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Bjrn Sgrd, Anders Husby

September 2011

Subsea Standard & Rules What is Subsea?

MEK4450 Standards and Rules

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Goals

General knowledge of subsea development and production systems

Understand the building blocks forming a subsea production system

Understand the hierarchy of codes, rules and regulations

Be familiar with the control elements to execution of a subsea project

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What is Subsea?

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What is Subsea?

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Subsea example

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1943 - First subsea completion (Lake Erie, USA, 30 feet).

1961 - First subsea well completed in Gulf of Mexico by Shell (50 feet).

1967 - First diverless subsea completion.

1971 - First North Sea Subsea development, Ekofisk Early Production (220 feet)

1978 - 140 operational Subsea wells worldwide.

1997 - Shell Mensa, 68 miles, longest subsea tie-back (gas)

2001 - ExxonMobil Mica, 29 miles, longest subsea tie-back (oil)

2004 - Shell Coulomb, 7300 feet WD, deepest subsea tieback (gas)

End Dec 2004 - 2404 Operational Subsea Wells Worldwide.

2005 - BP Thunderhorse, 6100 feet WD, deepest oil

2006 - Hydro Ormen Lange, 160 km (101 miles), longest subsea tie-back

2,121 Subsea wells are forecast to be installed in the period 2005/09

3,222 Subsea wells are forecast to be installed in the period 2009/13*

Source: Quest Offshore Resources Inc., Nov. 05

- * Published 19. January 2009 for Market Update 2009/13

History of Subsea Technology

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Why Subsea Wells?

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Why Subsea Wells?

Subsea wells can be placed outside the effective drilling reach of existingplatforms

Subsea wells can usually be installed faster than the construction time for aplatform

If surface facilities are available, an expensive platform (Spar, semi sub orTLP) can be avoided

A less expensive platform can be installed if flowlines from subsea wellsrather than casing riser are tied back to the surface (reduced platform load)

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Subsea Wells Challenges

Flow assurance problems can be costly.

- Hydrates, Paraffin/Wax, Asphaltenes, Sand, Scale, Corrosion, Multiphase Flow (waterinjection and gas wells have less problems)

Subsea wells cost more to drill, complete and workover- Rig spread cost is higher and more time per well

Operating costs are higher per well than for dry tree wells

Less reserves are recovered before reaching economic limit

Compared to dry wellheads, the access to a subsea well is expensive, makingworkover less available

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Subsea Development Concepts

Moored Semi Tie-back to Shore

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Standards, Rules and Regulations

Safety Considerations, Subsea Production Systems

NPD Innretningsforskriften referring NORSOK D-010

Barrier Philosophy, mandatory requirements:

During drilling and well activities at least two independent and tested barriers shallbe available in order to prevent unintentional flow from well

If one of the barriers fail, immediate measures shall be taken to re-establish two

barriers It shall be possible to test the barriers. To the extent possible the barriers shall be

tested in the direction of flow

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Standards, Rules and Regulations

Frame agreement specifications

ProjectDesign Basis

Auth.

Rules & Reg.

Relevant NORSOK, ISO and API standards

Operation &Maint. Req's

Functional andDesign Req's

Authorities

Operator

Standards

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Standards, Rules and Regulations

ISO 13628 series

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References

ISO 10423/API 6A Recommended Practice for Design & Operation of Subsea Production Systems

ISO 13628-4/API 17D Specification for Subsea Wellhead and Christmas Tree Equipment

US Coastguard and Minerals Management Service (MMS) rules and regulations

ISO 10423/API 6A, Specification for Valves, Wellhead and Christmas Tree Equipment

ISO 13628-1 to 9, Design and Operation of Subsea Production Systems

DNV, Rules for Planning and Execution of Marine Operations

NORSOK U-001 Subsea Production Systems - Norwegian Codes

UKOOA UK Offshore Operators Association

AUS Australian Codes

CAN Canadian Codes

ASME, ASTM, AWS, NACE . . . .

IEC 61508 / 61511 Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety related systems

OLF 066 & 070 Recommended guidelines for the application of IEC 61511 in petroleum activity on Norwegian Continental Shelf

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The Oilfield Glossary

Schlumberger web site:

http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/

POSC Caesar web site:

http://www.posccaesar.com/

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Abbreviations

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Safeguarding life, property

and the environment

www.dnv.com