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The Enlightenment Chapter 10, Section 2
Do Now! What does “Enlightenment” mean to
you?
How would you define enlightenment?
What impact does enlightenment play in today’s society?
Path to the Enlightenment When: 18th Century What:
Philosophical movement of intellectuals Achievements of the Scientific Revolution
Common words of thinkers: Reason Natural Law Hope Progress
Map of the Enlightenment
John Locke Englishman Essay Concerning Human
Understanding Published essay People born with blank minds Molded by experiences Came to their senses from
surrounding world Major thinker of the Enlightenment
Isaac Newton Englishman Believed in the physical world
Everything is like a giant machine Operated according to natural laws
Laws Uncovered through scientific investigation
Newton and the Enlightenment Discoverer of Natural Laws Used Scientific Method Applied laws to society
Ideas of Philosophy Philosophe
French term for philosopher Term for intellectuals of the
enlightenment Middle and Upper classes
Needed education Philosophers were:
Writers Professors Journalists Economists Social Reformers (most important)
Role of Philosophy Goals:
“To change the world…” “Applying one’s self to the to the
study of society, with the purpose of making his kind better and happier.”
Ideas: Often disagreed with each other Generations became more radical Built off of and changed ideas from
the past
Montesquieu Dominated philosophical
landscape French Noble The Spirit of Laws (1748)
Famous publication Study of Governments
Applied Scientific Method Find natural laws Governed the social and political
relationships of human beings
Montesquieu’sChecks & Balances England’s Government
3 Branches: Executive (the Monarch) Legislative (Parliament) Judicial (Courts of Law)
Separation of Powers Branches limit the power of the others Creates “balance: within the government
System of Checks and Balances Most lasting contribution to political thought
Voltaire Greatest figure of
Enlightenment philosophy* Background:
Prosperous middle-class family
Known for: Criticism of Christianity Strong belief in religious
toleration (France) Treatise on Toleration (1763)
Voltaire & Deism Deism
Religious philosophy Based on reason and natural law
Ideology Build on idea of Newtonian “World Machine” Mechanic = God He created/designed the universe
Example World is like a clock God = clockmaker Created it, set it in motion, and allowed it to
run without interference, according to its natural laws
Dennis Diderot Background
University of Paris Father career in Church law Became a writer
Encyclopedia (1751 – 1772) Classified Dictionary of Sciences, Arts, and
Trades Major Enlightenment contribution Goal: “Change the general way of thinking”
Weapon against Old Society Highly scientific Spoke out against the Church Spread enlightenment ideas
The Enlightenment(Part II) Chapter 10, Section 2
Economics Adam Smith
Social Justice Cesare Beccaria
The Social Contract Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Women’s Rights Mary Wollstonecraft
Religion in the Enlightenment John Wesley
The Enlightenment(The Salon)
Chapter 10, Section 2Page 316
The Salon