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What was the cause of the 1905 Revolution?

Battleship Potemkin

How is the Tsarist regime shown?

US Doc Nicholas II to Bloody Sunday

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Key Timeline:

1881 to 95 Alexander III = reaction, crushing opposition1893to 1903 Finance minister Witte, Tsar Nicholas II, ‘Great spurt

= industrialisation1904 War with Japan = strains Russia1905 Bloody Sunday, Revolution1905 October Manifesto = Duma, some elections1906 to 14 increasing reaction, crushing opposition1914 World War I = strains Russia1917 February Revolution = Provisional Government takes over1917 October Revolution = Bolsheviks take over1918 first Russian elections1918to 21Civil War = Bolsheviks (Communists) consolidate control

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Key Essay topics 1. How successfully did the Tsars control Russia

before 1905?2. What were the causes of the 1905 Revolution?3. What were the results of the 1905 Revolution

OR How successfully did the Tsars control Russia after 1905?

4. What were the causes of the February 1917 Revolution?

5. What were the causes of the October 1917 Revolution?

6. How did the Bolsheviks consolidate control over Russia by 1921?

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Causes of the 1905 revolution: 1. Long term problems: geography, Russification,

autocracy2. Industrialisation, Witte’s policy workers taxed

& low wages, economic slump of 19023. Land: peasantry increasingly

desperate for land in the face of hunger and poverty: poor harvest of 1900 & 1902

4. Tsars: Reaction of Alexander III-Police State, censorship, alienated intelligentsia, Nicholas II weak & indecisive .

5. Opposition / liberals / revolutionary groups, many inspired by Marxism. Political assassinations.

6. Failure of Russo-Japanese War 1904-57. Bloody Sunday- massacre of Fr Gapon et al

What caused the 1905 Revolution…

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Aims:Must : List the main causes of the 1905 Revolution in Russia with factsShould: Explain and argue the most important cause

You are going to prepare a paragraph answering the key question You must have • a starter sentence. • 3-4 factual examples. • Explanation sentences. • Links to other reasons

1. Peasant discontent / country problems2. Political problems / Liberals3. Revolutionaries4. Russification / Nationalism5. Tsarist regime6. Economic problems – Witte - workers7. Russo-Japanese War8. Bloody Sunday

Eg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZYLJ_mlgQjg&feature=related

What caused the 1905 Revolution…

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In groups you are going to prepare a paragraph answering the key question

You must have • a starter sentence. • 3-4 factual examples. • Explanation sentences. • Links to other reasons• Then present it to the class

1. Russification / Nationalism2. Economic problems – Witte – workers3. Peasant discontent / country problems / land4. Tsarist regime5. Political problems / Liberals / Revolutionaries6. Russo-Japanese War7. Bloody Sunday• Russia Land of the Tsars part 17

Eg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZYLJ_mlgQjg&feature=related

Some numbers: Coal production 1880 3.2 m tons, 1900 16.1 m Population 1885 98 m 1913 155m St Petersburg 1881 928,000 1914 2.2 m Railways 1881 13,270 m 1913 43,850 Russification= policy of forcing Russian language on all

(eg Poles) 1897 Jewish Bund = organisation to fight for Jews’ rights Pobedonostev = ‘Grand Inquisitor’ = organised Alex III’s

reaction

Now draw the pressure kettle, Show who’s in the kettle (Russia) eg, population Show what’s heating up the pressure underneath And show what’s keeping the lid on (controlling)

Notes: Did Russo-J war cause Revolution?

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Read Lynch Russia 1894-24 pg 31-32 Complete the following Notes:Russo-Japanese War:The Russian Government had 3 motives:• To pursue…• To obtain…• To distract…• Plehve was…• Witte wanted war because…..

The Path to war:• Russia looked on Japan..• They expected…• The Russian Gov. rejected….• Japan..

The Course of the conflict:• Japan had embarked upon..• Their army & navy…• Russian Baltic fleet..• Russia was forced to sign the…

4 reasons for Russia’s defeat were:• •

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Reason #1 What were long term causes of revolution?

• Geography... Hard to control Russia• Lack of development

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Reason #2 What were the economic problems that led to revolution?

• Witte’s industrialisation• Slums• Better communications meaning more discontent• Foreign loans... So...

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Reason #2 Did industrialisation lead to revolution?

• Minister Zubatov organised UNIONS of workers to keep them under government control.

• But this encouraged them together and complain.• LINK: War made industrial working WORSE• Price inflation made basics expensive.• = Anger and discontent grew among the workers in

cities.

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Reason #3 Why did peasants and land issues lead to revolution?

• Poverty... So...• Redemption payments... So...• Land shortages...• Back wards farming... So

• LINK... Foreign loans for industrialisation?

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Reason #3 Why did peasants and land issues lead to revolution?

• Poverty... So...• Redemption payments... So... Still paying off debts of

1861 serfdom• Land shortages... Because population growing• Backwards farming... So don’t produce much

• LINK... Foreign loans for industrialisation?

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Reason #4 Was the Tsarist regime to blame?

• Tsar Nicholas II... Personality• Repression... Okhrana etc• Autocracy... 1 man makes all decisions... So...

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Reason #6 Why did war lead to revolution?

• Japanese wanted empire in Korea and Manchuria.• Japanese attacked the Russian fleet in Port Arthur in

Feb. 1904.• War went badly wrong for Russia. Supposed to be a

“…short, victorious war.” Wasn’t!• Massive economic problems at home eg railways

under strain= food shortages• Shame of defeat

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Plehve Minister of the Interior. ‘Small victorious war to

avert a revolution’ - Witte was his main

political opponent Witte wanted war –

expansionism Assassinated by the SR

in July 1904

What was it over: Warm water port at Port Arthur - Korea.

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Russian and Japanese troops 1905

Bombardment during the Siege of Port Arthur 1904

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Retreat of the Russian Army after the Battle of Mukden

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Reason #5 Did Opposition caused the Revolution?

Liberal pressure grows for reform

1904 pressure for political reform growing & becoming organised.

2 organisations appeared: the League of Liberation the Paris Bloc. brought almost all elements of the opposition

together. A clear warning sign for the Tsar.

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Peter Struve

• Ex- Social Democrat formed liberal newspaper, “Liberation”.

• Created the Union of Liberation –

• brought together many Liberal opponents of the Tsar in Jan. 1904.

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The Paris Bloc

• Sept. 1904 - opponents of the Tsar met in Paris to cooperate and formed the Paris Bloc.

• Contained Liberals, SRs, Social Democrats (Mensheviks) and nationalists. (Pre 1905 these groups are illegal)

• Aimed at 1. the removal of the autocracy2. National self-determination3. A democratically elected government.

What caused the 1905 Revolution…

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Aims:Must : List the main causes of the 1905 Revolution in

Russia with facts Should: Explain and argue the most important cause

Starter:Opposition Groups quiz, quiz, swap

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#5 Did Opposition Liberals lead to a revolution?

• Zemstva Congress called for a law-making Duma.

• The Union of Liberation organised a “banqueting campaign” where honest citizens voted for a Duma.

• Put pressure on the government.• Dec. 1904. Port Arthur fell. Liberals felt

shame!• Tsar made some concessions but insufficient

to quell discontent. Call for a Duma continued.

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Liberal: Paul Milyukov

• Arranged Revolutionary Banquets (meetings illegal) – like one that preceded the 1848 revolutions in France.

• Enabled influential members of the intelligensia to express a desire for political change.

• Leads liberal groups into a ‘Union of Unions’

Notes: How did ‘Bloody Sunday’ lead to revolution?

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Read Lynch Russia 1894-24 pg 33-37 Complete the following Notes:1905 Revolution – ‘Bloody Sunday’

The course of events:• It began on…• Father Gapon…• The intention of the workers was to…• The role of the police…• The events led to criticism of the Tsar as…

Disorder Spreads:• The reaction was…• Social revolutionaries…• Land and properties were…• Non Russian Minorities…• A Liberal ‘Union of Unions’…

Mutinies:• Aboard the Potemkin…• This led to…• Witte feared _________ and the Tsar made him…

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Father Gregori Gapon & Bloody Sunday

• Orthodox Priest

• Headed the Zubatov Union of Russian factory & mill workers.

• 22nd Jan 1905 - Led to Winter Palace at St Petersburg with petition for Tsar to relieve conditions.

• 1906 - murdered by Okhrana

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Reason # 7Did Bloody Sunday lead to Revolution?

• 22nd Jan. 1905 bloody sunday nicholas and alexandra 1971

• Gapon’s workers went on strike • peacefully marched to present a petition to Tsar. • Troops to prevent attack on Winter Palace. • Nicholas was not there• soldiers fired killing 200• shock was felt throughout the land.• Tsar not ‘little father’???• Results = General strike started• Peasants land seizures etc

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Bloody Sunday, 1905

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The last straw?

“Bloody Sunday was an explosive revelation … snapping the ‘sacred bond’ which had united the people with their Tsar”

Historian Marc Farro

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What were the results of Bloody Sunday?

• More strikes 1st on 30 Jan (unsuccessful), • peasant uprisings & nationalist revolts.• Continuing bad news from the war - the loss of the

Baltic Fleet at the Battle of Tsushima.• Formation of ‘Union of Unions’ May 1905• Peace: Treaty of Portsmouth, 6th Aug. 1905 – return

of Witte• Tsar offered concessions: a consultative Duma =

advises but doesn’t make laws. • Protests continued. Breakdown of law and order

possible so…

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Results: The October Manifesto, 17th October 1905.

Nicholas promised reforms:-civil liberties, e.g. Freedom of the press,

the right to form associations, relaxed restrictions on universities

-extension of the electorate of the Duma;

-Duma could now suggest laws;-a constitutional charter (set of

guaranteed freedoms and laws limiting Tsar)

Key Notes:

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Read Lynch Russia 1894-24 pg 36-38 Complete the following Notes:

1905 Revolution – ‘Bloody Sunday’

Mutinies:• Aboard the Potemkin…• This led to…• Witte feared _________ and the Tsar made him…

Soviets:• By Autumn 1905…• A Soviet was…

Government Recovery:• On Witte’s advice…• The Liberals claimed…• The peasants were pacified as…• Industrial workers….• The Soviets were…• Witte was…

Key Notes:

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Read Lynch Russia 1894-24 pg 36-38 Complete the following Notes:

1905 Revolution – ‘Bloody Sunday’

Mutinies:• Aboard the Potemkin…• This led to…• Witte feared _________ and the Tsar made him…

Soviets:• By Autumn 1905…• A Soviet was…

Government Recovery:• On Witte’s advice…• The Liberals claimed…• The peasants were pacified as…• Industrial workers….• The Soviets were…• Witte was…

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Conclusions

1. Industrialisation and urbanisation had changed Russian society socially and economically. Its people wanted political changes to reflect this.

2. The 1905 Revolution was not planned. It was a spontaneous outbreak of national discontent.

3. Liberals were active in demanding the creation of a Duma but many groups had worked towards this and some of them wanted to go much further.

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Conclusions

4. Tsar forced to grant concessions in order to stop revolution.

5. He promised the creation of a Duma.

6. Where were the revolutionaries???!!!

HW

Higher: p45-50 take notes using headings on p. 56

Int 2: p. 33, p. 37 questions.

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Richard & Judy: TABOO

•Choose ‘Richard and Judy’ from the class

•They have to sit facing away from the board

•Aim is to say the KEYWORD title

•Class must explain it to them…

•but without using any of the words on the screen.

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Marxist

workers Lenin Bolshevik revolution

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Social Democrat

Marxist Lenin Bolshevik revolution

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Liberal

Slow Democratic Kadet Octobrist

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Kadet

Liberal Free speech Revolution Middle class

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Narodnik

Populist Peasant People will

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Octobrist

Liberal Rich 1905 duma

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Narodnik

Populist Peasant People will

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Narodnik

Populist Peasant People will