,,",,' 17..110,,' , "illS. >he

nl .... g..'tl1O puBlIC .00 >u;toin • proi.:soio .... 1 nolo.

11tc Butterfly Il un' (l8U) .lIorir .. ) illur &lm • .,,<1 M J"ung <bjldr .... &Jm.~m~m·1I1f' in 1869

"...rl:rd Ibr rod .f,br ristrn' p",nring pllrt>1rnbip. Sbr ",roU rll'M ~infuJly lD 8mbr: 'lour lift mtut br <harming .. ,lD ,all: lD,II. 1'Ng1fl rrhll. ~1I1<hin~

him <Inn,". to laugh ~ith Man". '" philatopbiz. ",i,h p""it . • MR)br tbr b",urjl) in ,bit pmntir1g if "'" ,br ""6' .Imh·, ./itt! in /l,,/m,., d"",

1861

1868

1877

1880

I SSf

1886

1889_92

1892

1899

1908

19 12

19 19

1910

1931

"'4

EDVARD MU NCH

B()rn in u,u". ,.., of an "r",:! ooctor

iJ<a,b of //forb.,-

l"Na,b"f n'ru ..

Stud,,, aT! in Kn'''iil1/ia (""'" 0,-"), injlumad by frimd Krnbg

Tr",.d,to Pari, '"' xbdanbip for ,btu 1!""h

Tkatb oflarbn

VITi" Pari, on ",«",it .. Kbdarrbipr

F.xbibitr Fticu: of Lilt: in Bn-lin

Trtr.,.IJ in ERrol"

Tr",ud for d<prmion in

Dani,h """"""to" Inu,-TIIl,;01",1 bwd:rbrGIIgb in CoIog'" <"bibi,;on

A'::artkd gold ,",dill in San Fran<j".

Ey"igb' d,urio"""

Hi'kr t/.c/a,,, hi, ",,...} )J'g"ura'"

OJ,, in Ehly

Rc.'cri c (18 70) t.,.. o.lil<lfl R~d()n OJ,I"" " ,don <e .... il graphic art;" inId ,;:ri," ill ,-"<II il! a pllt SymboliJ1 painu,-. /njlummJ by Cw""r muI CorOl, b, "'''''ImOy '=/"tI fro," ,b, 1/«n "an unhappy childhood, di" '" hi, 'fJikp'j

E <h"l,d ,\I unch'. "isi« to Paris b .... wcrn

lB89 and 1891 ",ere ,ital '" his

dL~'d()l.n<nt . particularly os ~ stimulus

for German Exp",»;oni,,,,. l ie "udi,,] V:l n

Go g h and the Sl'"b,~ i"s, G:luguin , Mc.·C:lu

and Odilon Redon (]fWO-]9]6). The fi,,, "ct,ion of Tb, Sa-,am 6,Dow,,] in ]893. T he

"widing lines of ",I,-.J ' a,e ",mini"'ent of Van

Gogh's landscapcs: the ago"r of the S<-.J n,lless

","'am """C< directlr IT,." ,\] uoch. 'From the mO"lOnt of mr binh , the angdsof

anxictr, '''lITr, and death sn". ] at mr s ide .. l)C:lth was a ,<"CUning ,,~,ic!O, the a,ti,,, both

his Ill,ents and two sihlings .Ii,,] nrlr. Munch

su",i,,,d into his eighties but suffcred f". "

chrunic anxietr, pSj'cho'o",atic di", .. es and

alcoholi,m. I lis dcp",s";on onCe led to

hO'pittlit.:ltio1l. ,\ ]uoch's th.,,,cs Ii, ,,,,ha,k,w<,]

m.nr of the 1""''<:<"1I],at.,ns of the tWL"nt;"th

centurr' lonelincss, alimat;on , neuro";, a"d

sex""litr. A not e from his ,li"r a"oounce" 'No

longt: ' ,hall I Illint intcriofS with men ' C:lding

and ",,,,,m knitting. ] willill int li,;ng p<"I~e wi>:, I> ",.the .nd kd and suffe, .nd I",,, : l Ie

~llmd no ]a,ting h:tl" incss in eithcr of his Own

I", 'e .f!':tits, akhough he ""llI,lCmo..,,,,d I,," h

w,""m in 711, FriruofLifr. Munch's an was cxhi hi «'<] ,,"'~]wi,k: , won

.,,·a,d. and ."rlctI:d ",lIce",rS within his

liktime. In] 93 7. I lidet·. n::'I'<Il'" was to "rip

his p.intings f"",, gallery walls, along with

t ..... '" of ,"her 'degt:ncr .. e ,,)()(lcm "ll"cts.

The s.::r.,.~m (/89 J) by Lh"1r<h\ 1 unch 'I "'a''''a!J:ing aJ(JrIg tb. rOild ,;:i,b lI:a frimd" . ,,_ • .-I/untb, '1'bt! n", ~t . Tb.

'.i:r Mm". a bJoody rd. And 1 fit a "",cit afm"=/tdy_ I mod "i/~ I""ud an ,It< roiling, d.tM! tim! 0,..,- tb. bJ1«.bJad fjord imd city bung blJod imd tongun "ffin My frimtk,,·aJhdanand I n"y.d "'bind, trn.Jding"'i,b/righ', And I

fl,,, pa' unmding trr<i1m f'i'J'ing through TIat_'

H94

1607

16 10(')

16f7(!)

CLARA PEETERS

B()rn in Anre".,.p

Pai"IT Jim rmm/,d pim,u

Painlf "Ii-portrait \ '.ni.os

j)j" in Ann::",

T:>I.I" With ~ Pie . G :>ttoe "nd ali" .,,; (;:.16/ /) P"urr' ",,,,* dralop,d rwriaahJy from 1m- 'IITI'",. C<lllliol<J/y !n1diriiklai c(Jmp"riri(JrIJ, ,,,,,,,ud from a high t'Il1I!a§ point, to ,lahol7lu "rrang''"'"'' IiI:< rbi, _. 711, t'll1I!ag' point j, /",;:" and a ,<i<crion of itIXtlri(JUJ jw", II'"' pmad "" a mi"""/y «wild bY""uk UlbhdiJIb, aU "' agai"" a dark hlXl:grGlUld for maxim"'" 11m

The ,en" 'still [ill::' had no. btto

imuu,,[ whm Cia" ]'<'t:.crs' carttr

began. I kr 'l'pc of picture was

grncraliy <:illcd • 'hrcakf." pice'" ("nrbijtj') he""u.., it depic,,,[ bread .nd fruit. More

dal>o"'tc H"ngm",nts of food .nd drinl qrnlifi .. [ as 1 hanhrj, (bmquct).

]'cctc",' p,inting. arC highly skilled. b""Ulifully finished and of 1,;zc ,h., dmlands

prominent <~sl~'Y' All <"Vid"m::,<; I'(~nts to her 2S

a l'.-ofL"<Sin"al arti" with wcalthy dil:n" , and

thl: only "1emi,h woman nJ ha,'e ,pccialiu:d So

carly in ,hi. gcn"'. Shl: kft m'er thirty w(His,

sig n<,1 and da,cd oowt"n 1607 and 161L

induding a .df_port,ai" iiwi,as, p,in''''

arou nd 1610.

Y("t, wI: know almo" nothing abou , Pc<~ers

perSonally. 11<1" binh "rcc'l<,""1 in An,werp in

1594 but the time and I~ace of her dc:t,h "'main

a 1l1J"Stcl)'. Shc is said to I.",c left a I,;Cturl:

da,,,1 1657, which would be thl: Ia'est da,e ~"

her, bu, it is 10'" Nor docs her nalllc al" car on

anJ' guild T(~ls, although women had J,een

li"ed,in"" 1602.

It may S<"t:m iml"ol"ble tha' a girl of thint"n

",uld ha", p"in",d so cxpe rtly, bu, Angelic.

K.ou lTm:.onn """Jml~ishcd her firSt " . nll.;,".ion

a' ,he agl: of twe"e. T he 1607 I,;c,url: is ,

wedding pi<"e: 'he green h,,,kcmL")'cr and

H_""("ti'n wi"" gI,",s "'I"ese," hu,b'nd and "ife:

a gold ring lie, near" lit candlc: sprig< of

",,,-,,,ary signify fidelity. It would h"'1: 1.,"'d,,1

1'""",rS with a ch'nning dehut and 'he idcal

l~a'~Jnn ~JT he, amning ,kiU.

T""le "hit \'~se of Flowers ~ntl Dried Fruit (/6/1) Thil tN",rurit'< gm,. gltt·, arD'r!! tb, opportUnity to ,00'" <Jf th<ir t-"""""

tal",,,._ P"UTJ amply tNm"""raus b", ability to rmtin- artmJicr and m"al, ilJ 1.,,<11 a, ,pringjl(f'~'= ' H", oil ,ubniq'" "'al '~rJIl,il" rangingfr(Jin

gI""" '" ""par"" lin ",und troi"ing "'ggm! Ib, may bat~ hun ,b, pupil (Jf &m or Jim Hu/rdiJna

1881

1901-06

1906-- 14

1914-1 8

1910,

1919-4f

1947-49

19H

"" "" ""

PABLO PICASSO

&m in Malaga. .... if a m-Il,;.'ing P'",~

T""·.hhm::u,, Bar"/(6/Q and Pari;, finally ,,,,I,, in Pari" '8/", and 'R",,' ,,"ioJ,

Pain" Lcs ])clIlo;",lIes

d'A,igr>:'n (1906). ;\tun-

Bra,!"', Tbry ;m-mt Cubi"" Il1Id pion_ ,"Ollf{'

min' ,;:i,b Comilll, Sari. and Diagbilro

n;'"h aT J<uJpror, ';.'1';", in J1lt"Hillin rry/., Painrr GucrniCif..-Pari,I""17"".",/1 &hihi,j"", 1917

In Prana for WIVIJ ,;:ifb Saba"h, Do,-a Maar, I"," han!";" Gii<J,

Birth of ,.m Gawk and dnugb",. Palo",", hoih by Gil"" JIM, IlJ «",mi""

;\I"" J«II'"I;", '.-MarTi,s Raqt", iII"tI'f'" ,\l()Uyjm

lDm,., """ ",biJirion

OJ,, al MOllgim

FC1tI~le Figure ~t ~ T~ l>le (1912) by Umber", 1I("",;on ;

UmMrro Boca",,; (/ S82~1916), Il found ... "ftb. F utllrist ,""""""", f"" '"" PiCiIDa 'brougb Sr.."",,,; in Pari" in 191 1. Th< dialog'" hm::«11 Mil""", Fururi,m arid Pariria" Cubi,m trllJ fruitful Bomoni ";'",,-ivd PiCIlfJU'r ,,,Imi,!'" if filJingfigllT' and barl:gro,md, di''''hing fradi,imal p<nproi:~ and muing ,,,' "ronnJ moo,oing. Pi,,,,,,,', p<K'nlj, I); nid_1 kn'y KahnwLik-r te...- a major injl"''''a

, E aCh ,ime I had "",,,,,hing to say, soid it in 'he "~y I felt was 'igh~

Difl"rtL..,' motifs drtmnd difl", ... .." ,echniques, T his does not imply eithe,

e,,,IUlion or Il<ogrt:s< bUl an '1"'0"] Letwe"" the

ide; th" Ufle dcsi n:s n, exp,ess and the "",anS of

eXl' rcssing it .' Pahlo I'ic;s",'s words ""I" es< wh" ",any _ ho,h cri,ics ' ,nd admi rers - find so

clusi,'e and capricious ahou , him, l Ie ne,'er

'<b"lol'cd' in a SO tis~'ing linea' I'mgr""si"., o r

s'a)'cd within a s'}'lc Ufl "" it h.d e,'ol,'cd,

I"-,,ea(l, as One an historian wrO'C, he was like, spider 'who sits wa,ching in ,he <'m,re of a

web."fmm ti",e '0 time he l)()Un""s .nd ,he

di reetion of his I"Junce is usually

unl' n:(~ct:tl~e', PiC".lS<o's ,''''''urCS into c ....... mics,

scul l" u", and printm.king wrte all unfailingly

inwn,i,'e; in !itet , f,oo" 'he I'.inting of L"

1)"",6Uo,S d:4"g",m oo>ward, ,i rru.llr no aniSt

could <:'""' 1''' his inn""n"", La,er on , Pic;s"J "fcr''''] to .. " histo,y,

cte;ting "!ria,ions Ofl carlirt m .. "ets' worb

,hrough a ,'a,iety elf "",(lia: prints, dro"'ing< and

I"iming<, A prime cx:t,,~,le is the S<"tics LA,

MmiTlllJ, ]>iC:iSSO oft"" ,urned '0 a 'I'ecific w(lr k

bee;u", he id""'ified with it I""sonally .nd, .. a

SI"nish anist , he had .I",,)'s felt pnJ~Jund tics

",ith EI G rCf:O, Vcl' ''l uez and GOJ'"

Wccping Woman (/937) by Pablo Pica",,, Th. ,"odd for tbi, im"mly ,""'ong pi""'" "'...- rtlTualirl photograph..- D"ra

Maar (TbroJora Marh'icb), PiamfJ" ,"iring and ,"""for ,,'m' Y'iln kfor. a 'tonny "fHlr",iln tbat kfi b.,. bro!m and rrowit'<. iiI:< (Jib.,. I.fi· ,;:ing

'Y,"patbiun in 1937, tb. ",,,pI.'t 'Y~t."".on tM m 'il"'ar in Spain. ilIa...­phomgraph.d Pac"''''J <T.a~'on 0fGucrnit. ~ tb. ,""i-'"~'1lT icon _ ,,'bicb "',"

painud in " rruJio 'M bir.d in r". d" (.rund,.Aug""i",.

'" PIERO DELLA FRANCESCA

1410fU) Born in &r§J Sam<pdmJ, Rln if a 'an",r

14Jf(?)

-"

"4' l44f_62

14f2..{jf

14H(!)

1459

1465(')

1492

m"king in fllorm" unti.,. J"",.....ia""

TiII:.'1l rounciUor in Borgo S"""f'Ohrn

Pain" ,\h<~Jnn. ddl. ,\1 iscrj"",t;a in Borga S"""P"liro

Pa;nu fr='" for church (JfSt hand,-,Auz;::()

JI'<.o-.bngjU.- C(Jur, o/Rimini

Paid fir 11"rk ("",,,last) in I,,"'am

II'<"-hng for Duk. oflJrbina

Oi";,, &r~ SarIJ'P"/lTa

B3ttiSt~ Sfo r"" , "ife of Federico d:.o Montddtro (c.1472)

BaffiJ1a Sfor-..a " . ..,- a ,",,"lvr if ,11< ruling Milan". family. Sb. /xir, P,dmro m'm dough"" and a ,,'" afU,. ,;:Ix", hirth m. t/j,d Moo birror;"", klln-. ,bi, portrait _ "'" of a diprycb _ tra. paim<d po<tbU1n"uriy. Th< INxkgr""'u/ ,OOt...,­jJrhiTl() IlrId Ib, rumJ",,,Jjng ",untryritk

P icro <leD. 1',..""""", "I' llursw h,,·c Icd.

quiet I'"n'incial life. Although

Vm"';"nn w1.S his ",OS'Cr, he is not

""('<,,,1,,1 , .. 1,.,longing to .nl' worhh'1', and 'pCJl. mo,t of his time <;thet in Ar<-uo 0' Borgo

S'n"'I_,bn. lie S','::mS to h",,, ftt"lan,,-,1 on~'

fot shon p"ri,. ls in Rom." Ferra,a, U rbi,.., and

Flo,m"", perhaps juggling a nID"h"r of

assign""'ntS ., anr Ofle ti"",.

Ddl. Fran""sC:l.'" ",o,k in ,he 6eld of a,chi,,,,,,ural inn.",;ofl wou ld ha," made him

much s()ugh, ... f,,:r , It:., he ,..as also" "" .• ,,"

ge'l<"",riei'n .nd ,he au,ho, of. leHned Ire.,;", Ofl the rules of pe"pc",;,.::. Such

cxperti", with ",ale and P"'I_mion malos his

I"imings "isuallr I"",,'crful. Wha' makes tl><:m

I~easing as well is his genius ~" o'g-.nizing

c"lour ma5SCS. C:I.,cfullr h:tlanC("(I'gainst Ia'ge

p.le "cas to :>thieve unitr be,ween 'p'''''

and lighting.

Dell. Franc .. ..,.,. "" l< h,1 ,Iowlr. Fo.- a f"" co

I"ime" this non".lIr poStS pn)t.iems but he

hung \R~ sheL"tS (JI-cr tl><: pl""L"I"" night So he

cnuld ",turn n) it tl><: next ,hr. O il I" inting on

",ood _ ,ueh as he had prol" t.ir Srtn in Urh, no

_ g"t: him no such tmuble. Ddt. Fran""""',

''l'le ,eAc",ed ,he I",)ut.,itr of Flemish oil

p.inting among ,he l"tH"'S of the pL,.iod ,

",hich mar .emu n' ~" the lo5S of CSteCm aftcr

his death , when "'-"cs inL~'itat.i}' ch.ng.::d.

1'.1. ,\Iontefd tro ( /472-74) T he B'L ..... aln'l'ice", ,\ hd,. ma and child ... ith angel;, <:lints and Fede,ico d.

,\lo nteklrro, Dule of UTllino Th, Dill:, 1a5t bi, rigb' 'Y' Il1Id par' "bi, ""', in a "'u,..,,,,,""', and o::a, ah::ap ,b.,;.'n fating I'fi , Thi";:a, proImbJy tklla Frmlw<a', /art

,,'..-klN/..-, bi, 'Y",'gb, /ai/,d 1m, bi, ,"artn:! "propiK"'"", i, rtiD lT1"arbbl" Tbt! "'!rich 'gg bmlgingfrom 'Il< ,Il<D in ,b, ap rymOOJ,=" til< tirgin bir,b and i, ub.,d by

til< <llial" ,b, Madonna', Il<ad, p/a"d in 'Il< p=i" <m!r, 0/ ,b, ",'""",ition

'"

1912

1929

19J4

19J8-42

194J

" .. 194 7

19fO

19f2

195:6

JACKSON POLLOCK

B()rn Paul]acbJ1l PoJlJd: in Cody

SlUdi" "nd,.,. BroukI at An Studmn'L,agtM. Nru )",-,", In/h""wl by Ruk", and E1 Grn", Mi"j Imd Mati""

S"r/" jn Nn" );'rl:

II-... .h for F,,/u,,/ An Projer. Inj1umad by Pic",,,, and Sun-,ali",

r Im Ida ,IW!:J NnIJ )"'k. Turn, pro/mio"" h: i,b Cuggmb<im co"'rtxt

Marri"",",;" L" Knlma

Firrt A.,io" painting

&bibitJ at J~"j", bj",nn/,

fij,-;r Jda Uxr.J! Pari" C,.."",,"g

"'Karlius ,,"ro'f"Ctit'< in Iff,""'"

Dj" jn car

acrnm' on umg blimd

, . .r

t

• 'r: ' -. t·

X I '-

N . ... jo £md Pictu re PoUod d""/op<d bi" .. """,;!."" by aUm;:ing til< imag"y III "'ok·. 'P"rtuw",w/y, t.,j,bout p,,,,maprioTlJ", /-I, calkJ rbi, rn:bniq'" 'dirut' painting and c(6"fH'ud if '" Nillit-, Amtrjam Indian _d paiming. mad< by !ricHing tbin Ii"n of r%u,-i!d rrmd """,, a boriz.., ,,,/ rurj"l<', PoJ/ock daim,,!, }H":'",'~r, !bat for him it "'a, 'a ,",am if arrh-ing ill " IUlU,"nI"

J adson Pollock's groundbrcaking m .... hod

helped New York to ,uppbnt Paris H the

a,'a"t.g:trde "apinl of modern art. Br the

end of\\'o .. ld War IL it waS time ~"a culrural

ch.llengt: f""" the New Wo rld . l'oU()ck dcda",1, 'I dOfl't «:t: whrthe 1",>hI.",. of modem

I",irning c:tn't he: «",,,<I as "ell h<--n:: :r; dll'"-It",,,·.

and h<-g;n hbring a tr.il ~" 'Jl h<,. Ab"""" Exp'L"«iofl i,ts. Etcn Dc KHofl ing admittt,!. 'lie

bruke the i",,: Dt: Koofl ing .... 1 Poliocl. WITe

fritndlr ,i,al" it ".". the critics ,,-Ito li L .... I to

chat" l,;ofl (lfle og;illSt the (""L", But De IVlflIling n<.~"r c:tptu n.,1 the public imaginati(lfl as p(~Jo.d

(lid when he bo..Le ,,·ith t",dition.

I'oliock's A .... ion p'inting ".". inn""n""d LJ'

tho: Sur",.li,ts· 'p"J"hic au""nati,,,, ·. R ... jo:: .... ing

">.,,,1 and p.lette. and withou t anr 1'",liminarr

,h~t·hes. he 'pread unprim .... 1 Cam'as on" the

nom and I,,)u n:d p,int SI ... ight f""" a c:tn . or

he dripped and ait·k .... 1 it . using hrushes and

"iel<. Som .... im'" he inco" I_"a",d LruL.n gla«

(Jt wire It:.r a,U::d "'Xlun:.

Pollock is litmous ~" the wild drunken

ho:ho,;our tho t uk~"a "' lr liUed him. '~t he " ..... a

,olitarr i",~,'idL<tl. mJl (lfle ~" the grou ps or id<.,,~)gics th.t h"",lcd arti,ts in tJ.:,,,, ,h JS.

I'~ h,:k "as fn::t: of the 'an-hi",,";c:tl· al,,,(,,,cl\:

un«,.h;;tic:tt .... 1 and in",litttuaUr un"""I>lic:t",d.

hischicl" " ""rihuti(lfl toan " ..... n, cxl" cssmlOtim a",1 ll' r1S:ttiOfl through .I><t ... mull.

Undul.oting P2tM (/947) Hi, larK' Tall, 'drip paintingy' au PoJJ.Jtk', mast imprmi'a ""rh,

,,·bicbll< prot/u"d bm:«n 1947 tmd 1952 (poJJ.Jtk "'main,d fr"in aJ",ixJ fro'" 1948 througb ,"on </ 19 5a). Moring rhythmically, b,

""uJd ","'r tb, "'boJ, eI"'''''. quiddy inu'-"'''''''ing pa,urn and roIour; til< proadur, "'M ah::ay"ilIIrroJl,d and far fro," ",nd .. n

'"

1889

1907-&

/909_11

1912_14

19H

1916

/921 _21

1924

LIUBOY POPOYA

B()rn LiuixJv S""K'Y"Tla Etling in iII....-",,', daugbu,. if a

'm/"

StudS" und.,­Zhutot"ryand ) it""

T,.", .. d, arlJiUld

Rwria and to /,a/y

SlUm" in Par", ''''t',h in Frana and ludy

ExbihitJ t;:itb Ta,h'nand Mal" .. irb in 'Tra1l11::ay V' and '0. W' in Pnrogroo

JC#nI ;\1aInTcb', Sup","a~'rtJ

uacbing, ,rbibiting and !b,tlt" ooi?"

Di« of "arl" f"~r in ill"",,,,,

ArchitertonicCompos ition (1918) A la," aimr«! rtyl', pain"d in brilh'am "'/1JUrT on rlJUgb b.Jard; grom.rr'ic ,hap's an rup<rimp""d an a,,, QlUJtb.r '" <T,a" ,up,b. JV"b MaJ",icb arid Ta,/in, Pop.",,, " . ..,- rb. mar! wrrtlltlding paim" of tb, t-,.1914 RUni"" abstractionj",

D allghter of • wealthy draper in ,\lose,,,,, .. Liuh<Jl' 1)(1 ~"" initially

sbJdicd art ",·;,h I'ri"ltC '""'rS. She

"Is" had the "I, ,(),nmity to tr",·d a gre .. dea)

",,)und EU"1'C and ","" intrudurcd to. b",ad

rang.: of in!hx:nttS . fi-(Mn Russian icons and the

It.lian Rt:naissan"" to the CutM,ts and F uturi'm.

When I'ol,o, 'a wa. f"H,t,1 to "' turn 1.:",,1: at

thl: outb",ak of World Wa, L she wa< not a bne.

dynamic gt:,.,,{"tric c'." p",ition',

In the carly 1920s, Po p"'a's fa",in:! tion with

C .,structi,;.m rt:sulted in he, gi"ing up purl:

p'inting in fa,'our ofindusrrial d"'ign. RLfo rt:

h'" untimely dcath at the age of thirtr·fi",. she

had ",o.-ked in thcarre and Co"tume de,ign and

ll-" abo I""ding thl: de'ign studio that 'en'ed

the First S",re l atill: Fa<10'Y in ,\ Io,,,ow.

Across Europe , in the early twentieth

Unlike an ists in othet parts of Eu,ol"" who ""nn,,)", w,."en "ni,ts we '" more a<1i", in the

we rt: di'p",,,,d, the Russians fow,,1 them"'h'''' "i,ual and perfo'ming an" than th<y had e""

"',mired, thereby fo .. "ing the mo't ~,nnidable been befo,e. Not only h,d they vined ",id",

a'"1nt.ga,de. At first , I'<'I'''' 'a wa< "ccuI,;ed with admission to trai ning hu t they we,c in the

wo,ling thmugh the Cubi« and Futurist ~) ", fn""ofallthcn ... wanlm"{,,,ents. lnp' ... _

in'piration' that shl: had ' l:""i"l:d while ,""olution"'y Russia , women a"i.ts had

«udying in I'ari •. I lo",e"", by Ia te 1916, .he eq ... lity with men and thei, contributi ,., .. .".

had joi ned the Sup,ematist. and .. "1, painting ,;tal tn thl: ad,~,",ing SCenl: of art and design.

Sea ted Figure (191f) Paprr.:a)- Cubi,,_impiud c(Jmp,,,iri.n iUllJ1rat" til< Rtroian appro",b ,. Cuhjnn,

t::br b wu/,d "'!::arth i>h,rr",ri.n and T"'""'trUCrion, "[b, figuu TNnajrn tkfini>h/, ,bruugb Papo"a', "" </ "'hancing and uading p/.nla "f grad""ud rolour

H94

1612

1621

1624

1624-10

1629

16JO-4O

1640-42

1642_H

166f

NICOLAS POUSSIN

B()rn in Uf

A"'My<. "''' of /VI

<",·""din

/mpmd by J-a,.-in, rtlllli" M~n",rifm "'ltkr Lmlnnald in Pari,

Trl1'.-,h to Ro,",

t-i" J""j",

Sm/" fJ"7mmnltly in Rom,

O,-,n::, amiqui,j", Painu mytlxJlograJ ,,""'. In/k"" wl by 7l~'''n and JffrJ~". E.rp<rimmtJ ,;:itb Baro'l'" ttyl<

MarTi« A"",,· Mari" I)"r,/Nt

Painu biIT<ry Jann Injlumad by iIIa""gtlt1 and Raph"'/

B"","" Frrncb Cour, pain," to

L""" XIII. R""",, to Rom,

Painu land""!,,,. c"",i" .. " birtory ,~,

Hudrb d«ljnu, OJ";,, RiH"'

The Sh'1'he rus of A...,.~di. (dn"if) (/6J8) in ,b, mid_/6 la., Pourrin ,rpJlJr,d ,b, "."'} of Rapha.l, Roman armi,,,,,,,". tmd u,,;n hoohon m<Kal ronduct. Fm," tb", b. aoopud til. pUn!, d",ricai it/iom ,bat b, ""J for ,b, m' if bi, lifo. Tb, ,muip,jon 'Et in Art':I.<h ego' IT a q_a,jon fr"m Ib, Lvin p<x' Virgil Pou"in "",itlik '" !bal 'hff, i, "" "al!" from d,",b, n'''' in lb. paim '::orld of Ar",t/ill

N ,rolH )'()us",n fo nlluiated the

Pr<C<lltS of French d~."c~1 .nd

~eade,,"e art In the belief that.

through his art he ,,~d "pic, nohie .nd ,~jrring nics. He undenook historical re",.reh

"" po",ibly, mining himself in ~rehacokJgy .nd

p'inting shou ld ~,,'u'" a r .. ional .nd the study of co,ns, .nd c~refully checked

in tel le<1u.1 "'spoo'" in the ,i ..... ·e r, not mere the. uthenticity of ell',,},thi ng. lie ontt w")le

plu'ure. Ili s "'ther .UStere, .uthoritati,'e in. letter: 'I.m ~"ttd by my n"ure t"w.rds

'l'p<o.ch to .nc;ent history .nd chssic,1 the'Hlleriy."

mythol ogy innuenced I" inting .. far .. the As. p,inter, Poussin worked pro<ligiously

ni neteenth century, and mOst French .rtistS hatlt. ~nd ",.ched. highlyc", .. i", ~nd ins p, ml

ftlJm D .. id to G un"". I"" '" in his mid·fc ... ics. lie ",..,strut1ed "". Iels

Poussin w .. ",·t l"nicuhrlyintcn:",,1 in the of wood .nd w"1x f"'Ill which he Ill.de

e,,'nlS ()( petS,..,alitie< of his tim" .nd the ,.., Iy prelimin.ry <le",hes, .nd only then did he stl n

p,)(trlit he ,"'Wr ,lid w ... of him",lf. N,,, waS he Iniming. lie 00",,,,,,,1 the ""ml1O';ti"".1 ''J'les

sJ"'llp,thetictothe"1rtisticfl<1iOflstl.tthell,und of M .. ntegn~ and R~ph~d, and turned to

in Rom". In his opinion , the ,\I.nncristS were Titi:.on for the stud), of nudes. Il is htcr ,tudies

"'0 aff<"",d .nd the N, tu",lislS we n: n't n: fin,,1 (}If Sun.«"t •• nd "1Oming in the Roman c.,,~"gn.

en<-.Jgh. I'oussin's gte:. t pISSio" w.s history, .,.1 .'" <o me of his IlUml t .chi"l"mlL·rlts.

Echo and N.r<:issus (1627~28) For Q p<riod o/fn·, pan, P"""in t.'YJrlmJ on tbn"" from damca/ mybologf

and tb, Rmairrana pom. A, 'k """' ,im" b, cam, undn- Ik painurly in/bunt:< <I,b, Im-ti"" Titian. Pictllr<rlih ,bi, ~ and Rin~H) .nd

Armid. "" ""'"",,Teo/()ur! Qnd ,bot:! trw! /"ling/ir Ib," p""ie _IT"

1824

IS44-f2

INrI

1861

186f_69

IS72_7f

1871

1876

ISSS_S9

/889_9J

189J_9';

1897

1898

PIERRE-CECILE PUVIS DE CHAVANNES

B<rn in Lyon, "'"' of" ch'i "'gin",-

SlUdi" in Par" tmtkrStb1!<rand ('''''!lin

inf/umad by Cb"",riau

&11ibiIJ )'icci a!

Sa/(J1I, rub",irriorIJ

r<j«ud for "" .. , 7 pan

Sfa" p/lrma", Pc",,", fr- Sa/on. War di1llllud to mat. pair

Hirtory /",inting CiH",",'m'''MJ for Man.illu Mum,,"

IRnKIl'" Poi,i", ,""." ball

Exbibirr Sum",er

,,' SakJII, pUrrb"",d by S1""

Co,","iIJiOnM to

paint LifcofS, Gene,il:,,: in Paru Pantbion

imlra'" Pari, SorixJ"rI<

fNt:ara," Pari, City Hall

Pain" ,""raJ, for PuNic library, 8""(6/, USA

Marri" Pri1ltm Cantac""m,

Dj" in Pari,

The Poor Fishe rm:.on (1879) Submi,ud '" ,b, Salon if 188 I, ,bi"",,/ painring c"",,d ron!rot'''')'' PIK wm, judgn, Ib, jlam", of ,"I" mad, i, diNT" '" droJra';'-" ",rbn tban 'fim ~ art. Sill" Ibm, tbi, "''"/''''ition _ n'OC/lfw. if ,11< Holy P",m'ly _ bad",.,"< un, of Pm-i, ,"ort nlduring ,mag<>

P icm :-Ctcilc PUlis de Ch.,'annes ",IS the

Icading muralpaintrt of his timc. I I<:

" .... eH,n admired br the rounge,

generation , whieh included V" n G o g h,

G~ uguin and Seur"" H well as the I)(l<~

Gauticr. Alth ough a contcmpo,a'r of the

Impre~io n ists , I'tn'is' pracri"" ,emaincd "" " "I in thc Italian frescocs hc had encountc,ed 00

his Ira"d . as a J'oung man. Picro dclL:. Fr.~'. wori in A",w, had inspi,,,II'tn'is

to he"" mc an a"i,t himsdf.

Yet his nat , shadowle;s, dec<" ati,'c st)'le

a"",,,,d cstablishment ho"ilitr~" manr J'c:lrS.

The establishment ",,,,,<,1 not to ap p,ccia'" his

,ctrten"" n) fresco p,inting _ I'm'is "",d oil on

Cam'aS fo r his murals. rathe, than appl)'ing

pig]))<"tlt <~t<"dr to pl,,-,,e, _ and "",,,,,,d him of

not kno",ing ho,,' t() paint 0' dra,,·. I lis ",ork

inc0'l~"at,,1 a strong lincar dcment: his palette, howcnT, always ",maincd p,le and

su ];Jued. U"I"' pu la, th''''gh it was in academic

circles, his technique exert,,1 a 'trong intluen""

ul"'" Gauguin .nd imp"ct<,1 on the

de", lopment of thc Nahis , a symboliSt gnlUp 1<,1 br D< .... is, IInnna,d and \'uilla,d.

I'tn'is' ~lrtuncs switch,,1 dram:lticallr in the

li« twentr J'c",' of his lill:: , ",hen a far.sight,,1

Di,cctor of Fine A,tS ,kcided to conll"ission

the monumental S, Gmn'.,,, ",rics in thc Pa,is

Pantheon. In 1895 Pmis found him",lf the

guest of honour at a grand b'nquet presided

O,'<T I".· R,.lin: and the J'e ... aftrt his dc:lth , the

Salon mount,,1 a ,uc""ssful 'L~"'s pecti,'c of

hiswori.

Yo ung G irls by the Se" (/879) Put';' conjur" up /lJI at,"0'fJh"" </ "'"",,

antiquity in ,::bich tb, girh ''''" ro"",n,J in """,,I ",ai<, h<auty and fair ,,",,,,b.,.

'"

1481

1491

14 94

"'"

"'''

I fOf-U7

H07

I f09_20

HH

HI4

IH7

H2O

RAPHAEL SANTI

B()rn Raffa./ Silt/I; in UTbi"", ..... </ Gilflianni s"mi, Cour, pain," to

F,tkriro do

Mo""fi1tnJ, DII*' ,,[Urbina

l"Narb of m"rIm-

i"Natb "f [",b.r

Apprm,j"d ,. p.,."gi,," jn

P,rugia

M",",,- to Norm", rtudj" i.ronaroo, ilIicbdarlyio, Barr%,"", IlrId

Ma",,.-jo

Pa;""" uri" rf Mad"""",

Pain" til< Depo,ition

Calkd to R(lI'" by Po/" JUIiUT Ii to paim tb. Stanz.:l., including Sch()<~ of Athens

iJ<a,bo/Pop< ]uJiw- /I. PainIT Sistine ,\ 1ad(ln na

Mad. archil«t of S, P""'J, R(Jm,

Pain" til< Transfiguration (unfinjJImJ)

OJ,, in R(Jm,

£..in, B~rl .. ,.. • . Sistine ,\btlon "'" (J"aif) (/ 512) Salm Barlmra J.xWIom of tb, picttlr, fram. ",",ard, fb, imaginary "'''gng",jon at rb, foot if rb, Si,~jne ",.donna. 5b, iT ilJ <xquiJi" aT any"f biT MudonTlaJ", for ,;.'N," Raph"'/ m-"Q '"' a ""ilk rllllg' </ kauri" b, bM h"'l::n. B",b tb, """tiring and "''"f'O'irion of ,biT paiming typify RapbiNl', R(Jm"" p<riod

The p "mgt:" of the thrt"t: gi.nts of tho::

1I.li"" High Rm.issancc, Raph1<:1 is

best known fn, his Vatican frescos,

numerouS ,\ ladonnas and &scinating I_"tn.its,

including the be.utiful u, f'(JrTlllrina (ro:,w

'L~'ul,,1 as Raphael's ""'n" ",ife) and the

h.unting Pop< ]uJiUf Il. Sun ()f. Court I",inte"

Ral",.d w"s b()1i1 into thc right sur,oun,~ngs~'"

an ani,tic cart'" and , d"'pite being o'l,ha""d at

ck"Vt .... , his 1""""';uus talentS "",,, ,,-,I hiss",,;, ... !. ] h"ing """pletcd his "pp,m tittship with

]'<:rugino, Raphael mOl"d n) 1'1,,,,, ,,,,,,. lncn: ho::

hon,,1 h .. art n, the Renaiss;tntt i,leals ofbc:tutr

and han""nr. al though his genius ,.-1< ti,,] br the

d,,,,,ar-.is of I"'''uns.

Raphael ', s trength lar in his drl ftsm""ship

and , at that time , d""'ing ",as con,idered the !Oundati()fl ()f.1I "isual artS . Fo, the last S",'en

rears of hi s life , he cmplo}'ed Marcantonio

R.imondi in his Romc Studio , cngr";ng the

b.ddog of d"wings th., he bdcd time to

Com'ert into p.intings. It ",as Raimondi 's

,cnderi ng of Ral>had'< Tb, ]udg,,",nr of Pari,

that sugge,~cd thc po", of ,\bnet 's figurlS in

Dij""'''' Sur L'H.,.k (,,'cr thn::e ""nruries I. "',.

\ Vhcn 2<Signcd to thc Pap,,1 Cuurt. Raph:td

".,,, gi,.::n ch:t ~ of all major I )« ~C"''' nut unly p.intings but a,chi",,,,u n:: and thc p'L"«:n,.,ion

of antiquitilS. Raph.eI wasn't a great inn"'"1tor

or di""".:: n::,. r'" when he dicd at thirl}~""t:'" his.,t ,howed an cmotional depth th., might

well h."e m"turcd to equ,1 th., of Leo"" r.!o

and Michel: . .ngdo.

The Ikpo<ition of Christ (l 50?) Rapb",1 pap oomag' to Micb,umgdo" Doni "Ii",do _ paim,d only tb,

Y''''" INfor' - ritb ,IN Jm"ling ';:<lln"" rdRiRg iNxk, hh Micb,langdo" Virgin. /-Ii, d'/K',irion group b", ",~"mly d""'n«d i",lf fr(lln tb, ,en"

of drorb on tb, bill ""d ,b, body tb'Y an')' i, ba,,1y marhd /, iJ a pirtur' ;;:,tb all til< qualiti" tbat IJ.:/i","oir on", lit",d a, Rapba,/'r maR

adm"ah/,; 'bi, mar7.',lkJ", J<ibri"y; biH(Jil5Ulm In,a"",; "" nrrlt:'agana, n. , .. I garity, "" tri"iality'

REMBRANDT VAN RIJN

1606 Bo.-nin i1idm, roR"f a ",HI",

1624 Srudi"in Am"",!"," untkr L"","illI

162f S"'''Pftudioin L.idm, pupill inchliN iJou

/ 61/ iII",." '0 Am"",!",", b«","" _=fuJ portrait;n. S"'rIT mlJingandfim "'"alm"a,

1614 iIIarn"S",J:j"

16Jf-41

1642

164 7

16f4

165:6

166J

1668

1669

"'"' Fjmlmrgb

Sash'" gr.'" birth to fo1lr cbildrm,

"'" ",n, 71"", runr.w

l"Na,b "f Swh'" , PainlJ T he Nightw.tch

Engag's Hmdrickj, Stoffik i" IN,,,,h'fm; I"," '"011</ ""d par"",-

Birtb " dnugb,,.,. Cor",!i" by IlmdricJj<. PaintJ llcndridjc futhing

D«iaud /Nl"}rllpt, Pain" Tims Rc:l(~ng

l"Na,b "f HmdricJj,

l"Narb of7irtn

Di" in A",,,,,,imR

Portr~ it of the )"Oung Sa<kho (16H) Sa,h" may ""~r haUl! ""rn !bu mri"w b", in puNic. rina R""brundt "ft." pai"utl b;,m,/f and bit family ar""J in ,,,,,ric ca5"',"". 7b, Dureb Un" Iro., ic rry"' to a "P'aai 'YP< if pim"., in"",I,d '" a ebaraeu,- rrlllly "nb.r Iban a J"traigbt p,m.-ail

RCl1lb,an'h "an Riin's dur cmpathy

with ,t~C human condition makcs it

sur prlS"'g to it ... rn thot hc nC,"Cr tn,'cllcd outsidc ]-loll. nd. 11"",c,,,, Lastm.n,

his """t innucnti.1 tc.cher, h.d iK't:n to ltal)' and ,>I,,,,,,,,,] thc wo.- k ofCar''''ggio. La"man

taught his 1"'1';1 thc tcchnique of ,billY",<UnJ (thc

,endenng of ""trCmc light and shade) and

Rcmh.-.ndt quickly Icarn"] to h.ndlc it ",ith.

'kill few ha,'c Cn'" m1tchcd.

T hc artist's p<.,.,onal lifc ,,-as. catl loguc of

misfortunc. Iii. fi,st wife , Sa<ki., .nd th,tt of

thcir child, ..... dicd ,'cry carly. Rcmbrandt ,

although su""cssful. had no he.d for bu,incss

antiquitics >how,,] a collcctio" that indudcd

Lcorurdo, Michd""gdo, R.ol'h:.ocl. I ]oll",in,

Tiri"" and Rul", ns: .nd hc h.d sto.-"" of cxotic dothcs, ornaments .nd anllour, ",hich he u",d

as 1" '1" in his p.intings. Dunng Rcmbrmdt's long cart"" hc cnpg"]

in dtawing , e",hing • nd I'" inting. 0,,<.,. looO of

his worls still exist and although he is l'rul",bly

best known for I_mniru n::, particularly his own,

his subiectS ,ange through biblic.1 themcs,

e'''I}'day life. I.ndscapc .nd nudc< . In cach

g<:n n:: he cun,er<' minu", of 11". ,ds_ he would

study his Own exp n::ssion" in thc mirro, - and

,uch dept h of fttling , that hc endun::s as one of

.nd disastrously ""pensi,'c tastC<. At his tbe ,,.,st s),llp1thctic and apl" ""iat,,1 of all the

bankruptcy, an im'cn"")' of hi. art and gr< ... t arti,ts.

Ardungd R.opfud L.,.~,;ng the F.mily ofTol>ios (/637) Th< Arrbanyl Rapbad b,1pr TobiilJ to mtor. bi, flltb") ,igbt and ,bm jlin ojf in a Baroqtl, flurry of for"bor"mJ limb" ,;:ingT and JTll/"ry. Bllt In"IT

impr"'''·' if aU iT R,,"branm)- Inarurfol miaro.turo

'M

184 1

ISf4

1862

1864

1868_69

1870-79

1880

1881

ISSf

1886

1890

1891

1898

/90/

1912

19/f

1919

PIERRE AUGUSTE RENOIR

Born in Um"K'T, ron "I a 'ai/or

Apprm,;,,'; '" paint f"K,,/ain and droJrat;". itt7",

]","$ A,,/i.,. Gky', mmT

8""iU" Mo"n, Siliry. Cbrltt< and PiITllrru

&bihi" at Sdm

Sba= rrudiG ;;,j,b 8"";0,, En plein air rrutlS" tritb MOlIn

JI'<.o-h and "bibi" aT impr,,,ionisr

At"". Ali'" CbilTj~,

Trat',/J loAlpia. Spain and Italy. in flu",,,'; by Rapb",~ Ruh<", and I,./,,"'l"'=

Binh if JW/ Pi,",

&bibi" in NnIJ );'ri

MarTi" Ali'"

Birth of"" J"'"

S<ri.UJiy dimh/,d by ar,briti,

Binh if ron Claud,

L'gim "I H.""u,-

l"Narb of Ah'n.

I)i,,"/b.arr "nack in o,grt<r_ m"M,r

Uphill p.~th Through Lo ngGr:><s (/876) A land""!,, v:i,bfigur",jTom R"",ir)- purm Im!", ,,i",,;,, p<riod 1{,,,,iniJant "Mann 'r \\%I l>ol" ics, it " .... probahJy paint.d during "'" " 'k ""m,,", ,ba' ,b, r~" arrim 'Pm! tog,tbn at Argrn""i/

W jth 'he 'ITi,'~ 1 of ,he railw .. y. 'he J-Ic<k"id"d thatc,~ourw .. s nJ ""thes,,,,'.nt rot

b.t nks of the Seine ht:rond I'ari. tl-.: 11",I<,r, and that he would a""'''I'' to "" p.-es.

bec.ml: a pOIJUla.- .-I:SO'" j;:J.- cit), ~Jml mon: "" n:fUlir bj.. tonal ,dationshillS. Not

worle:rs. La G.-.::nou illc .-.:: at Cmissr"",1.J .-_Seinl: that he a hcted his I" II:"e: R""oi r k'l" to the

,,"'" a .-estomant built f""" sc,erll bo"s "~l<'] Lright {'olou« he had alwa),s fa,'om,,1. In his

tog",hcr, p" Jl'iding a dan"" no", in the late, ",orks, Renoi"s ""pc ri",,,,,tation bmught e,·enings. T his ,,"1, thl: destination (jf Pie«e an oU'I. Juring of monumental nudes and

Augustl: Renoi.- and Claude ,'lunet une dar in sensual r (Jlmg wom"" with luminescent skin.

1869, ",h"" the two )'oung friends SCt up thei, U""'. "plUmi.ingl)', R""ui, had al""1)'S p.il1l<,<1

ea",l. tugcthe.- m pkin "ir and initiated the what pleased him and , ,ina: hi. dars

b.-.:: .kthmugh to Imp,,::ssion i'm. of d",o.-ating fans in the Slrle of \\'Ut .,.~ u ,

Ill' 1 SSI, the r<"1r hI: turn"] fo.t), and bl:g;n F.-agonard and Boucher, his i mm""'" sli II tra,elling "Jund Emo pe and Nonh Africa , and the ahilitr to comer cha.-m rmlained

Renoi, knew it w" time fo.- a .-eassesSm""t . L"nti n: l),undimino.l-.:d.

Wo"",n Combing H er ll:.oi r (1907-08) Gabri,lk Rmard ;;:a, a dir1llnt rowin ,;:ixJ "'m, a, bi< ",n lUll/', nun., and

"1IY,d OR a, b"""J;"P'r and mOI1</ for RnltJir Wb", anbri,;, "du"d bi, bandr to d=" Gabri,l1, ';:mf'P,d tb,," in fJ'f".,tN"d g""~ '" pm""'t tb, ,J:jn

at/bu'ng. j)iJl1b/,d as bi, [atb" ,,'as, OIl1td, RnltJir "",3,d dipping paintbrusb" h<tt:YnI bi, [atb"'r [inK''' to ,lIRhl, bim to pm'"

"" HENRI 'DOUANIER' ROUSSEAU

1844 B()rnin ural, ..... of a pl1l1nlvr

I S64-M Army"",,,,,r dnT;"min in

uWm"'lIli hand

1869 S"r/" in Pari,.

/ 871_9J

1886

1888

1897

1898

190J

190f

1908

1909

19 10

MatTi" O,mnl" BiiJIilrd, tbqi"," bat" tbr" cbilthm

Jj",h in 'ill_ n",;Otl [ (If" ,;rrj" '"'1". Nid;"",",d 'iMw",i.,' (",wine ifJi=-J

rJm ,,,bihitJ ", Sal", J" Indipmt/arllT, Wall in the F()n:s.

iJ<",bof°hnm"

P"int,"!nc Slttlling ('0)'1"1"

Marrin R_Ii<· ]"'ipbilU Nwry

D<atb "f /{",a/i<­Joupb;",

Fir" ,,,bib,,, at Salon d:4",,,,,",,,, The ll ungry Lio.,

PiC/lJpj Iroldra

NrIiJ"" in hi, Ix",,,,,,

A"I"j,ud" iTrJo"'''"nI' in "''''k fraud

1);,,"1 gilTlgm" in Pari,

n.e Footl .. U P!:.oyct'S (tin,,;!) (/9()8) In ,""W"" to bi"""ti, rubj<m. Rou=atl mjay,d ftaruring tb. "'<ryday q, of propk ""'lind him, rbaring tb,i, /"'-, "pan,,, and r~at;"n" all killliJ. Tb, r1rip'd foiJIlmlkrr look mlH '" if tbry an p"fo, ming a ,,,",,,IImU,,

An cncount<"f ",ith llenri 'DOU1nic,' Pi.,.~s.o. G~ugui n , Dchun:ty ~nd Apollinai ",

Rou,"",au r<1'eal,,] a ""'nge mixture of among his ""quaintances _ Rous"'au heg1 n un",(j( I,Hy shy"""; and a Ci,,·in)n b,,6cf ,ubmitti ng '0 .he Salon ,k:s Indol",nd, nl<, to

in hiso",n artistictalen •. lie h,d und ..... g,,"" .he ",hich he "'main{"(llor"1 fo< .he "'st of his lilt:.

u,"" I eIL,,,,,,,tary sc]y,,~ ing but a. Su ne I. )in. he Rou s"'au's I" in.ings are .erm{"(l 'na'IYe' bu.

beCime {"()""inN,1 that I" in.ing w~s his true .his ,~)e'n '. imply that .her a n: in"inctual. On

" '>Ca,;on and claimed .ha. his 1'''''''1<' IX)",,'y .he ""fl'''' 'y, he I'lann{"(] his worl with an""'e

had p"-"lud,,lan school. Ci re, usi ng numerOUS ske.ches and pictu n:

La.e" Rou""~u wen' ahead and ob tained a ",f<TCn""'. Some m,x::"',,] him 1(" going as fa,

copyi,,'. Cin] 1(" the Lo",'''', "'h ..... e he sl'en. a 2S taking his sitterS' mCiSl"L,,,ents 1(" p'IO'tnits,

lot of time stu'i)'ing the early Italians. He Ille' 2S if he w ..... e a .ailor, bu. he waS mastcring

the IX){"IS Jarr)" and de G ou'men. , ",ho ana"""yand 1IO'0llOn;Ofl .he be" "'"'y he Ime ....

c,. ",,,i,.;i')f)ed ~ li.hograph li-u", him f, IO' .h,;, Once P'-" .he prep"a"IO'y stages Rou<se~u's

,e"ie ... , L'/magin, and hefo", long Rous",a u imagination toul off, and .he unrem,rlable

found him",lf a,h"itt{"(] '0 the w'IO' ld of wri ...... s onc _ti me toll colltt"', hecamc .he cxo. ic

and artists. Encourlg"l by the ""'~"ny of the storyteller who", un ique im"gt:s are now

,,'an.-ganle _ in the end he I"",d such namOS as "''')gnizcd and admi",l eH"ywhe n:.

The Sn~ke Cru.rmcr (19(fl) Tbi, 1M" mwician rmndr lih a dark E,· •. ,alling 0'" all r/" '''pm'' /rum b.,.

moonlit paradi", i{()Iro"'" ""uJd <I"" tah bir ,htmbook to tb. Jardin d" PIIW'" IWd _ tbIWh to a ""Ht tnTIWK"""" "'j,b ,,'" <I tb. gartkn=_ drau>

for oolm Ilmong lb. jungl. ff"''''Y <I tb. oo/' bou"" II " . ..,- tb. "'arm b. ""uJd netT w,". to n:p.,-imcing a tropical land=p'

'70 PETER PAUL RUBENS

I f 77 B()r" in Si,K"', RlR of" 1""7"

I f91_9f Apprm,j"d in Ann:"p

1600 Vi,;" Imj", '"' " .... 1: </71,ian and I ff 0"""". Vi,j'I Fhmn"

/60/ Fi,i" R'IN", JU,

"."'} if eMmiaggia

160J

160f~

/609_14

1610-20

1621

/6n_2f

Dip/'Im,,!i, ,.ili, '" S!",in

" "ur'" to Rom<

iIIam" Imb,Ua Brunt, uniu in Anrarp, b", 1M" childrm. Pai"" w,"",irriorIJ for

Ann:"p C",b,Jrui

StudS" "";,.~ many C",/rolic <(J,"",imaTIJ

/)jpJ"inatic =t'i" for lfapJmrgy

Co,"mim(Jm in Pari, IUId Anr~'"P

1626 D<atbof l",hdlll

1628_10

/61/

164 0

N'giJIia'" "'tiC<

11<11:."«" Madrid and umd"". Kn;gbud by Cbltri" /. iIIll1Ti" 1f,lm" P""rmmt, ba, flt-. mildI'm

Knigbud by Philip I V. " <fir" from dip/'Ima!;, ,,,,'it<

Di<!afb.arr [ailu" in Ann::",

The Str .... I h t (,.1625) A p<rtnlj, <lS""'rma Fwrmmt, nru,. <!Ruhm, =l1IId 't;:ifi. 11&1111_ Rabm, 'aJ'/ pier".--> "..,-, p"i"wJt::ilb a "/",,,;1 pi"",", in ,11< rnbjctJ

'" h< found d"" '" biN",

Peter I'au! Rul>ens "",,, the IJO<SCs,;o, of

phenomenal gifts, toge,he r ",i,h the

physical ""ergy and orgoni""ional

abili,y to cxerec'" ,h",,, . A< ",elJ as being an

cXP<IflL"n' of the Iu;;h Ih"''lue St}k tha, he had

acqui rcd in Italy (C"r~ ,".ggio ,,-as a kcy

innu<:n"" , whc"c work Rubcns con,inu<:d to

champion aC"'SS northcrn Europe) , he ,,-as

Rom:!n C.tholic, multilingual. .nd al"<l'n' .... :!

.ml .. s,""~,, for 'he l lap'hurg rulcrS of the

Spanish ,,"ethcrlands. His StatuS as Court

p.in"". c.,cl1~,""l Rul o: n< r"'m l"'lingt:!.,.,..,.J i,

als" fr"" J him fr"m guild rub: he " ,..]d d'1~oy,

witMut re,meto,n<, ,he huge ,,,,<lio ,tiff net,l«l

n, carry uut.D his "'m missi<lfls, many uf wl-.""

had ,hei r own 'I""';aliti.,..

Thc", ""'H"issioll s chicny consisted of

dynamic imagcry des.igned to tcmp' people

a,,",y f". " ,hc "'. nh", I'''''e,'''n,i'm of the

RL{o<J"a,.", . It was ",ha' 'he Co th<llic C hurch

and Eur<1,can ",}",I,y "''luired for 'hcir

Il« , "gan<b Purl. '«:<, Drlwing up<ln his Lotin

schm l "Iucuion, Ruben$ p","uttd 'con:. of

ebb",..", aitarpi""es and allegor ical ttilings.

l ie ,.."!. adc p' ., painting SUPI. ,«::,lly Christi"!n

,·inue but gi,ing i. a <ub,'ctlO'" :;inu",i.}" .he

",~ u p' u"u' It,atures "fhi' nudes. n: dclib<.,..,dy

cx'gg>'rat,,1 to .... "Ilh ""iz.<: fccur"~.y and

fn: .. I,. " from ",-ant.

Rullens ' <I)'listie innuentt ""durcd o\'c,

thn:c ttnturics, fr"m V~n Dyek and ,\ lurillo ,

.h'ough Watte," u and G.in. boroug h to

DcI.ctOi~ "",I Renoi r .

,\brie de ,\l "did Disem l>:orlcing '" Muse illcs After ,\brrl:..ge to I len ry IV ofFr.nce (1622~2f)

0", if,11< ryek if 21 painting, for ,b, Palai! tk LuxnnbotITg, nH",",'m'o",d by ,b, fim,m oot::ayr qu"" Marr d, !It,did '" tkpict b", lifo, Rub.m pr'f"'rd

bund"dJ if ,"arur ,hub" fir bis "lIdi. to ""r.l- fro",. I, t::..,. no ,ary las.l­diplo,"",i",Uy,ilb", tin" Ib, q""" "'ar quam"","" far Jrom actnlct;,~, and bad "·",,,d buy amoUnrr if '"""'Y "·i,b<JilllKbi,,.-ing allytbing ,,,narka"" in

b" lifo. To RuhmJ' ",dit, b, kfi " ""itji,d cusr",n" M "''"pi,riM

1810

1844-54

18H-f7

180_82

1861

1871

1897

AlEXEI SAVRASOV

B()rn in iIIo,,",,', ron of II ,"",bllrl!

Studi" al ill",,,,,,, SdJooI of Painting, Smlptur. and Archi,,,,,,"

uacoo lantkap' paimingat ilIo,,"'" School of Painting

Pountkr ,"N""'r ofJl~ndmtT

""~ f"unOOJ A""aa~'.., of Tra,.dling Arl &bihi~'o"",

&bibi"d T he Rools I b,'c RebJrncd

Di" in iIIo"",,,

By the Whirlpool (Dttp W~,,, .... ) (1892) by ls:"k Lc,iun 'I "-il1It '0 di"",'''' and 1<=" in my aI::n <ountry tb, ,"iJ5! ,i'"pk, '''' ,"iJ5!

immrau, 'h, ,"oJ! ""m"""pM" and rb, ,"oJ! N"ilIi""aJly ,"""ing; that ,,-bich ofun ''It'''' a """ of ,",/=bdia_ '

A k:xci s,,'t:tS<'" ''"is ,he 111('" Iyricol - I~ndscopc eiasses of s,,'t .. «,v at thl: ,\10""''''' and named 'litther' _ of tl-.: Russian Sehe ... 1 ,'(Painting, Lc,;un ""''''I:d ,he Sehe ... 1

bnd,copists, ]-]e ... as a fO<D1'~ ng ., ,hinc"" .nd studied ,I-.:", ~" ,en J""'S be~,,,,

ml:mb", of the t:tdicol W.ndc:rl:rS grou p in tn,'cliing to I'a,is whc", he Came urol<..- the

1863. togr:tl-.:r with Klod, and Shishkin. Tne <Tc:t,i,'e inn""nCt: of ,\ lone"

grou p formed in re,'olt .gainst 'he stiRing Lc"iun "' ... s ab" • lifdong fri""d of thl:

int",nat;onal nc<> __ cl.ssi<i'm that preniled I~ar ... 'igh, Chl:lOl', Hot h men kit emotionally

against any Russian g<:nrc. "'.::ting "" a co - bourol tn tbe R",-,ian bnd'''~pe and conscious

o pct:t';,I:. thl: \ \'an,k: ", rS organiu,1 tnt"dling ,ha, the coun'ry's hi,,,,,), '''"is writt"n upon it. A

cxhi bitiof)s ,,( their worl.:. Their 1"'HJflS wc", to k"J-' example ,,( I.nittn', '1",,,. 1' landsca pe wor k

b-c found amm g ,\1()s{'('w's me",h'n' cia". is Th, VladmirJ:a /{(Jild. 'hc high", ... y n, Sib",i • .

many of wh,." wen:: diset:ming art {'(,Dc"'"rs.

I ... k I.e.'itan (1860_1900) .ttcnd"l 'he

along ""hieh s" many prisonerS " ... Iled to

,I-.:ir ,Ie"hs.

T b-c Rooks I b ,'e Returned (18 71) by Alcxci S.v",-",,' Th, "mun of ,bnooi; to a r,",,'ly fr""'" land rignaJftb, tran,ition fro,"

"-im,,, to 'f'Ying a, tb, hird; r"'uild tb, r(J()}"y_ Til< Ilrtist bad trat~JJ,d ,,-itkly in tb, ""rib"", pra"n= of /{""ia and b, fr'qum,/y pain"d ,,-im,.,­

IarulsaJ/"S and tM ",ming tbtr",

'"

1890

"'" 1906-09

1908

/908_10

1911

1912

1914

19H

1917

1918

EGON SCHIELE

B()rn in Tub'n, ,,", of a ,-"ik'",_ na';oo marU,.

Family rnot" I 1lJ

Vi"'"", , o-/db if fatb.r

Stud,,, ", AcatNmy,,/fln< Anr, Vi"'M

E",,;urlfu, /(Jim' am/bi"",",,! Vim"" Ktmmcball

Inf/umad by Klim"II'<..-hat S«:",io"i"" Wi"",. Ji"'.b"""

,\/",,- Jill";, (JialryJ ",,,,,,it Tbry ,,,"'"' to Nrnknflmm

Cont'icud if puhJic im'",Jrah'ry_ &bihi!J al Cdog''', ill",,, Munich tkakr Ham G""~

At"" &ii,b Harm,

fij,-;r on<-man

<",bibir;"" in Vi",,,,,, iIIiltTi" Edith. foi", army

Rq",,,nrr Austria in K",·.,-nrnm,. ,/, __ d

,rbibit;ort in Slllabolm and C.p",bag'"

Major ,,,bibi,"r in ~9rb S«.rrion. Oi""f info",'=a in Vr"JIa

Sdf·Portr~ j t (1911) Stbid.', pruning ,,1/·JIl,;ifl>tti(J1l i:! _ IiI:< '" '"any if hi, P""' _ '""" proNNy an ad, Th< 1mag" b. math "/bill"'if ", rbi, tim< t~=d bm:"«n ,",lot/FUma,ic tmd ,ina", ilJ k ",ud a ,",t/'ipliciry "iid"";",, and in"'T fo<linW

E gun Schiele. like his id(~ Gus .. ,' Klimt,

twk c",tici,,,, as. m.jor thm,e of hi.

wor k, It led n) aeeusations of his hcing

-sex·obsesscd' .nd hc onee ~)und him",lf in

prison briefly for 'cxhihiting an <Tot;C dnwing

in a 1'1""" ,c"""it~c to childrm', Ru~ ab",in liLc

Klimt , the unqucstiofj ,hle quality of Schielc',

worl ",'cntually found an 'I, ,,""';ati,'e au,lienee,

and ell::n gOl"",mcnt sponsorship when the

sexuality and ,upe rb Il:chnic:il slills, Ilis mother

daim,,1 th., he could dn .. · I..,~, ,,, his ,.,co" d

hirtbd.y, and his drl"'ing ability was som<~hing

that Schiele h",..,d ti ", lcsslr throughOut his lill:

until he ..,hi",''']' n .... Jr·&ult]css line, I>,inting

he ~,und less ca<y, especially in oik , but he had

a f,cility ~" appm,ching' n.."lium 'nd ttking

it s ... iftly be}"lnd , technic:il challenge to

s<r6<tic m"te.)" which he did to ma,,'dlous

authorities ... ished to l)(x><I AustTi,'. cfrect ... ith gouache .nd ""'tcrrolour, That international im'ge, m"-" ..... y Ill"r a me,tium was ,;",1 n) Schielc _

Schiele'. un"'IIlI" olllising ...... ndour in hi. n(x hing should iml",]e his 1" ''1: '''''' ""'''' ,,1< the

t"""""" of the nude figure _ bn,l" and malc purity of ,·i,;on and css<'fltial nuth that he fdt

_ ofll:rs an un",,,ling mixture of "I'~L""cnt ... ere the Purl"";':: of his an,

Wom:.on Undrcs<ing (1914) AI ,bi, ,im., Stbid.', nuth brolm. Y" mar< "o/up,,,,,,,,,,

H. ""d ~""ck ,. ",'",b ,b. figu"" br,.,.bing brigb' alum, <I,o/our '"' '"f' <locl1",. 711. mlmipJ. foldr"f fabric attN/''''''' ,b. m"""""", of ,b. t."(Jmllrl '" rb.

""rigg/"f= <I,b. dmr

/ I

'"

ISf9

1878_79

1879_80

/881

18114

1886

1887

1889

1890

1891

GEORGES SEURAT

B()rn in Pari" J.m o/a I'gal <f/iaal

SlUdi" und,.,. L,bm"rm (a for,,"" rrudm' of Ingm) at L'frd, tI" 8,,,,,,,.£1,,,, Pari,. Vi,i,,",b Impr",.",irr ,xbibi,ion

ilIi/i'ary ""-,j,, in

'"" /)rtn::ing «"Putl ", Salm

Exbih;!> Il1th",," .. A'nil.-rc.< a' Jim , biJu, " &leiiri tN, Ani"" Indip<rulantT

Exbibi" Lo Grlndc Jane at S,b Impm,"";,, <",bibiri"" Qnd SakJn d" Indip<ndan!T

r Im ,rbibi" in Brum/n;:i,b L" V;ng!

Exbibi" in Bru=1r ,;:itb L" Ving!_ At",,, iIIadd.;", KndJJ.ro

Binh" _ Pi"" by Madd.,in<

Di", ,;:itb 11m

Pi"'""" dipbtbm'a in Pari,

The Sideshow (/ 887_88) A t::iJ1ItkrfoUy atm • .,.'c, dill/uJly ,","pautl pim'I"< of a "at',/ling fair; ritb til< oil and g'" lamp "'h',ring til< gloom "I" rinu,-', rt"""'g and ""'p,ing ,b, aIllJi",,, '" '<JI"' ""'pin ",,",aim""'!

Georges Scun.t'. n.m< IS l'",c"c.iI}

'}nonp11()u> ""h the "ord

'pointillism', • ,lil1>Jonlst I'.mbng

method ,ha' he him>clf <::tiled 'ol"i<::tlp'in'ing',

S ..... "u .. "1< a N,,,-lm prC<S.ionist, \ \r,th Sign""

and, carll' ("', Pi<s'm" he enpg<,1 in an anal}si<

of the 'tthniqu<:< """I bJ.. the Impn:S<.ic.,i,ts to

rq,,-(.Iutt: light and "~o ur.

S,·,m.t'. go.1 ,,"1<' It:.nnul. It:., the c n::tti<ln

of Iwninou s ",I(-.J' Un <::tm'as bl' p'inting duts

of " "" .... sting C(~uurs nen to one anothe,. The

elfccr ... as to he on<: of pun: mlo",. l>Ie,..bl

lit<Talll'on the ,etin. of the he!.:,ld,",,, nd n<" on

the p,i"o::,'< 11<Ile'tt:. It is n:a"'n.ble '0 ask ... hl'

an a"i,t sh(-.J ld ",el 'he cn"-,,uin' nf, fo( mula:

'he anSwe, cou ld b.:: bel uf c<.Ol fidcnce in

handling I" into or "., . ,igid rr.ining ,h:tt "';':",s an}'thing irregular (..- imp" I";\(,. 0, pern,ps.

like ("her highll' ,~sciplin,,1 l"intelS _ Dell:..

Fr~ nce..,.,. POllssin and ,\ loMri"n. It:., ex:tmple _ Seur." ", Iished 'he inteliect ... 1

<·h,lIenge. Im'ed to wo,k 'scien,ifi<::tllr' and

'-"'ljo)'ed 'he bl><..- ious pn,":ss of I..-n" ing his

,heu,y. U n~mu,,:ttcll" it ,~dn't a"'mlll' work: :tt

l<::t,,, ro, as p",dico::d.

Ap'" frum "n in""nl~e'e gra,1' of existing

",lour ,h""ie<. Scura' 'nd Signac didn't

que,tion the pu ritl' Or n:hti", C(~our ",I .. e:< of ,he pigm'-"'lts th:tt they u",d. ' Inc ' L"<lI1t was ,..Jt

,he kllnino,i,l' ther h,d ho ped ~,r. As Signac

.dmine.!: • ... ,"1 dots and gr'''::n ,kJts make an

'ggn:p'c which is gre)' and ",k, .. riess.'

Of mulSe. Scura,'s wor ks arc n(" c"lou riess.

bu, nO, '''' ther ",ini>()w brigh,. I"-,,e.d. all

, .... '" I"in,ukinglr apl~ied duts I'mdu"",, the

I~eas:t nt ,;s"al smsatio n uf" ligh' P'" rll' hue.

0' g",in . which has hecome Scur:tt's

,~stingui,hing mark ,ner all.

A Sun.uy Afte rnoon on LI G,..mde J~ue (1884_86) Srorat', mast iam"," painting, tb, prod"" </ mlllly pr,/",ratory dnlt.,ingT

and painud hb,artlllJ, and ,b, "nIT,!,;''' </ til< Stb imp,urionirr ,>bibi,ion ;;:bu. it Jim "PP'Ilr,d, His fJ<i#ntilb'Jt ,«bni,!'" bin """'EfiJly

Cffaud til< dnamliJ:. rtupmTion </ tim, and m",ion on a ';:arm, TUnny aft"""on k,id, til< m'<T

liB

1724

1719

1 741_H

I7H

1 7S6

17S6_SS

I7f9_70

1766

1770--80

I7SI

17S4--Sf

1790--91

IS06

GEORGE STUBBS

B()rn in lit.-"-p"d, ron of a curri..-

Pupil <f Huml" Wi"-"",,J..),

P()rtrai,i" in R()rrlm-n England Srnd,,, and "tlCb« alUlw1I1)' at );,,* IxJspit,,1

Vi,itJ l"'l)'by boa' and iIf.".""" 00

r,rnrn ''D)'ag<

B,nb<f_ Grorg' by Mary Spro",-

Famil), lit·" on fa,m in R()rtb<rn England

;\10'" '" Lond"". E.Juiru "'lim; ':<pand '" indud, 'rom'"",';"" ' pi'= and ,;:ilt! animah

Puhh',b.$

An:I n""y of the Ilor$e

E.xp<t-immIJ ,;:itb roam.!''''' m7l,,,jrr.

Lit~, ""d '": ..-h v:itb jaJiab JI"dg,..~-",d (17S0)

'\/,mim- <f [.""oon'; R(Jpl Acaduny

PaintJrural rubjutJ

R",it", co,"mirriom fum Prin"ofJl:'I,s

Oi" in lilnd""

,\Lores ~ntl F",,[s in a Ri,-er Lontl<;c-~ fM' (d''''if) (I 76j..(iS) SrubbJ mad< a "ri" of "udi" <f brood mar" and foal, "' agai"-" a t-ari,fJ' _fbaaground" /rom "-"<XJd, '" m""maim. Hi, ''1'"' """"'mical kR(),;:{,dg< mnb/,d bim to P"" tb< him« (Om'i1l<ingl), in a pJ,tHing dmgn. H, usuall), painud tb< ""imaiJ jim and ,bro jiU,d in ,b< mrro"nding landJ<ap' fum bi, imagiRll,ioo

G co'g.: Stubbs had a p.ssion fo'

an. n""y, both human .nd anim.1. II"

,,,,,,,i,.cd linl" ~,,",.I ,uining bu,

knL· ... enough of 'he subje<1 to ,e""h i, to

m"li",,1 stu,k:nlS while in York: .nd in I iSl , he illu>tr.llI:d Dr Joiu, Runo.,'. &my 7i";:anir Q

C(Jmpk" Nn:> S)"i"," <f ilfidl::iftrt. Hun(lfl " .....

notnrious J.""hitc, which, by .>.«lein.lfl, amId

<:X1~.in Stu""" (~,~b:: of the I h,..,,·cri,.,s .nd his

l,ruklflg<,1 ", fusal of {lJl1unissilfl.< from ( "">rgt: R.

Stubbs' cxquisitc .natomical drl ... ing'

form,,1 the b"-';s of his exp"rtise ... horse p,inte,. For eightcen months he ,cnted •

rL,,\01I: Li.-.::,~nshi n: f.nnho"", wherc he ",ukl

work undi"urb"d, dissc<1ing 'pecimens to

di"""", the IUn<1i(lfl of e,"'y boro: and mu>cle.

' Inis led to his publi""tio., ofTb< AlUl""ny <ftb<

H""" which b-c""mc • m'jor rek: ren"" for

artists .nd n,,-urllists.

In tho." days, horse p'inting. WC '" rlnk,,1

lower th.n landscap<s. Yct , with. eirclc of

",,,~lth)' P"""'" Stubbs kCJ. bu<}' enough ,

Iniming ,,~, ra""h'l<sc, foo- .riStoC",tic OwntrS .nd b",,,ler. ",ho " ... nt,,1 a pi<1o.-ial ",,,,,,I to

"""'. "p'ny thei, stud I)(. ,k I .. tings . And ,.her

"""missions f(~lo".ed fo' famili". I'(., ing in

thei, ho.-st:-drlwn ""rri'g<s.

Stubb •• Iso L-nj'l)'cd p.inting. ,·"i<1y of wild .nim.ls, including lim., tigers, gi .. ffes,

m().,k,,}s and ,hi,..,,,,,,,,s, ",hich he ohscn-<,l in

fa<hion.l~e I" i, ... te mcn.getie •. 1-1" on""

t",,'elled to ,\lorocco, ".h"", he ",itne>.",d "

fir., h.nd a lim St:l Ilcing a h'l<sc.

M.ny of Stub"'" p;Ctu"'S " "'" eX"""lI:d in thin oils and exist no,,' in a rlther frlgile

",ndition. IlowL'Ve" ll"lSt . n: still p,i,'''.::Iy

o"'n,,1 by thc familics f( l< ",holll they we n:

'l<igin.lly p.int,,].

Two Foxhountl. (1792) A ""","i"ion [Tilm Ib, R,,-.,.md Thumal J:J""o[

linroltlJbit?, ,;:bo ';:al an Ir.'id '1'(Jr!3man Imd ''''P''"' hmd.,. o[forboimtb. Thil t!lg and hitd! in

an imaginury kmd=fJ' '!:.Yr' pruhahJy /r"m Ill< Enrl </ Im-borougb', rnI<J'!:."ud Brod:l,,ry pad:

'"'

HIS

I HO(f)

H 4S

15:49(')

I f62-66

H64-87

I'iSS_90

H94

JACOPO TINTORETIO

B()rn Jamp" Rolmrti in J'mia,

"'''Glady"

Srudi" wui.,. Titian. 'l"arr<ir and kat"" ,tluI;'

Pail", St ,' lark Jirc";ngthc Sh,,: for s.",,/a Jj San Marro

Marn" PIlU51i1lll d, J ~Jt",-j, tbry

bat" fit·. daugbuTT trlId r~" .m

Pai"" ,\ 1 iude. of St Marl

iJ«oram- s.U<J/a di s"n Roc,"

Painlf P ..... ,lisc for iJog,'r Pilla"

Pail", La" SUI, lt .. for cbttrcb of San Giorgio Maggi,.." Din of f"~r in I.."i", T ftd"t of the Body of 5 t M:.o r L: (/562-66)

Tbtu paiminK' "ftb. 1I1irad" if S, JII..,.-J. "',.,., math for til< Smola di S= Ma,...u, H.,." ,b, C'brimllm" Akxllndn'll UK,", Ik ",;m', hotly. und<r''''"''' of a Jromf. 711, lUlU Ivan- all rb, bllU1I1llrh </TIn,"'-"'(J: drumllric C(6"f"Jriti(JlI and p<np«m'l!, bigh ,onrYllJ"! lighting and foruM"";"g

Tio""-,,,to is> nidnam!: ",coning 'little "I)'picoli}' ",..,ugh , he d"",k,1 nJ worl On

<I}'LT ', As achild. ,hi: st(J'T K()CS th., he ,,10"". consol.b.ing whot he hod l<:1m .. 1 fmlll

made "h"reool (tr.",ing< on the " ... iI, "lit ian with hi' o,,",,"'ation, of Michcl.. ngdn.

of hi' father's ,h", in \ b,i<" and "~ou",d them lie ",rote, ',\ l ichdangdo's dr, wing and T iti. n's

in with d)'es. II()pd"ully. the dyer apl" ""i<:<."<] ",I()u r' on the " ... 11 ()fhisstu,~" .

his Son to Ti ti,.,. . Hut T itian and T inn""tu Tinton:: ttocnj,,)',,,]cxpcrimt-ntingwith'pccial

qua ,,<:11,,1 n, soch • dew"" that the I",), " ... Il,,] lighting dlcctS. lIe ()wned =Ie m()dek of,ttt"'"

()ut. Some heli",'ethe ma"'" ",a"",d to he ridof from the ,\I",]ici " . nbs. made b)' one of

a ri,'al tt I""" howe"". l'n",.."", ,k"" secm to ,\ lichdangck,·sossi,ttnts. T h"", ",t...., the lOcus of

ha,'e gone thmugh lill:: ",ith a "'put";()n ~" his lant<:m_lit ""I>cri""",,,. lIe "'''n hung them

being a",k,,"'rd. up so tho t he ",uld ol>;en" figwt:S in ,wt;"n.

Tin",,,,,,o li" .... :1 H"I wor k,,1 exch.J,i"cir in Veni", . E,'e,},thing he did was ordercd by

the \ 'cne,ian StatC Or "Hious churchcs and confrHcmities. \ \r,th ,,'cr_inerca<ing

cUl1l1nis;ions , hc callcd On a largc band of

a,;,-;i"ants. including his daugh,er Maric"" and S()fl D(.ncni"" wh(x;e Style d(x;cir !OlIowcd

their Euher's. A< a ,\!anneri" with "' l11arLthl"

,kal in depi"'ing ~Jnn and light , 'II nn"<~t"'s

inAueocc h.d S(.ne il11l"'" on both EI Greoo

and Rube ....

The Origin of the Milky Way (/ 570) Wi,bing to imm()r",/i=, biJ infant ,,'" 1I<r'u/", jllf!i'<r biJld, bim to ,b,

br'astf </ tb, ~Jdm jUJI(J. 711, milk tbat 1fJYayr up,;:anJ, fl1rl/H tb, rran of ,b, Milky Ji'i'JI til< drop, tba, fall to ,ar,b INrom, lili". 71m..-",0 p"inrnJ h'li"

al ... g til< 1=, </ ,b, paiming Imt a' lUI"' p"im tb, origiTlllI cam'", ,,'a, rrimm,d. 711il ""rk if 0'" tbat ",,',.,- most to til< injl""''' </71tian

'"'

1488

1498

I f07_1O

/fH

HI6-IS

HZO-IU

H2J

H2f

IfJO

I OJ

HJS

I f4 f-46

I f4 S_f1

HH_62

H76

TITIAN

B()rn 7i=iilrlo J-«dli in Pin', di CiNlor" ,.., </ a I=yn

Apprmrj"d to lb. Bdlin;, ITIIll,,,,

Amrt"'" "' GiorgOJ'u

Starn .,,'" t:...-k_ ,~p

PainIT A"ul1~"i()n of the \r,rgin

P",od of m"jJF p"nraitT

'\/un GJn="ga, Duk,ofMantun,

i"'roo"",.., '" Cbarl" V

M~rri" C.db'a, ,my bat·. fo1lr ,hild"rt "'for. Ii.,. d.",/i in 15JO

Co,"",iIJiOnM by J "ti",,, ApfWnrd Cam "" __ OJ Clurh V

Painu \'<nus of Urbino

C","",iJ:rio",d by 'k Fan/<" in Ro"",

Co,"mirrio,ud by Cbarl" V in AugJlnlTg

Painu _j~of "otic ",yrbdogi" for Philip /J

I)i« of til< plag'" jnJ~ni",

Pope p.~uJ 1Il. AJc.untlcr F~mese (/54J) AkraM.,. Far""" rb.lasr ofrb. RmlliJJaTl« P"P" il1Id a ,",,,,"an ""h',j,ju. H, traT "'''''''Y-fn', at rb, tim. Titian pai"",d ,biT portrait, a pa""" of tIN artJ and aJ", a ufo"'''' ';.'00 lauf" ""","(loud lb. Countilof Tum, Thi'1::'" 'k P"P' r<'P"nsibJ. fir ,""',nllT/mica,ing Hmry Jllli </ England fro," ,b, Romim c..,bolrcburcb

T itian hec.me the 111('" cdehr-oted p,inte, in Venice, following the

p",maturl: dc,tth of Gio<gionl: from

thl: plague, Roth wt"I"C t .... in<,1 by the Be llini

hrutl.::rS, but Titian found them unillSl,;ring

.nd h>d ioi n .... 1 Giorgio.,,,,, studio ()f) "" his

ap p<enticeship waS OlW, T he Illir were so

.... ""Illtible th., s<",,<~imcs P .... 'I~I: cou ld not tell

their woei al"n,

lIt ian 1:",I,,::d "'pidly as a pun: p,inter, with

nO 'Ren.issancc man' di""",i o., s such .. s

sci"""" , po,:t,}" Or a",hiu"Cru"" Thl: Arrtl1nprion

of ,b, V"gin , p,inted ~" the FrAnciscans,

.,tr.ctrd AI~,IlSo d'E"e, DuLce of Fer .. " , who

<",Icred three mythologi",,1 "udies from

'lit ian's woei,hol' ~" his pCrSo.,al gallery, T hl:

Dul.,.s rrtuliJlo had .lal",,,c, " ... 11. and a g(~d

""i~ng, It was • col1u"iS$ion ma, ,,,d o., ly by Esn: himsclf, whosc manne, ahemat<"<1 h",wttn

Aatteryand bullying,

Latcr in his <:-.! ",er, when his work h.d

matur,,1 thruughou t thc dem.nds and adulation

of s<, m.ny king<, prin<-.::s and po p"s, l ,tian

""me tt, ,'aluc tl.:: <:X1~o"'tion of ",lour al><",:

any othe, as1"'''ts of art. All hi. life he hod known how to ext,.,,,, the he,t from hi.

materials and he a,han",,1 n, a n)nalp,inting

stylc. using not only brush,,"'l'" hut "Iso hi.

fingL1"' a ,"Ipi<"'" of rlg (I><: d"imcd he did this

to a",id l(X)king lile Raph..cl). Th< l"Natb </ Acta",,, and Tarqui" and L"cr"ia arc 'wo outstanding confi,ma,ions of Titian's I",e,

sup", ,,,"cy. which I. ,in, fon .... "] n) the I><:ics of

his innuence. among them mO" no'ably

D eh e roix . GoY". Remh ,..~ndt . Re noi r ,

Rubens. V:an D r"" and Vd. "luc>'.

Ba.,.,hus :I nti Ari. dne (/522) 0", </ rM" mytbd"yjcal mbj<cn pai"ud for ,b. I)"h </ fmara r "u,~ol(j

bm:.w" 1518 and 1525. fir tbi, pier","" TItia" jim pai"ud tb. barl:gro""d i" fiJI. Eacb fimgrotlnd figur", .. ", tbm /iO.d i" ""ff a rilJxJ""" </ t; .. bin

ground, for ,b. richm colo"," 11m. Hi, pak'" in<ludd mOJ! </ ,b. pigmmn hI"'~'n to ,I!< t:.whOOp, "ftl!< day. TI!< ' .. n!,",iti"" </ ,I!< painting itc .. npkr

bat '" rl:ilfiJly acaJmpJi,b.d tbat "'""7 d",,,1 of,1!< rmry ""fddJ rrno",bly aT

rh< 'Y' !TIlt'd, "'''ltd

I77S

17Sf

1790

1791_94-

1796

1798_ 1818(?)

1802

"''' ISOS_If

1819

1829

1818

" .. ISH

JOSEPH MAlLORD WILLlAM TURNER

B()rR in /.imdoo, ",n"f a harhff

Lit~J ,;:;,b 'mek in B""'ford on Tbamn

Em"" R(Jpi A cadm'Y StboolT

Lit~J in BriT!lJ~ ,hulling tiJilTJ in Britain

Firrt 0#1 ,bo1:.'11 a' AGllk",y, Fi,hLTmCJl at Sc., jnjlllrnad by Wil_ and

Potwin

Lit~J ,;,irb mirtHE

Sal7lb Danby, ,b.y ba," "". daugl""",

JI/',"M-o/ Aaukmy. Fim of many ,-iri". ta Europ< (Pam mid Alp,), injlumad by GaUtk UJrTai"

iJ<a,bofmorb<r. Opmr umdikl gallny

Lit.~T ,"ar Tha",,, a' bl<v:o..,b and T1:,i,h"b"m

rIm t'jrit "' / "'/),

D<atb "f fatb.r. Su/l=tkprmioo

Pai",,"lnc Fighting "!"'",crairc

Pai"" R.in, S'c:l1n .nd SI''' .... !

Dj" in limt/""

Crossing the Brook (/815) ThiT o..'ombi" .un. bar km gr.,,,, tb. 'CI""d, ''''''111m! '" 'X'f"Y'/y tba! ruml England ,()ll}d .nril), k ",inllnn fiT Italy. Tt,mff bad /.anud t. drtrQ and colour "'p"grapbjro/ ,in".,,- in tb. mid·/791J, ;;,bm N and Ginin "'"' ""rJ",ro "'g,,1m- by Tho,"", iIIollnJ

Thc n.me of J.M.\V. Turner .. closely

as!'()c;.,ed with London·s Royal

A<=l<IClllr. Ilc l><C1me • full men~,er

when only twenty-<L~·en . neH" mi.,,-,I sJ.:,wing

at the ""nu.1 ""hil,;ti"" •. "d ",,,,<,1 as 1 member

hoth of the Cuuncil 1nd the hanging comminee. lie e,,,n lectun:d in hndsC1pc

painting for ",,'entL"Cn rC1rS. Ah'>gL~her. Turner

sounds like • thomughly n:sp<"t:1I~e

AC"Adcmidan who could he n: lied upon to

P'''''u"" tl>< son of·bmwn gr."y· I" inting"! that the Impressionists n: jter,,1 half a ""nlU'y bter.

Ilow<~'er. Turners fellow ,\i;::.demicians

on V.mishing Days cou ld tell. w'y different

sto 'y. V.mi.hing 1b.}'S allow,,1 exhil:oitorS to

n:touch tl><i' work bctore the ,.,nish wL·rll on.

TurnLT would .niH:. "'ml~etl: with top hat . to

.trend to "" " I"1II',lIid C1m'",",' th., I,)()k,,] ·Iike

ch1<" !rcto.-e the c n: ation·. and "'t to work ·with

.11 tl>< Ilrightest pigments hc could 11r hi. h.nd.

on .. until they liter.lly bhzed with colour." Many iu:adt"lician< lo,,l,,l :.;b.n"" ., TUr'n<T·S

'I, ,,rent bd of social gru:.::. !rut to h.ng next n,

him.nd ri,k bt;ng <"I~l"'l by his ""00 was 1 littl: they aD dn::t,k:d. ben Cr_t:tl~e. rJO Sb"lngt:r n,

criti""", ofh .. own t.ight .n:t>ty grttn·. w'" h",,,,1

n) L...,bim, '1 Ie's just hem hen: .nd 6",,1. gun: Turner had indn,1 fin:dagtJn-o,. a, any""e

• starti ng pistol _ It" ,he run up to

Im]".es';"ni,,,,, Around 6ft}' J'ea" b,er, in Ro""n, Mo ne, set up his ea«] ., ,he "",,,.,,1·

fluor ",in,lJw of. shup '1, ]_"i« the c:t,h"],,,l

lie h.d decided to f,~]uw 'he eump]e of

Turner, whose guu.ch" ,h~eh of Ruuen Ca,h<,]",] he h.d m ee seen in L""t", and

n<,'cr f".-g"''''n.

Fire 3' .sc.. (/8 J5)

Tur",r ooor,d til< "a and painud it in all itt mood" 711, wip at til< <WIT, 01 tbi, al"'ITrop/l< i, til< Indiaman Oron"''' It ,,-..,. ROt til< "a ,bill d'ITroy<d b ... Imt a Imnd}, " ,,,,n!} '" ah'gb, by 11 "nidI. in ,il< pun'" nor" TtlnIn' ,,-b;,u tb< ,,"oJ:. and flam" in", 0'" bUg< t..,,-''''- ,,-i,b tb, "a and 'ry, Tb,

maD" ,,-bit, and gold in ,b, fo"grourui ",maiR> lTO".,J'olfJgU'" tba, -"<It hh """' kind .lbun.'mJy bon, umi! ,b, ,-;"'''' "ali;:<, ,,-i,b a jok ,bill tb=

aT< tb, lud:!,,, p,,,,mg"', !orrng tb,;, ITruggl, againn ,b, r~-o maj"" <i<,"mtf(Jlfi" and "-a"'"

'"'

/J97

1407

14/f

142f_J /

14J6--4;

1447-48

14H-W

1468

147S

PAOLO UCCELLO

Born Pool. di 1).,,,,, in Florm"

Apprm,j"d '" .. wpmr ,.bib",;

Join! til. C(lmpany "iSILuh",,, pain" ..

JI'<.o-.hin 1m;",,,! mar",. ,""wcist

W...-h on fr'J<fJJ and rtairlRl glWI forf1orma Tlltb,dral

VITj" Padua. Pain"Th" Flmd

Pain" "Inc lio n]" "(Sa,, R()m'no

Lit'ngn, U,.hi""

Dj" in Norma

llorscmen. B:>ttle o (£"n Rom:.no (<<"'if) (/455) So n ROil" no "'/U on'gilUlUy a ,btn-pa'u/ pi= w,","im(J",d by lb. ,\froid. Tbir i, pan "/tb. right_band mrion ,bo,;:ing lb. rout "f 1M SI"us< by IN F/(J,.m,in" in 1412. UndmiahJy, fomb<Jr"ning K"'-' Uc«Uo analn ambm'c probJn"" h'gb, iltId ,bad, "quir-ro h<'," bandling. Bll! 'hi! ruhtk ",/()ur<d "",urn <jlana,. klmm and rrappingl, abo,., a form oflx",,,- I'gl, mu" a pI<"Jing d"'gn on jrs ",::n muJ uaJfirm; URN.)- un/ailinK 'Y' for tb, "n"Um drolratit~ d,,"i/

P 'oJ" U""cllo qualifies as one of tho: m".' "Inc painte' ,\13 ... "";0 and the scul p.or

,'cr-so.ilc fUunders of .he Eorly Don .. dlo orc hoth cre<~.,,1 wi.h in'piring

Renaiss;nct: , h"' ing begun his co """ Ucedlo to 13k" up .h" Study of p=p,":1i""

wi.h .he "'. n who p<oduct:d .he Doo rs of ]-I()w<'I'rt, no (),-,e - espttiaUy his lu,-,g.,uffrting

1'"",lis" ~" ,hc Ho"'nc" H'p.i""ry. he wili:: _ cou ld h."c p ",<~cr/:d ho",' cngrossed he

pl1lgrcss,,1 to .he inn'll,i"" ()f new """h(.ls of would h,,",me in .he <uhjec. wi.h 'he

r<:ndrting prt'P"";"'" """,u"'gcmcnt of a ""t<,<I",athe"" tician call,,1 T hc 'r1ining ,h .. Ucct:llo ",,,,;,,,,1 fro", .h" ' loSCi,,,,lIi , Hr all aC"ountS, Ucct:llo prlCti«,1

Flo<<:n,incsculptorGhihertir()olShimfin"lyin dr,w;ng fo<csho''''n<,1 ol~ttlS nigh' and day,

'he d"c",.,ti,'c In ,er",tion,,1 Go.hic "ylc: ()f)<: 'nd SCirct:ly look,,1 up if anp"'/: "PI"(ldCh,,1

,h:1t w"ls ,ha,,-,I hy F,I"i:tno and I'is:tncllo, It "'... while h" w"ls wrestling with his I .. cs, 1"(>1>1",,.

p"~,,,I~y PiS3""Uo who .. ugh< Uttdk, n, I",inl. Ucct:llo's ",,,iculous I><:r,p<"';"c drowings

undcrl'inocd.1I his p,intings. In his fi-"""o of

Tb, f'/ood .nd 'he ,h""::'p"nd &,,1, of s"n

Rom/ltl<J , he g"l"c full rein n, ,he 'tthni<'01 eff""" he h.d ",os,e,,,!. Unfortun.,dy. onCe ,he

no",lty ,,'O' p:tS~ hi, w(l< k Ii::I1 fi-(. " Em'ur .nd

he 'p~nt • ,ttl",j,'e old .ge. Nc,"nhelcss, in

'he long tun, Uttello's .chic," ",en's were

s.ignifiC".ln' , .nd his S)S IE'" " ... furthe, ttitd .nd

,,,,,,,d by •• """",.ion of Rm."",nct: .ni"s,

Pie ro .le U. Fr~ ""esc:II, Leorurdo d ~ Vinci

and Dli rer.

S , George 3M the D r.ogon ( •. 1456) U."lkJ uN, til< ""'7" St ''''''K' in tr'" Gomi. rryl,. Tb, n,liam hight',

d,,,,}1y 11lrI" linn up ,::itb a rtorm diJUtl "'bind bim. "":bich ",ult/ lignify t/i"i", imo,'ron'"". A, ,il< liD"' ti"", i, projm fin::ard in", ,b, pirtU" pI_ b,lping

'" rnahlirb a cbr",·t/immITomzl '1''''' roand"":bich ,b, &gllrl' d",""I _ "" I""g" d;,tr",d _ pr,/",m to I,,.,} ,il< "'rtqun-d drag"'" li1:. a P" t!>g

H911

14 26

14 27_11

14 J2_J5

14J5-40

1415

' .. 0

U fO

14f2

14 B

14 62

" ..

ROGIER VAN DER WEYDEN

B()rR in 7;'urnai,

roR"1 a marU,. cu,l.,.

HolUJurro aT

Ma"" RIlgrrd< la Pastllr' ,I/am" EJi=akrb GifT""" Tltry I"," bllt" f-child,,,,

Studi" in 1."Or"'-,bopofRobm C«'"pin, hmlflm Mal"'-;" Paim",' rmild </ Tournai

LrJ<' in Brug", IlIWOIlUT1;:itb lim

'''' PainIT Dcscrn' frum ,he Cruss for Armm' Guild "/u,ut'llin

S"r/" in BrUJulr, mild< City Painu,-

La" Judgement llitllTf'i«< w,"mirrio.ud by CbllnallJr RoJin

Trllt·.IJ to I 'aly

{{"urn< to N"b<r/amh, paintr N .. j,·itr and n""jUC

triprycbt

PainIT SL~'<Jl S.ct"ll1lcms Ilkarpi«<

Painu S~int C(~UI1l'" allar-

pim

Dj" in BT1lJJd,

The N. ti,; 'Y (d",,;f) Jrom The .\Ii ,...dlorcs A]"''l'i«" ('<-. 1442) By rUfJ, I",,, tin- H'rydm', ffp"tllfion ",xb.d '" jar ",S!""'" '":It", KingJ,uln /J <! Cartil. found.d rb, mon","ry ofMiraflor", mar BlIr~'. AT 11 fi""/tuum, It, donllud Il1Illltarpi«< by 'M",_ Ragi.,., til< gWH and ["maUl fikming'. 711i, {NI'''/ lba-~'I Mary 1::,aring 1::bi" t. 'Ymbdi;:L b ... purity, ... .ra IJIb", e,kbm" b ... ,irru" if ",durtm" (in a"d ruh<for pain) and fairb (Jm~,d in hi",)

Rogier "'n del Wcrdrn bCClme ,he dehne. He rn JOlied in o..,,~,in's w,,.- kshol' in

single Ill'''' ' imp","'n' Flo:mi,h l" in,cI ' l(lUrnai , .... ncrging H a M.1Stcr aftc, h"C J'c,rS

f,~ lo",ing thc dc.th of\ '.In E}ck. Sincc and "."ing nJ Rruges, ",hen hc "."t plUMblr

he signcd none of his w,,.- ks, Iit",s ""n""ming "'"nC undcI the inAutnce of Van E}'d.

'heir .u,hcnticitr .nd chro,.,lo!!:r h"" '0 he Aftcr 711, [)",,"', of 143;, Van dcr \\'i:J,]cn's

gathe red fi-, . n "',ml"ri'on ",ith o,h<"tS and the ris<: to f.me ,,"1< "'pid , 'aking him litr .nd wide r"",,,ds of ,h,..,c who c,.nmissioncd him. The in pUrSuit of OnC prestigious c,.nmi",iOfl aftcr

,tan of \ '.n d." \\'i:},k"Jl's CI",cr is ""siel nJ .noth.", W hen the ch'n""liol nJ ,he Dule of

The Descent from the Cross (d4J5) Fur '"" "f,b, ,"ort ,,"oriorllllly ebarg<d pim"" in tb, birtury of trrt, lim da II,J"'''' ba!((Jmpr<Jud ,b, ,,"" in", a paiRud i'";"'tiM "a gjltkd

cbrin" ,::bieb ",1IC"''''''" tb, IVi1 and d'JPair of RiM t~ry mdim, _ abnort iif<-,i",d _ figurn "''''JI,nding ebrirt 'J hody. n"" aT< not !tat"" ,

'bryaff ,"(JlJ~, ,acb grin:ing in tb,"o"'" "'ay , Tbr(JlJgb lim dn' Ifrytkn 'J w, of rbytb,"r lin" ",/0", and "",urn, tbry r<iau t. 0'" ano,bff

in an &gai, ,bain " ",nut:'

II urgundy, eh. ncdlo, Roli n. founded his Angdieo. "t""", SI}ics wen: ncan:SI his"w", \'.n

11(.o;pi"" in Ilcaune. V.n det Wtydm w'lS called dc, \ \ 'cplc'tl's btLT " o.-k ".,,, ttnainly .nrich .... 1

ul_'" n, ,k:....,rJ.tC the eh.pel In Italy. h. ,,-.s by what he "'" of other 1t~lian "'a''''''. l<l" bu>y by toc ,\1.,lic;'; in Flo,m"" .nd the The FIt,,,ish p.in",,, who ,uccccdcd hi", _

Estes in Jit'IT'rJ., \ Vha" th"", . he .],;,;) t~ught the RoutS. ,\ kmling .nd \'.n dcr Go"s _ w. n: .11

"..,hnique of I"inting in oas. ,.. ,,,,thing" which in,k:I • • d to \ " n dcr WL),dm. but his inAucn""

Flemish I" in"'" were I" nicuhrly "k1'" persi" .... ] "'t:n n}(,rt: widely ~"the n:m.in,k:, of

Alth:)ugh oc f"'our,,1 hh.- iano .nd Fro toc emtur}", in Frln"" . Germ.ny . • nd SI"in,

ANTHONYVAN DYCK

I fll9 B()rR A",..,;" "/111 Dijdr in Ant11.""f!, roR"f a , ill: ,"""eb",,,

1609 Apprm!j"dw

/ 6/1

1618

1620

1620-21

1621

1621 _n

/ 627_12

/ 612_14

1614

16Jf

1619

1640-41

1641

Hmd,-i} t'1l1I Bal", in Ann:.Yrf'

Pai"" Jim por..-ai,

M",ur <! Ant11"'P Gui/do/Pai",",

R'Porud in ,,,,di. a/ RuN'"

Firn riJit to

England

I{mu-m to Ant1.Yrp

m..-h"" , .. ",,,i,,,i()m in Italy

R""",, to "',,-} jn

Anr.c"'P. PajnD parrraitI arid r<iigi(JUJ rnhprr

W",*, ill U,nD.l1l.

App<N"ud C""" pain," "' Cbarl« I

Rm,rm toAnt7:."'1'

Rmum '" ,,"k in LiklOOll

iIIarn<ril/ary RUl/r.-m. rb'Yba'"

'''IT d/lUgb'"

Tr",.dd"n::"" Lor/d.m, Ann::"p and Paru

llcn rictu of Frmcc. Queen ofEngla twl (/612_J8)

lim Dye!: bad 1111 'Y' for til< "",ur< "ifilU ft>bria fro'"" "ny nzrly aK" Tb, qtl«n', '",," "Pf"arana in tbi, ,""gnift"," y.lkJU! go"'" ,"alt., it dipicult to ivlin .. , '";1orru"" lay ab."d "b.r; "'ar il1ld 'k ,,,,,,,,jon of bn- bwlNmd

In 1632. Anthony ,-an D}'cl heca",,, Co"n Charles. Ilmrio::.tl '\\:l,;a and the !oJ'" children

l"in'LT h)" im'in,ion of Charles I, who _ with and wi,hou , thei, 'klg< and horses. II ..

I,..esen,ed the celebu,,,,) Flemish artiSl 'u=,.. ","" c"nfinned b}' inc",,-,,,d orderS f,"m

with an allo ... ance .nd. ,i,'erSide house in ,he .riSlnc",,,y. Ih"ing ... nrloed ... ith Ruilt:ns,

Rhekfri.rS. \'an D}d ,,,,,,.in<,1 in LmdOfl~" Van D)"1, knL· .... 11 .hout bus)" ,tudins. lie

""''' of,he ",SI of his life. o'g-'ni",1 hi s own '0 keel' 'p,ee with one lie .nd the king unde"'oo<ll:1eh o,he, IlOm,i, pc, wed, m.king faci.llilen",,,,, of

perkctl)". Ch.rles .... nted. n image th .. w.s not ,he sitterS himself, he~Jre instructing his helprts

JUSt. likene,.. hut s},,,bolic of his tigh' ttl rule, to p,in' ,he g"m':ntS, which th<y moddbl On while \'.n Dp::i _ litmili" with the noh l<>< of dumm)" figu,,,,. V,n D}'ck then .dded the

Antwe,p .nd Genoa _ ","" .mhitious ~" ""'" kh fini'hing ttluch",

,nd SttOJS. J us, thr<"t: ,mnths ,ftt:, his a,ri, .. 1 in \ Vha, L,nergcd "' ... s a 'p<:CtlrulH bod)" of

London, he ",cein,1 a knigh'hood .nd a w,,.. k th .. ch",n;,,1<>< the de!>"" Ca".lie, Style

nlU1l>1e eh.in and ml:<),!. lie I. tt:, 1""'0")'1:<) .nd I,..ofou n,llr inn""n",,) p(,..trliture fr., On"

himself holding the g(~d chain and po;n,ing ,<:cn'ut)". Ld)" .nd Knell....- owe much to \'.n juhihntl)" to an e",,..,mus ,unllow.,.. D}"k: and his m(.,;t "den, eib""{"t:n,h _<:"t:ntut)"

\'.n Drd painted dm.ens of portr1its of ~Jllowe,,,",, G"; nsborough.

Lords John " n.llkm:ord Stu.:.lrt (/6J8) Jim I)yd:"''''' "'p"t at ","nparing til< doubJ, portrait. Til< r<>p/nuJmt Stuart btu,bUT pr"mt ,br"-'l"artff "'u <! tb,,""h~T to til< 0010"*",, at ,il< Ill,", rim, faang u"b atb", ilJ if 'bry ".= abo", '0 datla. Th< ""pry glw, b,/d by

umJ B"'rIIlrd iu WI",""" d" .. ict! to ,"ah ,il< /inK''' of biT lifr bllfld 10"* long"' Piaur,d b"" ,hortly bif'lH a ,br""Y,ar Wm- <! Em-Of", botb bru,b",

ulrima,dy did for ,b, royaJirr cat<" in lb, Cit,llIm-

H90(1)

14 22_24

142f

14 26

14 28_29

1412

1412_JJ

14J4-J6

14J6

,."

JAN VAN EYCK

Bont in Ma=yck

Dip/(Jlnar for Jllhn o/&t-llYia in Th< I laK'"

App"inud C",m painut" and ,""},, to Pbilip Ik Good a/Burgundy

i"Natb</br()lM Hu,,",

Sm,"" dlpl"ma/r marTial:' mimon t" Spain IUId Portugal

CO/npl,," allilrpi"" in S, BlI:'on CIllImJ",~ Gbmt

BUpb"u"in Br"g"

PaintftN Am(~fini Po«,.,;. an;/,\ h,tmn' with C hancellor Rolin

Pai"n l nc M"do., n. with C.non Joris '~n dcrP"dc

Di"i" Brug"

The M:alonno "ith CononJori s , -. n dcr P~dc (tk'''i!) (1416) Tb, ,lid",.", if IN Go",,,,', ffJ«Uld" iT rignificlVl' , &ing t..",,,!thy and t....,U .. ..,""'''d, lim Eyd: aima5! ",""'imy bad iKem to op,jal/ aith _ ,"muTT and 1m", _to lID;" hi, imag<-muing

T he fore".,,, Flemish I"in"" of the

fiftcrn,h-ttnn"r 1,,1 "double IiI<: ~" the firSt half of his c~r<..,r. Jan ,'an

EJ"::l's al' l'oinbllCnt OS Cou n I"inte r .nd ,-"b to l>hilil' the Good of Hurgundr w"lS a ",,<.ful

<,<wc.- ~"se<T .... diplom.tic missions to ~"in

and I'onugal. I low",'e" .fte, his ",,)\'e to

ll,uge<, ",h"n: th<'Y ",dcomed him as ],,,t h .n

artist. nd a city c"uncillor, he prod"",,1 "-~'etal

signed and dat"] ",o.- ls with"ut intLTru ption. I lis patHlnS indud,,] Chanc<;lIor R,~ in and

Canon \'an dc, I'ad" , for ",·hom Van Eycl

p,in",d two ou ~"an,ling " \.t,lmn:ts.

Van E)'d and his bnJther I luhen _ wh,,,;t:

death left Jan n, coo"pl .... e the G hent Cathedral ah",],iece _ are usually c redited ",;th the

imcnt;on "f oil I"inting. T he truth is ,."he r

m"r" c"mplex and COmeS fr"m Van Eyck's

desi re'" perfect. pigmented "il already

(')"pl,,)'ed n, tint d<"',r";,,,, metals.

,' I"st im p,)nantly, \ 'an E)'Ck rulired th ..

I" inter< ,j)()uld use l''''l",rly n: fin,,1 dr)ing "ill

lile pOI, 'y or lins<cd. G lazing la}cr< pvc Stt llIe

<,<,lou r<, dt" pe:r thon t(')"p"'a, but this ""ny_

h),ct,,1 oi l "",thod ntcd,,1 patimc<; . ' leml"''''

had the a,h'anttgt: uf being quid-'h)ing, Van

E}'cl's genius combin,,1 the two, '1" lying laJc r<

of "il ",lour O\'er a tcml'<T' ground, T his

yield"l. full r.ngt: of "'turat"] hues, also nCw minu re<, b<caIN: ",,,,,. the p",;de< ... c n: co .. ,,]

in oi l. a,hcr:\C n:.ction" het" .... ,n ing n:,lients

wetC ","ided. Such ea n: "''I'' the con";t""nts "",1.> n:d th .. V'n E}'Ck's ",lou r< ,.",ain " fn:sh

as the d'r he:«~ d(""'n his brush.

The Amol6ni Portr.rit (/414) TbiJ i, pruhably "''' a mll1TiIlg. portrait; ci,.il ugi"= in Lilk tin" Gi{f<'anni

Amolfini', HIllITiIl", at 1447. ,birtun Y'atT /aur. s., ,; .. 00 it tb. 'mmllrl in gr=? Om tbrory /",i~" to An",lfini', Uri"","' c/o,b., and tUgg"" it i, a rribuu to IlrI .arh·", "Iatio",bip ,bat md.d ,;:itb b.r dmtb in childbirtb .

St Marga"" tb. patron wi", of childb<aring it am.·ro u/",n ,b. bdposr, IlrId Q

'ingk tYJtit~ candk bum, in tb. CllrItklabra for tb. up(m ",b. ,"otMr" _I

ISH

1869

187J_76

1876

1877_79

1879_90

1881 _8J

ISSJ_Sr

1886--89

1888

1889_90

1890

VINCENT VAN GOGH

B()rn in ''''001 _ ZUlu/m. _"a I)uub R'fixm /"'."

Ju""" d.,.l: al Goupil am! C" in Tb, Hagtu

W..-h for Goupil in Lond<Jn and Pari,

u«oo in ERglil1Id

Stud,,.,- tlmJlof,J and P'u,",oo in B'/giw"

StuJi" an in By""..!,

Sm "I' mull" in Tb, iJagu<, aoop" ,"othI5i", H(J(JnIiJ: and [amily

R""rw to par"''' in Nu",,,,. D<atb ofla,b.,.

U'~J in Parin:.'itb brotbn- n"",

'""" ,onumportzry Qr1irrr

M"",.,-toArlt:J. Gauguin ,.j~'tJ bim, ",~"d ror

i,,<ibn, folio,..., qtulrrd

J ~1u"'Qry pati"" in S"int_Rt'my "ryitl1n

Mo,""" to Am",.,.· 11I1_0j". Prod"," 76 pier"",. Sboon bi"",I/, di<, re'" ""Y,lllu,-

T he C h.:. ir ~ n.J the P il'" (1888- 89) Iii" (",gil) <II::n ';;:bi" duJcbaSr', painml at Q

p",da'" (co,"po"ion pi"') to Gauguin', a,,"maff: Botb roaffy " ... '" rymbdic ponnljrr" tb. ft.." mm, painu" in Q yar< p<riod _/calm, dxmlya[m­Gauguin', arrr.'Il1 at til< ),U(l/I) HGIlJ< in Arl"

S unA",.cr., Stlrry nights. «"Irt<>! car

.nd 'Ulc"lc a c"mpellmg 1111.<1urC n,

."}une look ing Ii)r an cram!~e of t"'WC

g.::nius, And if\r,ncrnt nn Gogh's I"'-ss.ions and

difficultics "c not dcar enough I'm", his

""m'OSCS, we may .Iso rcad thc letterS he wmte

to his. n dcaler bmthcr, Theo. Van Gogh's lirSt job ,,'OS as an .rt dcal,.,-'s

a.-i'tant in Tne I hguc. l ie taught himself n,

d,.,,· e.rti'T hut didn't p,int until his hte

tWLTltics . • f",r f.iling '~'cry attel1~" n, hecom.: •

I"'''tcher, th.nks to the crntic bch:n;our th.,

bligh",d ~II hi. relationships,

Fu.- two J'carS 'the Dutchm.n' li,,,d in P"is

with T h,,<, . ",ho ,,':IS hell,(u! in inrroducing him

to l1"ny artists . ir.::luding the hn p.-c<:.<ion i,tS.

Their c<l<nlli",:d innucncr trans~"m<>1 V.n

Gogh's I",~'iously su nil ", p,let'" to S<)I1"'thing

','cry much .Ii,'e, ,'cry strong in colour ... '

P.inting at a fantastic "te. V.n Gogh

""hic,,,d his gn::'"'''' ",orks during thl: h« twO J'car< of his lit<:. Fm", the bli<:.<ful SUl111nrt

"",rl1nh ofl>,,),,:n"" in 18S8. hc <k"b",d: 'I am

"'l< conscious ,,( mJ'Sclf any """ c.,.the pictu", C<)m.:S n) me as in a d n:a", .. .'

Rut • ,'i(~cnt outburst full"""ing G.uguin's

"ri,'al in Aries led n,. ycar's 'tly~" V.n Gogh

in Saint_Remy '-'J'luI1L La"'r. Th"o """ 'ed h ..

br othcr nonh .gain. n, Dr G.chct's C~re in

AUH:rS-sur_O i,;<:, V"" Gogh di,,! thtTC in July

1890. fro", a self_inAictcd gun ",ound,

' Ii'gcthcr with I1U""" ,,( J" II,,,,' nowcrS • mund

his dcathb,,! in a tiny r""'" at the inn . T h,,,

I"';ngly ""'ng.::d no fcwer th.n ,;<:vcnty_';x

p'intings. V'n G Ob""S c n:"i,'e energy h.d

p".lu,,-,1 thcm .11 within his final SL~'cnty <hrs.

Sbrry Nig h, Owrthe Rhone (/889) 11m Gogb'r d.siu to paint a rwrry nigbt rry ';:at ro,""bing b, mmtiotud

"p'audly in bi! I"'.,-r throughout 18 S8. Tb, uJUIt tr...- tbir mmy if Arl<J, ar b, d=rib.d i, to Eughu &tb, '711, '<r~'nligh"d,":irb gtl,r4ln:mJ in a hh~

rit~r. 0:'.,- i, ,b, wtry 'ky ,;:itb ,b, Gua' B,ar _ a ,parHing if pink and gr"" on tb, rolmlt bit" r,,/d of ,b, night r.!y, ,;:b,,,...- til< ligbtl oftb, "",,"

and in ru,blm uJ!roii8lJa" ud fl/'/d and bronud gr"'"

'"

H99

1611

1618

1621

1627

1628

/629_JI

1611-48

164 9_ f1

16H

16f2_f9

1660

DIEGO DE SILVA YVElAZQlJEZ

B()rn in Sn'iU.

Apprm'i"d '" ParoroJ

iIIarrinJl1mIa Pach""

App<Jin"'/ Cou" painr<r '" Philip IV in Madrid. /nJlum"d by TItian

App<Jin"d king" gmt/urian ",1m-

iltu/J Rllhmr on ,",,,ion to Spanirb ,~,

SabNtral in Italy. inf/n"'ad by Tin"'.-"'"in J mi.,., S"";:(I"I: "f ,Ilicb.lang'/(J and ""pha</ in ROln" """mT to Madrid,. ... ""'arkt

PalmI panyaitJ, r,ligiour and clarrical mbjmr, and bunting ,em"

To Italy. art

cdlutingfor king. MUll" """illn and B<nIini. Pai"" Inn"""'" X and Rokcby Venus

RnllTm to Madn'd. Appoinud Cbambn-lain

PainlJ p"nrai" </ "'''' q""" and ,hild,,,,, induding La<,\l minos

Dj" in Madrid

,\b rw"'; bI Teres:;, in ~ HI ue Dress (tktilil) (/659) IN In/mI,a Margari'a _ tm cbarming em!raJ f'KIlr' from Los ,\ lenin'" (/656) _ b". 'WI" rnn"" and impriJ(J,ud by b ... formal call" m-m. I aa::'l'u" t::aT inrrrut'.J '" paim ngular p"rtrai" of 1k pri",,,,, ,;:bicb ","', ,m, '" ,b, Awrri"" ",tin to T«ord b.,. gnrdng tip. Sb, bad h«n INfTlJllNd ilJ a baby to Prine. lLopoJd

D icgo de SiI," r \ 'd'Ujue, wen, to

M,dtid ",cling rur .. lp"run:tgt: .. nd, with thc help of thc king's minis",r,

Cou n, O li,,, ,,,< , m.n .. gt:d n) S""' rt: , phtt .. ,

the Sp'nish Court bctore his ,wentr·fifth

bi n h,b r. Court l>lintcrS, h", ... ~,cr talcntcd, h .. d

to be a • .-.. re of ('()"'pl<:>: rituals, H:I:tUJun

, " .<:tiled into 'hc cur",n' th .. , had beL'J'I running

decp 'h rough ror .. 1 ponr .. iture ... ,hc public

im .. gt: of the Sp'ni,h Hapshurgs [had b<",. "e I

codifiL,1 th rough thc in,erl" ... tati"", of Titi .. n

and Annmis ,\ to.-.'

It wi< an "h .. ntagt: ,h" \ 'd'UJun and I)h~ip IV we rt: bot h }"ung. T heir dc,,:I(~)ing

friendship mUn' ,hOI ,he .. nist w .. s no'

o, 'cr.wed br M.drid {'ti'lucttc and fonun"dr,

his 1- ",rar.1 of ,he king won acttp"ntt

,traigh"w"r. Vcln'luez' carnT wen' fi'om

stn: ngth '0 strength , using the 'keen cJ'c .. nd pmdigious Etcili,}, with ,hc bru,h ' ,ha, his

,cacher .. nd hi"gr .. phc r P""hco no,,,,1 frum h ..

c:t rlicst d:lrs. lIut hc p<.",,,,s,,,d mO rC ,h .. n • polished

""hniquc: Rube ns p",i",d his ~"odcsti . .. .

kin,1 "f qui~1 .uth"';ly. \'~1."I"Cl h~d ~ gift ~r iden'ify;ng. ~n.t communicuing. 'nnh of eh~r":lcr Ihrough his ,,·orb. :Ii "'ell :Ii ,he

oh"i,"",!, ahilily 10 rccord,. lih11e .... lie " "".IS '"

in'<Te!H"d in Ihe h",mn """lili,., of. t.and of C"url d"..,rfs "'i he .... ,' in di",I",inll cl.e ruthless

edge of 1>"I~ Inn"""nl X. T he 1"';mli<1h-<:~1IIUrr • ni;1 F,...",~;s 11..".,

f~m()"sJy "·<:.k,,1 on his '''''n inte'1"~"'li ... of Vdn'IUC~' l'op, I"""",,, X, 'I h~".me

ol"'ISSt"<1 .. il h.""u "'c ..... 1 "p .... , IIp.1 ";,ns of ft,clings ,,,,,I v,,,,s "f ... im.ginOlkln in "",.'

Old \\'O .... n Cooking .:U!I (/6/8) Tbif 'JP"'! pictlln it k1ldi:"n IIU l. odegDn. fit""''' SPIll/ish"" '"" ...... '/""

g",""By m,aning frill.Ii!, Nml OR II kitt/mr 11:"". Ail tb",bjtctu ... n","Xty lit from th< front and dmromtrl1" II n.ri,ry of rwf"l1m ... d """"'"tT. II it

Ib<JUgbl Ibat I a""'f"r= /"lin"d Ibit '" an am''''';''''''''' for bit u:illt. "lid ,.,..J.. it t::itb bim t::h<n h< ' .. rot t. Madrid looA';"xfor ",,'nml1g'

1612

1644(1)

I6fO,

165:2

16B

16H

1660,

166J

1670,

167f

JOHANNES VERMEER

Born in Ddfi, ,,1<1

"fit ,ifJ: 1:.",a,~rlart d,,,kr

No un;rtb in !"Rift, rraim in l.itrubt or An,..~""p

Painlf himri,"} and n/igi(JIM fubjWJ

iJ<a,b"ffa'b.r, inlm-i" /"mily inn

M,,"hffo/Sr Lulu', ''''iid. I\tilffj~ C",bari1lll BoI"", ,b'Y It",·, ,Jr.,,,, chiMrm

Binh "Jim dlmgl"" Maria

CbilllK" to painting gmrt rubj«tJ, injllMnad by l"Nuand Jim Miff;'

Birth if Jim ,.., J"b"mln

Burin<JJ rn/ftrTOlI /;ml<h im'Mj",, " Nnw/anM

Pbyri"'/ilrId ,",mal bt"kb d""''''raw. OJ,, in Ddfi

Girl Jrllb" Pearl EArring (1.1665) 711, tulJm"t;m girl j, d"",d orimllll_rtyIt in a turban, ,;.'bicb m"ms tbat tbt picrurt i, probohJy a ""nie, or cbarac"r rtudy. In irr jt.,b ,implidry arid mrron"" ;, i,,,,,, "J ","«r', ,"1J5t p<Jpular imag"

The D utch ",h()<~ of the ",,'en'ttn,h t~lIJ'with his "'al_lill: situ,,;on: he and his will:

century l'",duc,,1, in cffc<1 , • h.d d<~'cn child", ,, . l lnwc,"r, the re is

<~>CuIl"'nt"Y of L~''''T a<I"'''' "f their L~'id""ee ,h., Venne..,. built himself. Sl"'tt <hily li,'es. beh p.inlI:r h.d his sl",<:i.lity. from into ",hich. in • sellSc. hc c<-.J ld tctrcat _ •

nil ships to d".d l,""e1<3nl<. Joh.nnes \hmtt r ,a,",,"a oh,.ura. It stood", Onc end of th.,

,,"is chieAy conttrned "ith interi" ... and ",ith familiar r"om . • nd Vermeer .rr.nged his

one " ""n in I",nicul ... It fca bJ rt:s in So m.ny o f su bjectS ., ,he othL"',

his e:trefully """~><J""! ",or b . lit fr,." the left Fi rst "h'ocat"'! ~Jt .niSls in ,hc IHOs. the

by '",0 win<kJws. it has • 'il,,1 no:> r . nd Onc wm"" oh"ura e:tn be m"le '0 .ny sioc. A siml~e

""p_hung w"111. 1)C<~l le within 'his 'I",ce alwars darien"'! box . i, h1S. pinholc ,. _ in Venntt r',

secm intent UpOIl ",hat they >re doing but in. case _a Irns in 'he side . T he im.gt: of.n ob;.:",

""'1' detached " ... y. ou tsid" I"'$(:s through thc 'p..,.,urc .nd '1'1"" "

Venne..,. ·s p.inted 'I"lnquil im.gcs did no' up,idc down on a bhnk e:tm'1S fi .• cd to thc

interior ", ... 11. \'crmttt would ()il -,;1<~ch the

projected image in black .nd white , X'''r

on.lysis r<"'I·""ls it bent ... th the ",~our h}",s.

T hen he woukl emerg<: fi-,. " his 'c.mer' to

p,int slowly .nd meticulouslr the finished

",nion in full <hrlight.

The Astrono me r (/668) Thi, painting ","inik ,.,- tbat J ff,"'" li,.<d in im ali' " Kimtific di,.""rry. H, gr'""-' up in 1)"lfi ,;:irb rb, im-m!rJY" 'k mimlJ<Up<, t-an 1.Rtit."<rIbork,

,;:Ix> afur J""","r'r tharb, iNal,", trust" for birr""", Tk asrronomrr', glob< "'ar math by /-IoRdi,.,- in 1600. I, tirr '"' It ,ab/, drap,d 1::i,b an ,,,,,tic clo,b and

,b, art",,,,,,"" 1."fi,n a jlo"'ing go""', ar iftb, rdrolarly ,,;m,ific fo"'rr bar niD '0 <unuRd ,,·itb !b, JIIp<ntitio,.,- part

wo

HIS

I f4fJ(!)

1HZ

I HJ

I f H _ f9

H61

I f62_6J

I f6f(!)

H72

1f71

HSf

H SS

PAOLO VERONESE

B()rn Pool. CQgh'ari in Idona, ",nofa xulpmr

Studi" tmd.,. Anton;o Badil, in Iffona

Pain" fr=<xs in ,ua",,,,, Calb,tlraJ

s"t/" in J~ni",. With bl<mi, pai"lT "ilingl in /)()!{'" P;uac,

D<.:o.-a", cburch of San S,haJtia1UJ, Imj",

Pai"" fr'''"'' in Villa SilT"""', M","

Painlf ,\ 1arri.gt: .. Can.

il/arn"EJ""" BiN/ik, 'bry hilt·,

",,' f_

Pain" LbI

SUI" '" for c""""" of SS. G;"'.""rmi, Poolo

Trj,d for irnt .. ,.. "'''' by Holy OJji" o/,b.lnquirition

Pai"" Pic ...

Di" of Q i"'" in Imi",

Ph.o ... ~oh·s D.ug h!,,, : The Finding o f Moses (tin",.,) (/57fJ-75) Tb, Egyptian prim", and b" "''' __ aK'' "''"pkU ,;:i,b dt::aifj""T. ba'-, C<l,"' r1raigb' fum Q ga'oo-ing at Q I n,,,ian pala"",,; t::ilb ",1m aD1lTa"", I ""''''l' """'pam ,b, Bihl. J1lJry and rb, "irk"" !lJ biT m::n rproal t:"rld. AT b, mid til< '",}"";ti",, tribunal' 'Pili",", ,al:, til< Jlll"<

likr-"lY OJ pam and j""tT. .

T()gt:thcr with Titi "" and Tinto rctto, n: ligiolJS SC<."nCS in a Venetian "'''ing with the

1"010 VenJhese dominat"] the Sti nts in silks and j<:wds, .,..] .. khough " . nC

Vcneti.n art scenc during the "-"1"o,chcd him fo r it , othcrs admi",] this

sixIl:enth<t:ntury. Although .. nati"." Of\'i:rOIl" Aattt-ring portrl),,1 of their city ''''Il:.

Vernn"'" of the ,\ \c"t SL-rene Republic might In I 563 , \'crnn"'" ".nplt~"l the Marriag' at

h"'e bcen a fitting title for him. lI is w(lI" ks Cana , sign'lIing • ,.Ient fo r .rchitecturll

exhibit .. II the opulenct: thot Vt"Tlict: had sct-l'iect:s. Soon , mo n: onlcrs we n: 1~.roJ f(lI"

go thc n:d throub'" ct:nbJrie, of '-"<"n,,>crce .nd ht nqut~ pieture< .nd in 1571, the Dominican

conq"'-"st. He thought nothing of p'inting '-"<,m" m of SS. Gim"1nni e I>:u~o n:que<Il:d,

"1,1,,,,,,,,,cnt u,rr Supp<r It:., the T it;' n ther h.d

lost in. 6",. Vcrone", p",duced. n .. gnificent

wn,-k of .",h"". l'ilbrS .nd st:tir<":l.<CS . busding

with f,,4ion:tl~e l'e",le. scn~ntS ~nd dogs. In the ",i,1I1e. <I ..... ,6:,d by th<;r surruunding<. sit

Je,us .. nd the "pOstles.

&6"" long, \ 'e ru""'" 6)und hi",,,,lfbcfore

the lIoly O mce of the Inquisition . who

obje"'''1 to his i.Mt Stipp" i>ecou", it inclu,hl

'rne ,\hrri-.'ge:l t Co"" (d""il) (/ 562-6J) Tb. """,ion </J._' Jim mirad., cbllrlging "-·a'.,. to u:i"" tu" pJae. againsr

a morltl1lurltal hacl:drop of diNral roionfllldn Tht! main pia)",," in tbi, "t_ pi." ,}riD"a u:"aJ,1 ba'" h«n uadily urognizahk. ti",. I h""'" indtukd

porrrairJofFro1l<i,1 </ha_, Mary </England and Cbarh V of!>"pain. Tb.

mwici"", an R(J'" Illb.,. ,ban Titian, I ~"'''''' bim"if pJil)'ing til< "iola, bi, hrotb.r &",dmo, Tin",,,,,,,,, JiXopo BanJUlo IlrIlI Pall,.,}io

i"'''''crCTlt cle"'CTlt< not ",ention"j in the lIible.

lile ~ ;Cst<"I" with .. p.rro . .. nd drunlt:n Gennan

s"I,licrS. Vcr"ne", stoutly dcfcnd<,j an .nist's

right to u'"' his i", .. ginatiln n) fill up the 'p.et:

On his C"m~S .nd .. "'''''I" "", i", ... as ,cach",1 hy

.hcring the tide to F"lJt in ,b. H",,,, </11,.;.

...hich the lIible s"J'S"'as .ttl:n,led 1lJ.' ·l'uh~c.ns

.nd sinnerS'. Vernncse "'''lS th:tnkful~' ",1 ..... ""1

to ",bJm to his p.lette.

'"

1928

1942

194f-49

1949

19S6

1960

1962

196J

196f_6S

1968

197f

1980

1986

1987

ANDY WARHOL

Bllrn A1Ukm lI'izrOOJ" in rorm

City, "''' of a mi"',

l"Na,b "ffa,bn

Stud,,, a!

Cllnlql,lnsf;"''' ofT«blWlogy, pjmlmrgb

Co,",",,"anl arrirr ,;:itb Vogue and

I bil'''''''' 11.<1",

G"" on '"Kid trip

Pail", jim Coca Cola b.mlu

Pai"" fint C,,'"plNH', ",up lim, Pirrr rmtJ Factory artie

Ma},.,. jim film, SI",,1'

ill""""" collnbora"s ,;:irb l~h-"

Und<rKY""nd Factory '""t~r ,ift

Shot and ",'=Iy injur<d by Jilin-it Sdanjr

Pubh',b" Phil""'1,hr of Andr W"rh<~

m..-h"" t'nro tap' and pri,."" caN, TI'

Ma-'"-, /M' pri,"

"ri"

OJ<< follot,jnK

YOU"'" --K''Y jn Nm );,,-}

Crime Scene ofr> . .. id 'The Bertie' B.,..dle (/9J9) A "''''·4.o-im< ,bot by 'Jj;',K'" ~ ,b, photograph..- 1::00 jn'piml Jl'arbor, n'/hrr"" prinrr o/,-jol"" ""'" nor;,.,-, fum il! ri(Jf, and car cn"b~, lI~rb.:J .prn/y ;""''Pura'''/ ,b, pbOOlK"'pbj, imllg' in", biT ar"~'(Jr} al Il 'nfl' til'" "",pi- ,::.,-, "'" ruff ,;:b,,}'.,. pbmograpby Il1IlI an cwld '" mnlti(kl,d in til< um" ",atb

P(1' artist Andy Warnol's carll' dar< as. Undugtound - ... ho fon",,) his , ... "i.1 set .nd

conu"erri.1 .ni" prim,,1 him fo, the f""tu red in his films. W.,hol's film _m.king

... o, ld of a.hcni,ing im'I,"'I)' .nd dieht.1 tonll,,) o ... :r s.inr p".I..,tions. Ilis det", .. Slup,

celebritrth .. he so "JOUr in,·"k,1 in the 1960s. la"ed s.ix hourS but .ctu.llr reputed • II)' the end ofth .. dcc:t(k: he h.d m.,h,) Out. s,ingle twenty_minute sequence _ like the

new a",n' of ""ti"it)" the essL"tlti.1 demmt bring th .. he should be the one n, (k:<:idc wh ..

scr<:cnp,intL,1 (k,llar hills _ until the mind

switched from looking intentlr to

h'p penL,1 thrte. At his New ",ri studio ""II,,) I" s,,,;,'e a""' pnnce.

Tne hett'l)' he and his a>Sistlnts, quite litrt.II)', \ \ '>rhol's ne.,_f.",1 shooting bl' Valerie

"l,roduced the Amrt;;::an S"'te of mind. T h"J' S(~anis, one of the F:t<1ol)' wo, kLT<, left him in

n.nen<,1 it onto a mesh , "luce>cd ink through chronic Inin f""" 1968 on ... "rds. l ie did

it and hung it Out to dry _ OlCr "nd ()),rt apin. p".luce mo,e s ill<ert..,ns and ,'i.b ... but h ..

Unique "" ... ori ",as a thing <lfthe IXIS," strategy h.d "Ircadr w(lrked , the re b),

T he F>ctorr ""S ,ulre thon a ,,'oriplace , it demon"uting that ,",cond- and third-h"nd

bttame a fa,hiO<labie drull-in cenO'e ~lr ""i,1S ""pcrien"", a re nlO of",n """"p, <:d for real OneS.

and musicians "nd home to the ' \ Varhol ,\io", th"n a nr o, her twcnti .... h..,cntutr figure,

,upcr<"'rS' _ inch"ding tbe ruck b'nd Veh·.... he p<:n""nendr a l", ,,,d tbe concept of art.

,\bo 197J (/971) IIhba' munud '" hand_painting in c(6nbination ;;:i,h ,i/J:Jrr«1l '" podua

,I!. M"" T,...nmg ,"i~_ 711, Chin", rommunist /,atNranti hi, 'min"' _ .blo"'" and Jdd "·"Y"·h", m tl!. U"k R,d Book ~ hwJ a cui, foJla,,·ing

am""g)ll""g ".",",,",_ M",,·, unliJ:,/y a«'P,ana in", a capitali" wd,'Y "·a, ","ugh for Warba' '" inch"N him in hi' gaUny .ff="'" I!.wJ,

""

1684

1702

"''' 1708

1709_/0

1710-12

17H

1717

1719

1720

1721

ANTOINE WATTEAU

B()rJl in J'aimci",JU>, ron of a "'<I"

;\10""'- to Pari" flIn.n,,, by copying Duub marUIT

Stud,,, "nd.,-GiOot, tb,atri",/

tln;g""

m..-h,d,b A,wnm al Pal";, til' Lux,mhourx, injlum"d by R,b",

Admi,,,d ro ,,"rod! AaliNmy-[aia Pri"t/, Rom" Y,fUnI< to

J'aimci",_

B'g;'" "",-J. on Cr<h~r'

R"""", to Pari" I;,~r hrj'fly 1::ilb parron CTIl""'. B'gin, painting fi~.,. galan''''

At"",," if' f'y""b Aallkmy

Vi,;" L..uJon, ,uJm-rulori, t/iag1l(Jud. Pain" T he h.li.n Coon"<~"ns for Or iIl,ad

Rm,rm to Pari,. PainIT Enscign<: de G crsaint

1);" "f '''Nnu!<Jrrr in Nogm,.rur_ ilia""

T"o P.~i ", of Lo>'"",. Eml .... b tion lOr Cyth" .... (th'ail) (/ 71 7) Cytb.ra ir tb, /abJ,d irlantl ,,/"'., for ,:,bich pil~ffm Nnbark hut ~'" anT,-,. Til< t=rorul ""ing '''Kil',lT imp=jbJ, dr,amI of eM,i"g f(Jrmality "sid, in ["'-(JUr,, 'P"nrlm,iry. 711, fi-is.on hm,w" lb." fo1lr l(Jt~1J iHuh,/,., Ixulily contRa: Il/'p'an camaJ andy" rb, rilJ:Hnd uh-,tJ tbry ar< '",aring Qr. "dtkm',ly lixtil,

N"'hing "'x"'" (J< ugly is :i<lm~t<,1 n)

the p.rkland p.,..dis<: of Anwine

\ \'atll:au , major French p.inter and

piofleer uf Roc"C<). Ilis genius ~" "'Jllll_"iti(JIl fills soft landscapes ",·ith degant sil k_dad

couniers, musicians and cheruh. at play. At th<

SIn'" t~ne , \\'atteau's i(I).'lIic wor ld has an air of

theatricalitl" cxpbin<>ll".. the flct that he Ofl""

worked with a theatrical designer. Gillot

designed dttor and C,,''''meS ~" the O pera and

was a p.inter of the fashionable Italian

new offer 1 .... 1 him'" Au<iNn , CurlnJt .. the

Palais de Luxembourg. Not m il' did Audran initiate \\'atteau inn) the ,k:""",ti,'e p.inting

"yle of cbi"",,,ri, , he al,o intn. It., .... 1 him to the

magnificent ,\blid q'de , pmd,"",d I".. Ruben s

~Jt th< do,,~ gt:r 'Jut..::n ,\ larie.

Rubens prob.bly prm'ided the 'p. rk fUr

\ \ 'attC3U'S c n:atinn of the 1''' galan" (ka>t of

couruhip). a gen n: So new that the French

AC1dt,llY had tn (b'L«:: the Il:rm when they

aU"l'll:d EmN'*ati(k/ for Cytlm-a as Waneau's

w,",""Jia ddl"ar" <·har""",,,, which \\'atll:au diploma piece. Watteau's pUI,; ls La nc":t

often used. and PattT per pet""ted his St}ic , hu t the fiu For ,u ne "",-'on , their l"rtn<:rShip end .... 1 gal""u ,~d OOt last much hq'ond the R.:){'()co

after four }TarS, .lthough W.tteau was peri« !. Ilowc,'er, Watteau as a colouri,t

no~)rious ~" his irritahility and intra nsigcnce u'ntinu .... l to in'pi n: p.inll:rS as late as the Neo­

to""",I. organi .... tiofl of any kind. ]-]oweVL"t, a Imlll"essiofl i,ts.

Gi ll~ (I7/.~-HI)

Hltt"." may b.t~ pai"ud tbi, ill • Jign for tbt <11ft «,,,,,d by flr/lvni .• n ""'" rho plaJ'd tbt roI, of ""lancbo/i< Pi ....... fro'" tbt r<;II""dia drll· .... ,.. Dmmming ,bt gnt,.iry .fGiI/rr.,.i,b ,bt b ... ".....,.,r gnt"P brbilld blm,

II ·i",.." kt1 bim apart ill a co/""r/", nrld of biJ 0'1:'>1'. By Ibilll"". HIIII"''' r.r flUrr iU",i'" ttlbrraJarit anti ptnJildy t~')' kllJiI;,,, 10 Ibt <rrtalllfJ ,ba, .11

lb • .,.orl4'r pltlltlllTr.1T "'.IUI""

,eo

1814

ISH

ISf9_1S92

1861

1866

1872

1876

1877

1878

1879_80

1884--86

18SB

1891

1892

1896

190J

JAMES ABBOTT Mc NEILL WHISTLER

B()rR in [..,1:..,41, }IU,_</a raik:ay mgin«r

;\10""'- to Pari,. Studi" tmd.,. Gkyn B<gim "ching

S",/" in London. Prodn", Tb","" "chinu

Pai"IT mirtHJJ

]""nlla HiJjm.an a,'lne Litdc White Girl

T,,,,-.iJ '" South A,"""iw

B'gim Th","" Nocturnes

IRnK""I P,aax:k I{""", for LrylimJ. qtulrr<iJ, 10m

""""""g' &bibirr F.lling R().,l<~

Sun RwJ:in for iilvilltld ,;:in,

Banb-upl, ;\lo'",,-

'" 1m;",

Orl<-,"= fb",;:, in Lond<Jn

Mamn &Iltrj" 'T,irj, God,;:;"

5.1/, to Pu"ch imd Siurti,b ,"Ikno'"

Mo,",,- to Parh 1::itb B<lltrr<

B.arrj" di"

Dj,.,- in limt/""

Nocturne in Bl.ck:and Gold: The F~lling Rod "' t (/874_n) Whirrl.,-', Tb","" Nocturnes, pain,," during ,b, I 870J, 0".., tb,i, impir"'ion to ]Ilpa~" pri"", Thit Nocturne, ,":itb in rpangkd Try, glr.', ,j" '" ,11< f,,'"ow tIS)'P"" Ivtt:",u Whirri" and tb. crj,ic Jobn /{wkin

A IT~'ing in Paris fi-'Mn the USA in 1855, Sl'ccui.,;o" ,,1' Jund,,1. W"" she in a ,rantt? A

)'l1lel Abt..", ,\ k"lcili W histler w-.. nCHOU' }'oung hride? "Ii, """pm" Whi,tlrt

'urmund,,1 I".· a"" of artistic nlentS, p"c his long,nn(Gng n:1~r: 'T h....-c is no sto.-}'.

which included Courl>et, De!" •• , Fan,i,,_ Rut an exerci,., in shadcs of white ,.."l' b,()"r, M~n'" and l)issaIT<~ ll~ ,tudi,,] undcr in"Mlll'rchcnsiblc to the \r,,,,o.ians, 'nd So ,.."lS

GIL)",c, with Eng6sh ""dm.s who ",li4,,] his 'his allhoITence of namlti,'c. his ref" ... 1 to

naml><'J"nct: and sh''l' wi •. Yet_ hehind the ",()",Iiz.<: th,ough art, his 1'n:li::rc nCt: ~" the

d.n<~fi,,1 ex",rior ".,,, a serious 'piri. wI.> only exquisitely dc<ig""] ""Mnen! ("'tT the <Iiet: of

wan'''] to male .n. lill:: thes<: WC n: "e ... .'

\Vhi"lcr ",,,,cd nJ Lon<1Jn and >how,,] his De'1'in: Frmch st"dio training, \Vhi,rlcr's

fir,t significant ",o.-k, Til< J.j"I, Whiu Girl true,t inspirotion "'"1$ the Japanese print. It

(Symphony in Whiu, '\'0 . I) , at the A"ademy. info.-",,,I his latc< paintings, including the

Noct",.", that p",,'oked Ruskin's lit:..::llous

cO,,"nent .hout the 'I,ot of I'" int th",wn in the

public facc'. W histlers Tn"" ohitu",)"

'ttou ntI:d wl}'Iy: Thc rrial w"1.< painful tt, many. amu,ing to mo,e: in the end ,\I, Whistle ,

ol"aincd ()f)C farthing dam.ges·, Rut it also

.ffinned: 'lic ..... s Sct UP(" .. painting .nd

etching wh. t he saw, with no ulteri(" thought of

ut~itr, 0' popularilj" 0' wh1t "'(lU ld "h"lnee him in l)(j,itiof) .nd <stcC",. "Art~" Art" .. the

docrrinc that \\'histler 1"(,(css,,land I" .",i",d

to the md:

Arr~ngcmcnt in Grey:ln.l BL,,:! No.1: The Artis t's ,\Ioilicr (/871) H'oim",', "".,.piling, puri"m moth", arrit"d tmin,.i"d from ,b. USA to

lit'H:itb b.,. 'm::n d.ar bllt,nfly" in bi, Ch</"a hom., and poud fir bim 0'" day,;:b", h< bad"" '"(JIM. StIlnding1:"oUbard fir bn; '" h< "a"d bi,mo,b", in profil. _ and an icon 1:"at ixnI, If-itb Japan." "/xx,, li'Oim.,. puin"d b",

a, an ,''''''''. arrang"""'t "'""',. H. u"d Mock aJrh< Im,i,,, bit pal"" tmd m",b 'urpmtin., ,;:bicb JIlnk in", tb. unpupa"d CIlm'/H '" git·. a dulling

1frcr ,bat pJ.a"d bim. /, i, lI'oil1/"'" '"" ntnTa,it~,,., "nrim"'" appt"""cb, tbat b", ",rnr.d hff tim<i<" appro)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Imag'" ''1,rud"""d "ith permission from the f(~ I()",ing:

Art Archi ,., (Picru rt: D",;1): 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. H ]5 . 16. 17. J9 , lO.lL n . H. 2-1. 15 , 26, 17.19. 30. 31. n H. H 35, 36, 17, 38, 39, -11 . 43 . 4-1. 46, 48 . 49. 50. 51. H. H 55 . 56, 57, 58, 59 , 60. 61 , 61 , 66, 68 , 70. 71 . 74 . 75 . 76. 77,79. 80, 81 . 81,83, fW . 85 . 86, Sil , 89, 91. 94 , 95 . 97 , 100. 103. 10-1. 106. 107, lOS . 109. 110. 111. 112. 113 . 1 H 11 5, 116. 117. liB. 119, llL lB. 124, 115. J!6 , 1l7. H8. 119, IJO, 131. lH, lH 137, 138, 139, 140, 1-11. 1-13. 144, 1-15 , 1-16. 148, 149, 151. In , lB. lH. I55 , 158, 159, 16L 161. 163, 1M. 165. 166.167. 169. 170. liL 174.176, 177,178, 179. 180, lSI. 182. J83 , lfW. 185. 186, 193. 19-1. 195 . 199. 100. 101 , 103, 10-1, 105

AKG Art Lib,... ')"

" BridgCTIl3n Art Lib,... ry: II . 18. 40, 71. 73 . 78. In 133 . 135. 1-11 . 156. 1)7, 160. 171,171 , 106

Corbi s : 13 , 18. 41. 45. 47. 51 . M . 65 . 67. 69 , 87, 90, 92. 93 , 96, 98,99, IOJ. 101, 110, )36, 147, 150, 168, 175, 187 , I BS, 189, 190, 19J. 19!, 196, 197, 198, 101, 107

Ed ward Ilo JlfH'r 1'105: Auwma' Des ,\ loin'" An Crn'e, I'enllan<"", C~le<1;on'; Purcha",d "i,h funds from ,he E,hllundson An Fowl(h';()fl, Inc. , 1958..1

D.vid Hod ",,,>, p 91: MT and ill". GIlT} and Pmy 1970-71. Acry lic ' II <"Am'as. fW" x 110" (') D"'id I k.::kncy

£..I .. "dor D.li I' 53 (') Sah".do. Utli. G.J.·Sah"1'~" Djli Foun,btion , DACS, L",.lon 1005

Vtisily K>nd insl.y I' 109 (') ADAGP, I'a,i< .nd DACS, Lond'II 1005

Rene M:.>gri tte pIlI (') ADAGI', Pa,is .nd DACS, London 1005

Ilcnri ,\l:.iti<sc p IH (') Su"",,<sion II ,\1:t,ilsdDACS 1005

Pict ,\I o rwlri:.on p 141: C""n/",,irio" ,;:itb R,d. Blac}, Bbu and )<llot.", 1928 Oil On cam'a<, 45 x 45 Cm. (') 1005 ,\Iond,ianllloitzm.n Trust, do IICR In"'m' tional Wa,"'nnm \r,rgini.

Ed .. " rd ,\Iunch I' 147: ' Inc Sc"'"m 189 3. ·!~n~,er.t on I. ,a,d. 83.5 x 66 Cm. ,\lunch ,\l u,",wll , o.lu. ,\r,,,,,,k: (') ,\ l unch ,\ 1",<"Um/,\ lunch EI~ng"-"" Gmup, BONO, OskJIDACS, u,n,tm 1005 Photo: (') ,\ lunch ,\1 ",emil (Andersen/de Jong)

p..[,!o Pic:>sso p 151 (') Su"""~()n Pic:tS.<()/ DAC~ 1005

J ""kson Pollock p 155 (') ARS, NY and DACS, Lond'II 1005

Andy W" rfto! I' 103 (') ' Inc Andy \\,.,1.:,1 ]i(Junda,ion fo< ,he \r,,,,,al Ans, IncJARS,;"'Y and DACS, L",.ion 1005